- Leucaena leucocephala
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For other uses, see Ipil (disambiguation).
Leucaena leucocephala 
Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms (unranked): Eudicots (unranked): Rosids Order: Fabales Family: Fabaceae Subfamily: Mimosoideae Tribe: Mimoseae Genus: Leucaena Species: L. leucocephala Binomial name Leucaena leucocephala
(Lam.) de Wit[1]Synonyms Leucaena glauca (L.) Benth.[2]
Mimosa glauca L.
Acacia glauca Willd.Leucaena leucocephala is a species of small Mimosoid tree that is native to southern Mexico and northern Central America (Belize and Guatemala)[1][3] but now naturalized throughout the tropics. Common names include White Leadtree,[4] Jumbay, and White Popinac.[5] The specific name is derived from the Greek words λευκό, meaning "white", and κέφαλος, meaning "head", referring to its flowers.[6] It is known as Subabool in India. L. leucocephala is used for a variety of purposes, such as firewood, fiber and livestock fodder.
Contents
Use by humans
During the 1970s and 1980s it was promoted as a "miracle tree" for its multiple uses.[7] It has also been described as a "conflict tree" in that it is both promoted for forage production and spreads like a weed in some places.[2]
The legume is promoted in several countries of South-East Asia (at least Burma, Cambodia, Laos[8] and Thailand), most importantly as a source of quality animal feed, but also for residual use for firewood or charcoal production.
Forage and fodder
The legume provides an excellent source of high protein cattle fodder.[9]
Green manure and biomass production
Leucaena leucocephala has been considered for biomass production, as its reported yield of foliage corresponds to a dried mass of 2000–20000 kg/ha/year, and that of wood 30–40 m³/ha/year, with up to twice those amounts in favourable climates. It is also efficient in nitrogen fixation, at more than 500 kg/ha/year. It has a very fast growth rate, young trees reach a height of more than 20 ft in 2–3 years.
Food for humans
The young pods are edible and occasionally eaten along with Javanese vegetables salad with spicy peanut sauce and spicy fish wrapped in papaya or taro leaves in Indonesia, papaya salad in Laos[10] and in Thailand, where they are known as phakatin Thai: ผักกระถิน.[11]
Invasive properties
Leucaena leucocephala is highly invasive in the arid parts of Taiwan, the Hawaiian Islands, Fiji, and northern Australia.[12], as well as in South America and Europe [13]. It grows quickly, and forms dense thickets which crowd out any native vegetation.[14] L. leucocephala is considered one of the 100 worst invasive species by the Invasive Species Specialist Group of the IUCN Species Survival Commission.[2]
The plant is also found in California, Arizona, Texas and Florida and is considered weedy or invasive by some authorities.[15]
Other limitations
This species is susceptible to insect infestations. In the 1980s, there was widespread loss in Southeast Asia due to pest attack by psyllids.[16] In India, this tree was initially promoted for afforestation due to its fast growing nature. However, it is now considered unsuitable for urban plantation because of its tendency to get uprooted in rain and wind. Eight of every ten uprooted trees in Pune were subabuls.[17]
The seeds contain mimosine, an amino acid known to be toxic to non-ruminant vertebrates (Gutteridge and Shelton 1998).[7]
Local names
- Indigenous distribution area:
- Nahuatl: huāxcuahuitl
- Spanish: guaje
- South-East Asia:
- Burmese: ဘောစကိုင်း (Burmese: bo: zagain: / bɔ́ zagáĩ)
- Cebuano: byatilis or luyluy[18]
- Indonesian: lamtoro, petai cina, atau petai selong
- Javanese: pethet, lamtoro
- Khmer: កន្ធំ (Khmer: kantʰum)
- Lao: ກະຖິນ (Lao: ká tʰín)
- Malay: petai belalang
- Maranao: ipil-ipil
- Mon: ဖဝ်ရဂိုန်2 (Mon: phɔrəkɜ̀n)
- Sundanese: peuteuy sélong
- Tagalog: ipil-ipil, santa-elena, santaelena
- Thai: ผักกระถิน Phak kratin (Thai: krà tʰǐn )
- Vietnamese: keo dậu ; keo giậu
- Elsewhere in the world:
- Hawaiian: koa haole, meaning "foreign Acacia koa"[19]
- Hindi: सुबबूल (Hindi: subabūl)
- Japanese: ギンネム (Japanese: ginnemu).
Notes
- ^ a b "Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 1995-03-24. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?21959. Retrieved 2010-01-18.
- ^ a b c "Leucaena leucocephala (tree)". Global Invasive Species Database. Invasive Species Specialist Group. http://www.invasivespecies.net/database/species/ecology.asp?si=23&fr=1&sts=sss&lang=EN. Retrieved 2010-01-18.
- ^ Hughes, Colin E. (1998). Monograph of Leucaena (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae). Systematic botany monographs v. 55. ISBN 091286155X.
- ^ "PLANTS Profile for Leucaena leucocephala (white leadtree)". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture. http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=LELE10. Retrieved 2009-09-19.
- ^ Ipil-ipil, Leucaena glauca, BPI.da.gov.ph
- ^ "Leucaena leucocephala". AgroForestryTree Database. World Agroforestry Centre. http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1069. Retrieved 2010-01-18.
- ^ a b Gutteridge, Ross C., and H. Max Shelton. 1998. Forage Tree Legumes in Tropical Agriculture. Tropical Grassland Society of Australia, Inc., 2.1 "Leucaena leucocephala - the Most Widely Used Forage Tree Legume"
- ^ "Farmers to grow leucaena for animal feed". Vientiane Times. 2011-06-15.
- ^ "Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) deWit.". hort.purdue.edu. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/leucaena_leucocephala.html. Retrieved 8 June 2010.
- ^ "Farmers to grow leucaena for animal feed". Vientiane Times. 2011-06-15.
- ^ ASEAN Biodiversity
- ^ "Leucaena Leucaena leucocephala". Weed Identification & Information. Australian Weeds Strategy. http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&state=&s=&ibra=all&card=T20. Retrieved 2009-09-19.
- ^ Fonseca, N.G. & Jacobi, C.M. 2011. Desempenho germinativo da invasora Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. e comparação com Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. ex Tul. e Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. (Fabaceae). Acta Botanica Brasilica 25(1): 191-197. Link: http://acta.botanica.org.br/index.php/acta/article/viewFile/1265/427
- ^ Kuo, Yau-Lun. "Ecological Characteristics of Three Invasive Plants (Leucaena Leucocephala, Mikania Micrantha, and Stachytarpheta Urticaefolia) in Southern Taiwan." 12 1 2003.http://www.agnet.org/library/eb/541/ (accessed 3 24 2008).
- ^ "Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit white leadtree". United States Department of Agriculture. http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=LELE10. Retrieved 8 June 2010.
- ^ ODI - Alley Farming
- ^ Das, Dipannita (8 May 2011). "Activists want Pune Municipal Corporation to allow cutting of subabul trees in city". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 9 May 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5yXfaJYL9. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
- ^ Wolff, John U. A Dictionary of Cebuano Visayan. 1972. http://bohol.ph/wolff.php
- ^ Little Jr., Elbert L.; Roger G. Skolmen (1989). "Koa haole, leucaena" (PDF). Common Forest Trees of Hawaii. United States Forest Service. http://www2.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/trees/CommonTreesHI/CFT_Leucaena_leucocephala.pdf. Retrieved 2010-01-18.
External links
- Handbook of Energy Crops at Purdue University: Leucaena leucocephala
- Economics of Subabul Plantation In Hegde, N.G. and Abhyanker, P.D. (eds.) The Greening of Wastelands.
- Relwani, L.L. & Hegde, N.G. 1986.
- Leucaena leucocephala factsheet
- Pradip Krishen, 'Trees of Delhi a Field Guide',DK publishers, Page 291, 2006
Categories:- Leucaena
- Plants described in 1961
- Forages
- Invasive plant species
- Trees of Belize
- Trees of Guatemala
- Trees of Southern Mexico
- Drought-tolerant trees
- Flora naturalised in Australia
- Naturalized trees of Hawaii
- Flora of Burma
- Flora of Cambodia
- Flora of Indonesia
- Flora of Laos
- Flora of Malaysia
- Flora of the Philippines
- Trees of Thailand
- Flora of Vietnam
- Indigenous distribution area:
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