Chemins de Fer de l'Ouest

Compagnie des Chemins de Fer de l'Ouest
Locale	Normandy, Paris and Brittany
Dates of operation	1855–1909
Track gauge	4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) (standard gauge)
Headquarters	Paris

The Compagnie des chemins de fer de l'Ouest (CF de l'Ouest), often referred to simply as L'Ouest or Ouest, was an early French railway company.

History

Birth of the company

St Germain en Laye train station. The station is now underground.

The Compagnie de l'Ouest was created in 1855 by the merger of various small railway companies active in the western outskirts of Paris, in Normandy and in Brittany. These were:^[1]

• Paris à Saint-Germain
• Paris à Rouen
• Rouen au Havre
• Dieppe à Fécamp
• Paris à Caen et à Cherbourg
• the old Ouest (two lines from Paris to Versailles and Paris–Rennes)

Paris à Saint-Germain

Ouest's oldest line (still open to this day) is the line from Paris to Le Pecq, built by Émile Péreire's Compagnie du Chemin de fer de Paris à Saint-Germain and inaugurated on 24 August 1837 by Marie-Amélie, wife of King Louis-Philippe. The line was 19 km (12 mi) long and the trip took 30 minutes. Initially greeted with fear and lack of interest, the railway was a success that paved the way for other new railways, for instance to Rouen. In 1847, the line to Le Pecq was extended to Saint-Germain-en-Laye. The section between Saint-Germain-en-Laye and Nanterre – Université is now part of the RER line A. The section between Paris Saint-Lazare and Nanterre is part of the main lines to Rouen and Caen.

The old Ouest

While the line to Saint-Germain-en-Laye was being built, a line to Versailles, another popular Sunday destination, was projected. Two lines were built, one from Gare Saint-Lazare to the terminus Versailles-Rive-Droite, the other from Gare Montparnasse (Barrière du Maine) to the terminus Versailles-Rive-Gauche. James Mayer de Rothschild in conjunction with the Chemin de Fer de Versailles-rive-Droite, created in 1837, were given the concession to operate the lines. The line to Versailles-Rive-Droite, opened on 4 August 1839 and still in use today as Transilien line L, is 19 km (12 mi) long, branching off the line to Saint-Germain at Asnières-sur-Seine. The line to Versailles-Rive-Gauche is also still in use today. The part between Montparnasse and Viroflay is used by trains from Paris to Chartres and Brittany as well as Transilien line N. The part between Viroflay and Versailles is used by RER C local trains.

Paris à Rouen

Two lines to Rouen in Normandy were projected: one passing through La Garenne-Colombes and following the left Seine bank from Poissy, the other passing through Pontoise and following the high plateaux on the right Seine bank. Due to the lack of confidence in the second project, the first one was granted and the concession given to Charles Laffitte and Edouard Blount. Construction began in 1841 under the orders of engineer Joseph Locke and with the help of British workers. Inauguration of the line was on 9 May 1843. It was an immediate success, so much so that issues with the Chemin de Fer de Saint-Germain with platform allocation at Gare Saint-Lazare occurred.

Expansion

The Imperial Government imposed the construction of several lines:

• Argentan - Granville
• Rennes - Brest
• Rennes - Saint-Malo
• Rennes - Redon
• Le Mans - Angers
• Serquigny - Rouen
• Lisieux - Honfleur
• Mézidon-Canon - Le Mans

The Government also imposed several secondary lines.

The network was rapidly expanded:^[2]

To better use the Rive-Droite line, a 15 km (9 mi) long branch was built from Saint-Cloud to Saint-Nom-la-Bretèche at the cost of the French State. The line was declared of public utility in 1880 and the Chemins de Fer de l'Ouest opened the line to l'Etang-la-Ville in 1884. Passenger services were extended to Saint-Germain Grande-Ceinture in 1889, services were then reported back to Saint-Nom-la-Bretèche in 1894 when passenger services on the Chemin de fer de Grande Ceinture were stopped.

A second line from Saint-Lazare to Mantes-la-Jolie was opened in 1892, following the right Seine bank. The new line started at Argenteuil, and passed Conflans-Sainte-Honorine, Triel and Meulan.^[3]

Because of the company's bad financial situation due to the region it served (agricultural for the most part), the law of 13 July 1908 saw the integration of the Companie des Chemins de Fer de l'Ouest into the Chemin de Fer de l'État on 1 January 1909.

Accidents

Train goes too far at Gare Montparnasse, Paris

• On a Sunday in May 1842 one the worst accidents in French railway history happened near Meudon: 164 victims; the 55 dead were burnt alive (see Versailles train crash). After this incident the company no longer locked doors on passenger coaches.

• On 22 October 1895 an express train originating from Granville traversed Montparnasse station, plowed into the buffers, wrecked the station building's front wall and dropped to the ground on the street below. The only victim was a news agent who was crushed by the locomotive.

• In 1881 there were 2064 railway related accidents: 185 derailings, 190 collisions, 692 accidents on the line. 512 passengers died in these accidents, 1/10 of those who died in accidents on stagecoaches.

• Lists of rail accidents

Paris stations

L'Ouest built several stations within Paris; the two main terminals St Lazare and Montparnasse as well as Pont Cardinet at the beginning of the line to Auteuil.

In 1851, St Lazare station, Ouest's Parisian station was enlarged to comprise six groups for each main destination the station served:

• Group I & II: Versailles
• Group III: Auteuil
• Group IV: Argenteuil
• Group V: St Germain-en-Laye
• Group VI: Rouen, Le Havre & Dieppe (the line to Caen served by this group was not opened until 1855)

La Ligne d'Auteuil

Courcelles-Levallois station now part of Paris' RER C line but originally part of La Ligne d'Auteuil. L'Ouest was the first company to pioneer suburban transport. St Lazare station was by 1931 dealing with 13.2 million passengers annually compared to merely 3 million in average in the other Parisian stations. In 1854 L'Ouest opened a typically Parisian line; 'La Ligne d'Auteuil'. This line started within Paris and ended in Paris, serving the Parisian inhabitants mainly for work purposes. The line was 7 kilometres long (4.3 mi) and served St Lazare, Bâtignoles, Courcelles-Levallois, Neuilly Porte-Maillot, Avenue du Bois de Boulogne, Avenue Henri-Martin, Boulainvilliers, Passy and Auteuil. The line was built in a cutting, removing the need for any level crossing, which was the first line of its kind. The line also boasted elegant station buildings such as the Auteuil terminus and Courcelles-Levallois station. All stations were built above the line with access to the platforms. The line was part of the circular line Petite Ceinture, which linked all Parisian termini for freight purposes.

Line openings

Date	Section	Length (km)
26/08/1837	Paris St Lazare - Le Pecq	19
02/08/1839	Asnières - Versailles Rive Droite	18
10/09/1840	Paris Barrière du Maine - Versailles Rive Gauche	17
09/05/1843	Paris St Lazare - Rouen Saint-Sever
22/03/1847	Rouen Saint-Sever - Le Havre	94
14/08/1847	Le Pecq - Saint-Germain-en-Laye	3
01/08/1848	Malaunay - Dieppe	50
12/07/1849	Viroflay - Chartres	73
28/04/1851	Asnières - Argenteuil	4
20/07/1852	Viroflay - Porchefontaine	1
07/09/1852	Chartres - La Loupe	36
16/02/1854	La Loupe - Nogent-le-Rotrou	25
02/05/1854	Les Batignoles - Auteuil	7
01/06/1854	Nogent-le-Rotrou - Le Mans	63
01/07/1855	Mantes-la-Jolie - Lisieux	133
14/08/1855	Le Mans - Laval	89
29/12/1855	Lisieux - Mondeville (near Caen)	49
25/02/1856	Beuzeville - Fécamp	20
15/03/1856	Le Mans - Alençon	52
01/05/1857	Laval - Rennes	73
01/05/1857	Mondeville-Caen	2
01/02/1858	Alençon - Argentan	43
01/07/1858	Lisieux - Pont-L'Évêque	18
17/07/1858	Caen - Cherbourg	133
20/11/1858	Through Fécamp	2
01/02/1859	Argentan - Mézidon-Canon	43
01/11/1859	Falaise	7
01/05/1860	Lison - St-Lô	19
07/07/1862	Pont-L'Évêque - Honfleur	25
23/03/1863	Le Mans - Sablé	48
07/07/1863	Pont-L'Évêque - Trouville-Deauville	10
07/12/1863	Sablé - Angers	47
15/06/1864	Saint-Cyr[disambiguation needed ] - Dreux	59
27/06/1864	Rennes - Saint-Malo	81
24/07/1865	Serquigny - Oissel	57
02/07/1866	Argentan - flers	43
01/10/1866	Dreux - L'Aigle	60
05/11/1866	L'Aigle - Conches	40
06/11/1866	Laval - Mayenne	20
23/04/1867	Saint-Pierre-du-Vouvray - Louviers	7
05/08/1867	L'Aigle - Surdon	41
23/08/1867	Glos-Montfort - Pont-Audemer	17
16/09/1867	Flers - Vire	29
04/10/1867	Pontoise - Gisors	40
09/11/1868	Flers - Berjou-Pont-d'Ouilly	19
28/12/1868	Gisors - Pont-de-l'Arche	54
15/07/1869	Gisors - Vernonnet	36
14/02/1870	Rouen - Petit-Quevilly	3
15/05/1870	Vernonnet - Vernon	2
03/07/1870	Vire - Granville	57
25/01/1872	Fougères - Saint-Brice	18
10/05/1872	Louviers - Evreux	26
10/10/1872	Saint-Brice - Moidrey	29
01/05/1873	Vernon - Pacy-sur-Eure	19
06/05/1873	Alençon - Condé-sur-Huisne	66
10/05/1873	Caen - Berjou-Pont-d'Ouilly	46
02/06/1873	Lisieux - Orbec	18
02/08/1873	Chartres - Dreux	42
22/12/1873	Neufchâtel-en-Braye - Dieppe	34
15/04/1874	Falaise - Berjou-Pont-d'Ouilly	28
18/05/1874	Flers - Domfront	21
21/09/1874	Domfront - Mayenne	38
15/08/1875	Louviers - Caudebec-lès-Elbeuf	18
14/01/1876	Caudebec-lès-Elbeuf - Elbeuf	1
01/07/1876	Motteville - Clères	22
01/10/1878	Harfleur - Montivilliers	5
30/12/1878	Saint-Lô - Coutances	29
30/12/1878	Avranches - Dol-de-Bretagne	43
15/06/1879	Mézidon - Dives-sur-Mer	28
29/12/1879	Coutances - Lamballe	112
11/06/1880	Motteville - Cany	38
19/09/1880	Alençon - Pré-en-Pail	27
22/11/1880	Sainte-Gauburge - Gacé	17
03/01/1881	Mamers - Bellême	20
11/04/1881	Redon - Châteaubriant	45
26/05/1881	La-Ferté-Macé - Coutnerne	15
26/05/1881	Pré-en-Pail - Domfront	41
20/06/1881	Bréauté-Beuzeville - Bolbec	5
20/06/1881	Barentin - Duclair	14
20/06/1881	Through Courbevoie	2
27/06/1881	Questembert - Ploërmel	34
09/10/1881	Gacé - Ticheville-le-Sap	13
16/10/1881	Bellême - Mortagne	18
23/10/1881	Pré-en-Pail - La Selle-en-Luitré	86
13/11/1881	Plouaret - Lannion	16
22/12/1881	Échauffour - Bernay	46
28/12/1881	Châteaubriant - Vitré	98
28/12/1881	Mortagne-au-Perche - L'Aigle	37
29/12/1881	Mortagne-au-Perche - Sainte-Gauburge	35
24/07/1882	Auray - Quiberon	26
31/07/1882	Duclair - Caudebec-en-Caux	15
31/07/1882	Bolbec - Lillebonne	9
04/09/1882	Achères - Versailles-Matelots (GC)	23
18/09/1882	La Trinité-de-Réville - Orbec	13
18/09/1882	Dives - Beuzeval (Houlgate)	2
18/09/1882	Trouville-Deauville - Villers-sur-Mer	9
08/01/1883	Gare de Rouen Rue Verte - Elbeuf	23
30/06/1883	Through Rouen (Gare de Rouen Saint-Sever - Gare de Rouen Rue Verte)	2
22/10/1883	Pontorson - Mont-Saint-Michel	1
27/01/1884	Sottevast - Coutances	72
06/04/1884	Ploërmel - La Brohinière	41
06/04/1884	Miniac - La Gouesnière	12
05/05/1884	Saint-Cloud - L'Etang-la-Ville	15
26/05/1884	Sablé - Sillé-le-Guillaume	44
20/07/1884	Beuzeval (Houlgate) - Villers-sur-Mer	9
18/05/1885	Châteaubrilliant - Saint-Nazaire	72
18/05/1885	Saint-Mars-la-Jaille - Nantes	49
22/08/1885	Eu - Dieppe	37
27/07/1886	Verneuil - Damville	28
22/08/1886	Caen - Aunay-Saint-Georges	32
18/04/1887	Saint-Brieuc - Légué	6
10/07/1887	Dinan - Dinard	18
21/08/1887	Dreux - Maintenon	25
18/12/1887	Mortain - Vire	30
20/12/1887	Saint-Aubin - Evreux	7
02/01/1888	Évreux - Le Neubourg	24
01/07/1888	Le Neubourg - Glos-Montfort	24
01/07/1888	Saint-Aubin-du-Viel-Evreux - Damville	20
02/12/1888	Pouancé - Laval	58
01/05/1889	Javel - Puteaux	12
08/06/1889	Pont-Audemer - Quetteville	16
16/06/1889	Pontaubault - Mortain-le-Neufbourg	39
11/07/1889	Saint-Georges - Prey	24
11/11/1889	Verneuil- La Loupe	39
01/06/1891	Aunay-Saint-Georges - Vire	40
03/04/1892	Auneau - Maintenon	25
03/04/1892	Saint-Lô - Guilberville	25
01/06/1892	Argenteuil - Mantes	52
12/11/1893	Domfront - Romagny	27
08/07/1894	Carentan - La Haye-du-Puits	22
08/07/1894	Fougères - Saint-Hiliaire-du-Harcouët	36
22/06/1895	Les Ifs - Etretat	15
31/05/1896	Saint-Pierre-du-Vauvray - Les Andelys	17
26/07/1896	La Brohinière - Dinan	38
09/08/1896	Châteaubriant - Messac	41
14/08/1896	Rolleville - Montivilliers	6
24/12/1896	Rolleville - Les Ifs	22
20/02/1898	Dieppe - Saint-Vaast-Bosville	37
12/04/1900	Courcelles - Champ de Mars	4
12/04/1900	Champ de Mars - Invalides	4
30/08/1900	Épône - Plaisir-Grignon	18
25/10/1900	Cany - Fécamp	24
01/07/1901	Issy-les-Moulineaux - Meudon-Val-Fleury	4
19/08/1901	Blain - La Chapelle-sur-Erdre	29
31/05/1902	Meudon-Val-Fleury - Viroflay Rive Gauche	6
03/08/1902	Coutances - Regnéville	8
05/04/1903	Messac - Ploërnel	51
13/07/1907	Charvenal - Vascœuil	10

Architecture

A sense of identity

As with many other railway companies, Ouest adopted its own architecture. Stations in large cities such as Le Havre, Lisieux, Deauville and Paris are unique. More modest halts were graced with 'type' building, which are called 'type Ouest', the best-preserved examples can be found in Dives-sur-Mer and Houlgate. According to the size of the town or village close to the proposed site for the station, a station of a certain size was built. There are three generic types of station buildings; the BV3, BV5 and BV7. BV stands for Bâtiment Voyageur (station building) and the number, the number of doors accessible. The larger the town, the larger the station building.

As well as stations, infrastructure was also in mind when saving money so Ouest created a level crossing guard house template (see below).

Station photos

• 

  Paris St Lazare station

• 

  Rouen Rue Verte station

• 

  Caen station

• 

  Blonville-Bénèrville station

• 

  Houlgate station

• 

  Pont L'Evèque station

• 

  Trouville-Deauville station

• 

  Villers-sur-Mer station

• 

  A typical Ouest level crossing guard house

Locomotives

CF de l'État 2-2-2T No 12-010, formerly CF de l'Ouest No 0134. The locomotive was built in 1844.

Heilmann locomotive No. 8001

Heilmann locomotives

Main article: Heilmann locomotive

In 1893, Jean Jacques Heilmann built a steam-electric locomotive of Do-Do wheel arrangement, which was trialled on the CF de l'Ouest. Named Le Fuseé Electrique (English: The Electric Rocket), it was successful enough that two larger locomotives were constructed in 1897. These were numbered 8001 and 8002. Although considered successful, the design was not proceeded with and all three locomotives were dismantled.

References

• (French) Histoire du réseau ferroviaire français, 1996, Editions de l'Ormet / Imprimerie Bayeusienne Graphique. ISBN 2-906575-22-4
• (French) Le tour du Calvados en 80 cartes, 1996, Direction Départementale de l'Equipement (Calvados).
• (French) Paris et l'Île de France - Tome 1: Les réseaux Est, Nord et Saint-Lazare, 2002, Le Train. ISSN 1267-5008
• (French) Electrification des lignes Paris-Caen-Cherbourg et Paris-Trouville-Deauville, 1996, Conseil Régional de Basse Normandie (Rémy Desquesnes).

1. ^ Joanne, Adolphe (1859) (in French). Atlas historique et statistique des chemins de fer français. Paris: L. Hachette. pp. 21–22. 
2. ^ Direction Générale des Ponts et Chaussées et des Chemins de Fer (1869) (in French). Statistique centrale des chemins de fer. Chemins de fer français. Situation au 31 décembre 1869. Paris: Ministère des Travaux Publics. pp. 146–160. 
3. ^ History of Triel