Notorious (1946 film)

Not to be confused with Notorious (2009 film).

Notorious
Title Screen
Directed by	Alfred Hitchcock
Produced by	Alfred Hitchcock
Written by	Ben Hecht
Starring	Cary Grant Ingrid Bergman Claude Rains
Music by	Roy Webb
Cinematography	Ted Tetzlaff
Editing by	Theron Warth
Studio	RKO Radio Pictures
Distributed by	RKO Radio Pictures
Release date(s)	August 15, 1946 (NY)
Running time	101 minutes
Country	United States
Language	English
Budget	$2,000,000 (estimated)

Notorious is a 1946 American thriller film directed and produced by Alfred Hitchcock, starring Cary Grant, Ingrid Bergman and Claude Rains as three people whose lives become intimately entangled during an espionage operation. It was shot in late 1945 and early 1946, and was released by RKO in August 1946.

Notorious marks a watershed for Hitchcock artistically, and represents a heightened thematic maturity. His biographer, Donald Spoto, writes that "Notorious is in fact Alfred Hitchcock's first attempt—at the age of forty-six—to bring his talents to the creation of a serious love story, and its story of two men in love with Ingrid Bergman could only have been made at this stage of his life."^[1]

The film is known for two scenes in particular. In one of his most famous shots,^[2] Hitchcock starts wide and high on a second floor balcony overlooking the great hall of a grand mansion. Slowly he tracks down and in on Ingrid Bergman, finally ending with a tight close-up of a key tucked in her hand. So arresting is the shot that an outline of the key became a graphic element in the film's promotional material. Hitchcock also devised "a celebrated scene"^[3] that circumvented the Production Code's ban on kisses longer than three seconds — by having his actors disengage every three seconds, murmur and nuzzle each other, then start right back up again. The two-and-a-half minute osculation is "perhaps his most intimate and erotic kiss."^[4]

Plot

Cary Grant and Ingrid Bergman on a plane to Rio de Janeiro

Alicia Huberman (Ingrid Bergman), the American daughter of a convicted Nazi spy is recruited by government agent T. R. Devlin (Cary Grant) to infiltrate an organization of Nazis who have relocated to Brazil after World War II.

While awaiting the details of her assignment in Rio de Janeiro Alicia and Devlin fall in love, though his feelings are complicated by his knowledge of her wild past. When Devlin gets instructions to persuade her to seduce Alex Sebastian (Claude Rains), one of her father's friends and a leading member of the group, Devlin tries to convince his superiors that Alicia is not fit for the job, without success. He puts up a stoic front when he informs Alicia about the mission, choosing duty over love. Alicia concludes that he was merely pretending to love her as part of his job.

They contrive to have her meet Sebastian, and renew their acquaintance. At a dinner Alicia witnesses an odd incident: a guest becomes hysterical at the sight of several wine bottles on a sideboard, and is ushered quickly from the room.

Sebastian quickly renews his ardor for her, and soon Alica reports to Devlin, "you can add Sebastian's name to my list of playmates." When Sebastian proposes, Alicia informs Devlin, hoping he will finally erupt, but the agent coldly tells her to do whatever she wants; stung, she marries Sebastian.

When she returns from her honeymoon, Alicia is hard-pressed to find anything amiss in her new home. The only thing she can relate to Devlin is that the key ring her husband gave her is short a key, the one to the wine cellar. That, and the bottle episode at the dinner, lead Devlin to urge Alicia to hold a grand party so he might investigate. The night of the affair, Alicia secretly steals the key from Sebastian’s ring, and the two slip away to the cellar. By chance, Devlin accidentally breaks a bottle. Inside they find not wine, but a black sand (which later analysis shows to be uranium). He takes a sample, cleans up, and locks the door just as Sebastian comes down for more champagne. Alicia and Devlin kiss to cover their tracks. Devlin feigns drunkenness, and makes an exit, but Sebastian remains suspicious. When he comes back later, he finds the glass and sand from the broken bottle pushed under a wine rack.

Now Sebastion has a problem: he must silence Alicia, but cannot expose her without revealing his own blunder to his unforgiving fellow Nazis. He discusses the situation with his mother (Leopoldine Konstantin) and she suggests that Alicia "die slowly" by poisoning. They poison her coffee and she quickly falls ill; soon she is bedridden.

Devlin becomes alarmed when she fails to appear at their next rendezvous. He sneaks into Alicia's quarters, where she tells him that Sebastian and his mother are poisoning her. After confessing his love for her, Devlin carries her out of the mansion in full view of Sebastian's Nazi cabal. Sebastian begs to go with them, but Devlin and Alicia drive away, leaving Sebastian to face his Nazi cohorts.

Cast

Down the hatch: Hitchcock's cameo in Notorious does not come until after the one-hour mark; when he became a television star in the 1950s, he slotted his cameos in the first few minutes so audiences would feel free to watch the film without watching for him.

• Cary Grant as T.R. Devlin
• Ingrid Bergman as Alicia Huberman
• Claude Rains as Alexander Sebastian
• Leopoldine Konstantin as Madame Anna Sebastian
• Louis Calhern as Captain Paul Prescott, an officer of the US Secret Service
• Moroni Olsen as Walter Beardsley, another Secret Service officer
• Ricardo Costa as Dr. Julio Barbosa
• Reinhold Schünzel as Dr. Anderson, a Nazi conspirator
• Ivan Triesault as Eric Mathis, a Nazi conspirator
• Eberhard Krumschmidt as Emil Hupka, a Nazi conspirator
• Alex Minotis as Joseph, Sebastian's butler
• Wally Brown as Mr. Hopkins
• Sir Charles Mendl as Commodore
• Fay Baker as Ethel

Cast notes

Biographer Patrick McGilligan writes that "Hitchcock rarely managed to pull together a dream cast for any of his 1940s films, but Notorious was a glorious exception."^[5] Indeed, with a story of smuggled uranium as a backdrop, "[t]he romantic pairing of Grant and Bergman promised a box office bang comparable to an atomic blast."^[6]

Not everyone saw it that way, however, most notably the project's original producer David O. Selznick. After he sold the property to RKO to raise some quick cash, Selznick lobbied hard to get Grant replaced with Joseph Cotten; the United States had just dropped atomic bombs on Japan and Selznick argued that the first film out about atomic weaponry would be the most successful—and Grant wasn't available for three months.^[7] Unsaid was that Selznick was leery of Grant because he "would come with ego and salary demands,"^[8] but most telling of all—Selznick owned Cotten's contract.^[7] Hitchcock and RKO production executive William Dozier invoked a clause in the project sale contract, blocked Selznick's attempts, and Grant was signed to play opposite Bergman by late August 1945.^[9]

Suggested by Selznick for box-office reasons, Rains's nuanced performance was a significant artistic contribution to the film

Selznick's poor judgment in attempting to recast T.R. Devlin with Cotten notwithstanding, he was very much right about a different casting decision: Hitchcock "had oddly wanted the epicene Clifton Webb"^[10] to play Alexander Sebastian. Selznick pressed for Claude Rains in typical Selznick memo-heavy style: "Rains offers 'an opportunity to build the gross of Notorious enormously... .[D]o not lose a day trying to get the Rains' deal nailed down.'"^[11] Whether they were thinking in Selznick's box office terms or in more artistic ones, Dozier and Hitchcock agreed, and Rains's performance transforms Sebastian into a classic Hitchcock villain: sympathetic, nuanced, in some ways as admirable as the protagonist.^[10]

The final critical casting decision was Mme. Sebastian, Alex's mother. "The spidery, tyrannical Nazi matron demanded a stronger, older presence,"^[10] and when Ethel Barrymore and Mildred Natwick both fell through, German actor Reinhold Schünzel suggested Leopoldine Konstantin to Hitchcock and Dozier. Konstantin had been one of pre-war Germany's greatest actresses ^[10] and her toxic presence in the Sebastian household triangle establishes her as the blackest of villains, allowing Alex to become even more sympathetic. Notorious was Konstantin's only American film appearance and "one of the unforgettable portraits in Hitchcock's films."^[10]

Alfred Hitchcock's cameo appearance, a signature occurrence in his films, takes place at the big party in Sebastian's mansion. At 1:04:43 (1:01:50 on European DVDs and 64:28 of the edited cut) into the film, Hitchcock is seen drinking a glass of champagne at the champagne table as Grant and Bergman approach to get one. He sets his glass down and quickly departs.

Production

Preproduction

Notorious started life as a David O. Selznick production, but by the time it hit American screens in August 1946, it bore the RKO studio's logo and a screen credit for Alfred Hitchcock as Producer, his first-ever such credit.

Sobriety—and Devlin—are good for Alicia, who falls for her handler; the trouble only starts with the details of their mission

Its first glimmer occurred some two years previously, in August 1944, over lunch between Hitchcock and Selznick's story editor, Margaret McDonell. Her memo to Selznick said that Hitchcock was "very anxious to do a story about confidence tricks on a grand scale [with] Ingrid Bergman [as] the woman.... Her training would be as elaborate as the training of a Mata Hari."^[12] Hitchcock continued his conversation a few weeks later, this time dining at Chasen's with William Dozier, an RKO producer, and pitching it as "the story of a woman sold for political purposes into sexual enslavement."^[13] By this time, he had one of the single-word titles he preferred: Notorious.^[14] The pitch was convincing: Dozier quickly entered into talks with Selznick, offering to buy the property and its personnel for production at RKO.

Dozier's interest rekindled Selznick's, which up to that point had only been tepid. Perhaps what started Hitchcock's mind rolling was "The Song of the Dragon", a short story by John Taintor Foote which had appeared as a two-part serial in the Saturday Evening Post in November 1921; Selznick, who owned the rights to it, had passed it on to Hitchcock from his unproduced story file during the filming of Spellbound.^[13] Set during World War I in New York, "The Song of the Dragon" told the tale of a theatrical producer approached by federal agents, who want his assistance in recruiting an actress he once had a relationship with to seduce the leader of a gang of enemy saboteurs.^[15] Although the story was a nominal starting point that "offered some inspiration, the final narrative was pure Hitchcock."^[16]

Hitchcock travelled to England for Christmas 1944, and when he returned, he had an outline for Selznick's perusal.^[13] The producer greenlighted development of a script, and Hitchcock decamped for Nyack, New York for three weeks of collaboration with Ben Hecht, whom he had just worked with on Spellbound. The two would work at Hecht's house, with Hitchcock repairing at night to the St. Regis Hotel in the city. The two had an extraordinarily smooth and fruitful working partnership, partly because Hecht didn't really care how much Hitchcock rewrote his work:^[13]

Their story conferences were idyllic. Mr. Hecht would stride about or drape himself over chair or couch, or sprawl artistically on the floor. Mr. Hitchcock, a 192-pound Buddha (reduced from 295) would sit primly on a straight-back chair, his hands clasped across his midriff, his round button eyes gleaming. They would talk from nine to six; Mr. Hecht would sneak off with his typewriter for two or three days; then they would have another conference. The dove of peace lost not a pinfeather in the process.^[17]

Devlin is a bundle of conflict: he sets up his new love as sexual bait, then feels devastated when she does such a good job

Hitchcock delivered his and Hecht's screenplay to Selznick in late March, but the producer was getting drawn deeper into the roiling problems of his western epic Duel in the Sun. At first he ordered story conferences at his home, typically with start times of eleven p.m.,^[18] to both Hecht's and Hitchcock's profound annoyance. The two would dine at Romanoff's and "pool their defenses about what Hitchcock thought was a first class script."^[18] Shortly, though, Duel's problems won out and Selznick relegated Notorious to his mental back burner.

Among the many changes to the original story was the introduction of a MacGuffin: a cache of uranium being held in Sebastian's wine cellar by the Nazis. At the time, it was not common knowledge that uranium was being used in the development of the atomic bomb, and Selznick had trouble understanding its use as a plot device. Indeed, Hitchcock later claimed he was followed by the FBI for several months after he and Hecht discussed uranium with Robert Millikan at Caltech in mid-1945.^[19] In the event, the dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, and the release of details of the Manhattan Project, removed any doubts about its use.^[20]

By June 1945, Notorious reached its turning point. Selznick "was losing faith in a film that never really interested him";^[8] the MacGuffin still bothered him, as did the Devlin character, and he worried that audiences would dislike the Alicia character.^[8] More concerning, though, was the drain on his cash reserves imposed by the voracious Duel in the Sun. Finally, he agreed to sell the Notorious package to RKO: script, Bergman and Hitchcock.

The deal was a win-win-win: Selznick got $800,000 cash, plus 50% of the profits, RKO got a prestige production with an ascendant star and an emerging director, and Hitchcock, though he got no money, did get out from under Selznick's stifling thumb.^[9] He also got to be his own producer for the first time, an important step for him: "supervising everything from the polishing of the script to the negotiation of myriad post-production details, the director could demonstrate to the industry at large his skill as an executive."^[9] RKO assumed the project in mid-July 1945, and furnished office space, studio space, distribution—and freedom.

There was no getting away from Selznick completely, though. He contended that his 50% stake in the profits still entitled him to input into the project. He still dictated sheaves of memos about the script, and tried to oust Cary Grant from the cast in favor of his contractee, Joseph Cotten.^[7] When the United States detonated two atomic bombs over Japan in August, the memos commenced anew and centered mainly on Selznick's continuing dissatisfaction with the script. Hitchcock was abroad,^[7] so Dozier called on playwright Clifford Odets, who previously wrote None But the Lonely Heart for RKO and Grant, to do a rewrite. With Hitchcock and Selznick both busy, Barbara Keon would be his only contact.

Odets's script tried to bring more atmosphere to the story than had previously been present. "Extending the characters' emotional range, he heightened the passion of Devlin and Alicia and the aristocratic ennui of Alex Sebastian. He also added a soupçon of high culture to soften Alicia: she quotes French poetry from memory and sings Schubert."^[7] But his draft did nothing for Selznick, who still thought the characters lacked dimension, that Devlin still lacked charm, and that the couple's sleeping together "may cheapen her in the eyes of the audience."^[21] Ben Hecht's appraisal, handwritten in the margin, was straightforward: "This is really loose crap."^[21] In the end, the Odets script was a blind alley: Hitchcock apparently used none of it.^[17]

What he did have in his hand, though, was the script for "...a consummate Hitchcock film, in every sense filled with passion and textures and levels of meaning."^[22]

Stretching seconds to minutes: one long kiss broken into a string of short ones beat the ban on kisses over three seconds

Production

Principal photography for Notorious began on October 22, 1945 ^[22] and wrapped in February 1946.^[10] Production was structured the way Hitchcock preferred it: with almost all shooting done indoors, on RKO sound stages, even seeming "exterior" scenes achieved with rear projection process shots. This gave him maximum control of his filmmaking through the day; in the evenings he exercised similar control over the nightly soirées at his Bellagio Road home.^[23] The only scene requiring outdoor filming was the one at the riding club where Devlin and Alicia contrive to meet Alexander Sebastian on horseback; this scene was shot at the Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden in Arcadia, California. Second unit crews shot establishing exteriors and rear-projection footage in Miami, Rio de Janeiro and at the Santa Anita Park racetrack.

With everything stage-bound, production was smooth and problems were few, and small—for instance, Claude Rains, who stood three or four inches shorter than Ingrid Bergman.^[22] "[There's] this business of you being a midget with a wife, Miss Bergman, who is very tall," the director kidded with Rains, a good friend. For the scenes where Rains and Bergman were to walk hand-in-hand, Hitchcock devised a system of ramps that boosted Rains's height yet were unseen by the camera.^[24] He also suggested Rains try elevator shoes: "Walk in them, sleep in them, be comfortable in them."^[24] Rains did, and used them thereafter. Hitchcock gave Rains the choice of playing Sebastian with a German or his English accent; Rains chose the latter.

One of the signature scenes in Notorious is the two-and-a-half minute kiss that Hitchcock interrupted every three seconds to slip the scene through the three-second-rule crack in the Production Code. "The two stars worried about how strange it felt," writes biographer McGilligan. "Walking along, nuzzling each other with the camera trailing behind them, seemed 'very awkward' to the actors during filming, according to Bergman. 'Don't worry,' Hitchcock assured her. 'It'll look right on the screen.'"^[25]

Although the production proceeded smoothly it was not without some unusual aspects. The first was the helpfulness of Cary Grant toward Ingrid Bergman, in a way that "was remarkably calm and pointedly unusual for him."^[26] Although this was Bergman's second outing with Hitchcock (the first was the just-finished Spellbound), she was nervous and insecure early on. The often moody, sometimes withdrawn^[24] Grant, though, "came to Notorious full of bounce"^[24] and coached her through her initial period of adjustment, rehearsing her the way Devlin rehearses Alicia.^[24] It began a lifetime friendship for the two.

Reports were hard under Alex's gaze; handler and mole meet at the track, knowing hubbie is watching from the grandstand

There were two passionate turmoils going on on-set, and both served to inform the final product: one was Hitchcock's growing infatuation with Bergman, and the other was her torturous affair with Robert Capa, the celebrity battlefield photographer.^[27] As a result of this simpatico connection, and "to accomplish the deepest logic of Notorious, Hitchcock did something unprecedented in his career: he made Ingrid his closest collaborator on the picture":^[27]

"The girl's look is wrong," Ingrid said to Hitchcock when, after several takes of her close-up during the dinner sequence, everyone knew something was awry. "You have her registering [surprise] too soon, Hitch. I think she would do it this way." And with that, Ingrid did the scene her way. There was not a sound on the set, for Hitchcock did not suffer actors' ideas gladly: he knew what he wanted from the start. Well before filming began, every eventuality of every scene had been planned—every camera angle, every set, costume, prop, even the sound cues had been foreseen and were in the shooting script. But in this case, an actress had a good idea, and to everyone's astonishment, he said "I think you're right, Ingrid."^[28]

When production wrapped in February 1946, Hitchcock had in the can what Francois Truffaut later told him "gets a maximum of effect from a minimum of elements.... Of all your pictures, this is the one in which one feels the most perfect correlation between what you are aiming at and what appears on the screen.... To the eye, the ensemble is as perfect as an animated cartoon..."^[29]

Music

The music for Notorious is the least celebrated of the major Hitchcock scores, writes film scholar Jack Sullivan, one that few writers or fans talk about. "The neglect is unfortunate, for Roy Webb composed one of the most deftly designed scores of any Hitchcock film. It weaves a unique spell, one Hitchcock had not conjured before, and the hip, swingy source music is novel as well."^[30]

Alicia's big party, ostensibly introducing Mrs. Sebastian to her husband's crowd, is really to introduce Devlin to his wine cellar

The composer was Roy Webb, a staff composer at RKO, who had most recently scored the dark films of director Val Lewton for that studio. He wrote the fight song for Columbia University while he was there in the 1920s, then served as assistant to film composer Max Steiner until 1935; his reputation was "reliable but unglamorous."^[31] Hitchcock had tried to get Bernard Herrmann for Notorious, but Herrmann was unavailable; Webb too was a Herrmann fan: "Benny writes the best music in Hollywood, with the fewest notes," he said.^[32]

Before the sale of the property to RKO, Selznick attempted, with typical Selznick gusto, to steer the course of the music.^[33] He was miffed that no hit pop song had come out of his previous Hitchcock picture Spellbound, so he considered eighteen "gooey, sentimental songs"^[33] like "Love Nest", "Don't Give Any More Beer To My Father" and "In A Little Love Nest Way Up On A Hill" for inclusion in Notorious. Thankfully, the sale removed Selznick as the decision-maker.^[33]

Hitchcock was glad to be out from under Selznick's thumb. There would be "no sudsy violins in big love scenes, no more recycling of Selznick's favorite cues from past movies. He made sure there were no south-of-the-border cliches."^[33] Selznick's exit also brought Hitchcock and Webb together into their natural sympatico. "Selznick deplored 'Hitchcock's goddamned jigsaw cutting,' the dreamlike, jagged images that create his signature subjectivity. But Webb didn't mind jigsaw cutting at all. It complemented his fragmented musical architecture, just as the blocked passions of the film's characters reflect his unresolved harmonies. Like Hitchcock, Webb favored atmosphere and tonal nuance over broad gestures. Both men were classicists dealing in darkness and chaos."^[32] They featured complementary personalities, too: "Webb had a modest ego, a handy trait when working for a control addict like Hitchcock."^[34] Notorious was, however, their only film together.

Alicia silently sneaks the crucial key off Sebastian's key ring while he dresses for the party just feet away in the bathroom

Alicia and Devlin fall quickly in love once they arrive in Rio, and Webb uses tambourines, guitars, drums and Brazilian trumpets swinging into Brazilian dance music to provide "sensuous foreplay for the tumultuous love affair."^[35] Numbers include "Carnaval no Rio", "Meu Barco", "Guanabara" and two sambas "Ya Ya Me Leva" and "Bright Samba". Yet understatement and atypical use are everywhere:

Sexy and full of danger, [the love music] is a typical Hitchcock romantic theme, though it is rarely used romantically. Even when Alicia and Devlin ascend a hill with a spectacular view and embrace during the initial courtship scenes—surely the cue for a fortissimo eruption of love music à la Spellbound—the theme sounds only for a teasing instant. For the most part, it appears at unpredictable times, in increasingly troubled harmonies, to capture the couple's shifting sexual subcurrents: Alicia's hurt and suppressed longing, Devlin's fear jealousy, and hesitation.^[36]

Often, Webb and Hitchcock use no music at all to undergird a romantic scene. The famous two-and-a-half minute non-kiss kiss begins with distant music when it commences out on the balcony, but goes silent when the couple move inside "to their private world, imparting an austere eroticism as the camera glides with them."^[37] Other times, they flout conventional wisdom: when Alicia asks the band to stop playing stuffy waltzes and liven things up with Brazilian music to cover her trip to the wine cellar with Devlin, "Hitchcock takes the risk of relying entirely on Latin dance tunes rather than on a suspense cue."^[37] So it's Brazilian syncopation snaking through Ted Tetzlaff's shadowy lighting and the explosion of a smashing wine bottle—and it gives the scene a unique tension.^[37]

And there's always a touch—at least—of Hitchcockian humor: When Alicia first enters the Sebastian mansion, loaded with sinister Nazis, Schumann and Chopin are playing. "Wicked they may be, but these terrorists have artistic sensibilities and impeccable taste."^[35]

Cinematography

Starting high and wide, ending low and close: famous tracking shot shows both the scale of the party and the point of it—the purloined key to the wine cellar; Alicia and Devlin do not know what they are looking for, but they do go looking

Roger Ebert described Notorious as having "some of the most effective camera shots in his—or anyone's—work".^[38] Hitchcock played off Grant's star power in his first scene, introducing his character with shots of the back of the actor's head showing him observing Alicia carefully. The excess of her drinking is reinforced the next morning with a famous close-up and zoom out from a glass of fizzing aspirin beside her bed. The camera switches to her point of view and we see Grant as Devlin, backlit and upside down.^[38] The film also contains the famous tracking shot at Sebastian’s mansion in Rio de Janeiro: starting high above the entrance hall, the camera tracks all the way down to Alicia's hand, showing her nervously twisting the key there.^[2][38]

Themes and motifs

If there is a single overriding theme in Notorious, it is that of trust—trust withheld, or given too freely—and "aptly, Hitchcock and Hecht chose to locate this romance about trust within the package of an espionage thriller, for spies are, of course, characterized by their exploitation of trust."^[39] T. R. Devlin is a long time finding his trust, while Alexander Sebastian offers his up easily—and ultimately pays a big price for it. Likewise, the film addresses "a twofold redemption: a woman's need to be trusted and loved, which will enable her to transcend a life that has become empty of affection and riddled with guilt; and a man's need to open himself to love, which will enable him to overcome a life full of severe repression." ^[39]

Hitchcock the raconteur positioned it in terms of classic conflict. He told Truffaut that

The story of Notorious is the old conflict between love and duty. Cary Grant's job—and it's rather an ironic situation—is to push Ingrid Bergman into Claude Rains's bed. One can hardly blame him for seeming bitter throughout the story, whereas Claude Rains is a rather appealing figure, both because his confidence is being betrayed and because his love for Ingrid Bergman is probably deeper than Cary Grant's. All of these elements of psychological drama have been woven into the spy story.^[40]

Sullivan writes that Devlin sets up Alicia as sexual bait, refuses to take any responsibility for his role, then feels devastated when she does a superb job.^[37] Alicia finds herself coldly manipulated by the man she loves, sees her notorious behavior exploited for political purposes, then fears abandonment by the lover who put her in the excruciating predicament of spying on her late father's Nazi colleague by sleeping with him—a man who genuinely loves her, perhaps more than Devlin does. Alex is Hitchcock's most painfully sympathetic villain, driven by his profound jealousy and rage—not to mention his enthrallment to an emasculating mother—culminating in an abrupt, absolute imperative to kill the love of his life.^[37]

"We're protected by the enormity of your stupidity" is Mother's comfort to her son when they realize Alicia's true intentions

Hitchcock's own mother had died in September 1942, and Notorious is the first time he addresses his mother issues head-on. "In Notorious the role of mother is at last fully introduced and examined. No longer relegated to mere conversation, she appears here as a major character in a Hitchcock picture, and all at once—as later, through Psycho, The Birds and Marnie—Hitchcock began to make the mother figure a personal repository of his anger, guilt, resentment, and a sad yearning."^[41] At the same time, he blurred mother-love with erotic love^[42] and poignantly, in both the film and in its director's life, "both kinds of love were in fact limited to longing and fantasy and unfulfilled expectations."^[42]

The theme of drinking weaves its way through the film from beginning to end: for Alicia it is an escape from guilt and pain, or even downright poisonous.^[39] When a guest at the opening party tells her she has had enough, she scoffs: "The important drinking hasn't started yet." She camouflages emotional rejection with whiskey, at the opening party, the outdoor cafe in Rio, the apartment in Rio,^[43] then drinking becomes even more dangerous as the Sebastians administer their poison through Alicia's coffee. Even the MacGuffin comes packaged in a wine bottle. "All the drinking is valueless and finally dangerous."^[43]

Coming as it did on the heels of World War II, the theme of patriotism—and the limits thereof—make it "astonishing that the movie was produced at all (and that it was such an immediate success), since it contains such blunt dialogue about government-sponsored prostitution: the sexual blackmail is the idea of American intelligence agents, who are blithely willing to exploit a woman (and even to let her die) to serve their own ends. The depiction of the moral murkiness of American officials was unprecedented in Hollywood—especially in 1945, when the Allied victory ushered in an era of understandable but ultimately dangerous chauvinism in American life."^[27]

Reception

Nazis wait below as Sebastian and Devlin help the ailing Alicia down the grand steps and out to Devlin's car waiting outside

The film was selected for the official selection of the 1946 Cannes Film Festival.^[44] Notorious had its premiere at Radio City Music Hall in New York City on July 22, 1946 with Hitchcock, Bergman and Grant in attendance. The movie made $4.8 million on its first theatrical American domestic release, making it one of the biggest hits of the year.^[45]

Critics liked the film. Writing in The New York Times, Bosley Crowther praised the film, writing "Mr. Hecht has written and Mr. Hitchcock has directed in brilliant style a romantic melodrama which is just about as thrilling as they come—velvet smooth in dramatic action, sharp and sure in its characters and heavily charged with the intensity of warm emotional appeal."^[46] Leslie Halliwell, usually terse, almost glowed about Notorious: "Superb romantic suspenser containing some of Hitchcock's best work."^[47] Decades later, Roger Ebert also praised the film, adding it to his "Great Movies" list and calling it "the most elegant expression of the master's visual style."^[38] On the website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an overall positive rating of 97%, based on 29 reviews.

The review that would have pleased Hitchcock the most came from perhaps his favorite critic, his daughter, Patricia Hitchcock O'Connell. Notorious is her favorite of her father's pictures. "What a perfect film!" she told her father's biographer, Charlotte Chandler. "The more I see Notorious, the more I like it."^[48]

Claude Rains was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, and Ben Hecht was nominated for an Academy Award for Writing Original Screenplay. In 2006, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". Time magazine listed Notorious as one of the All-Time 100 best films as chosen by Richard Corliss and Richard Schickel.^[49] Entertainment Weekly ranked it #66 in their book 100 Greatest Movies of All Time.^[50]

Adaptations

A Lux Radio Theater adaptation was broadcast on January 26, 1948, with Ingrid Bergman reprising her role as Alicia Huberman and Joseph Cotten taking Cary Grant's role of T. R. Devlin. Another radio adaptation was produced for The Screen Guild Theater, again starring Ingrid Bergman, although this time with John Hodiak, and was broadcast on January 6, 1949.

It was remade in 1992 as a TV movie of the same name, with John Shea as Devlin, Jenny Robertson as Alicia, Jean-Pierre Cassel as Sebastian, and Marisa Berenson as Katarina.^[51]

Happy ending exited with Devlin and Alicia; Hitchcock ended his story with Sebastian returning to face his Nazi cohorts

In the animated television series Star Wars: The Clone Wars the season two episode Senate Spy is almost a line for line adaptation of Notorious, even going so far as to frame the final shot of the episode the same way as the movie.

Mission Impossible II is a remake of Notorious; a deadly virus is used instead of the uranium, and there is an action-packed facade, but the core story, many of the scenes, and some of the dialogue from Notorious were used.^{[citation needed]}

Freddy Blohm's song "Rio Blues" tells the story, grimly, from Sebastian's point of view.

Tribute to Hitchcock

On March 7, 1979, the American Film Institute honored Hitchcock with its Life Achievement Award. At the tribute dinner, Ingrid Bergman presented him with the prop key to the wine cellar that was the single most notable prop in Notorious. After filming had ended, Cary Grant had kept the key. A few years later he gave it to Bergman, saying that it had given him luck and hoped it would do the same for her. When presenting the key to Hitchcock, to his surprise and delight, she expressed the hope that it would be lucky for him as well.^[52]

References

Bibliography

• Brown, Curtis F. The Pictorial History of Film Stars - Ingrid Bergman. New York: Galahad Books, 1973. ISBN 0-88365-164-5, p. 76-81
• Eliot, Marc (2005). Cary Grant. London: Aurum Press. pp. 434 pages. ISBN 1 84513 073 1. 
• Humphries, Patrick. The Films of Alfred Hitchcock. Crescent Books, a Random House company, 1994 revised edition. ISBN 0-517-10292-7, p. 88-93
• McGilligan, Patrick (2003). Alfred Hitchcock - A Life in Darkness and Light. London: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 850 pages. ISBN 0-470-86973-9. 
• Spoto, Donald (2001). Notorious - The Life of Ingrid Bergman. America: DaCapo Press. pp. 474 pages. ISBN 0-306-81030-1. 

Notes

1. ^ Spoto, Donald (1983). The Dark Side of Genius: The Life of Alfred Hitchcock. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-345-31462-X. p. 304. Page numbers cited in this article are from the Ballantine Books first paperback edition, 1984
2. ^ ^{a b} Duncan, Paul, (2003). Alfred Hitchcock: Architect of Anxiety 1899-1980. Los Angeles: Taschen. ISBN 3822815918. p. 110
3. ^ Chandler, Charlotte (2006). It's Only a Movie: Alfred Hitchcock, A Personal Biography. New York: Applause Books. ISBN 978-1557836922. p. 163
4. ^ Duncan, p. 109
5. ^ McGilligan, Patrick (2004). Alfred Hitchcock: A Life in Darkness and Light. New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0060988272. p. 376
6. ^ Leff, Leonard J. (1999). Hitchcock and Selznick: The Rich and Strange Collaboration of Alfred Hitchcock and David O. Selznick. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21781-0. p. 207
7. ^ ^{a b c d e} Leff, p. 207
8. ^ ^{a b c} McGilligan, p. 374
9. ^ ^{a b c} Leff, p. 206
10. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Spoto, Dark, p. 302
11. ^ Leff, p. 209
12. ^ Spoto, Dark, p. 297
13. ^ ^{a b c d} Spoto, Dark, p. 298
14. ^ Notorious was his tenth single word-titled film: Downhill, Champagne, Blackmail, Murder!, Sabotage, Suspicion, Saboteur, Lifeboat and Spellbound preceeded it; Rope, Vertigo and Frenzy followed. His other one-worders, Rebecca, Psycho, Marnie and Topaz take their titles from the one-word titles of the novels they derive from. Spoto, Notorious, p. 195n
15. ^ McGilligan, p. 366
16. ^ Spoto, Donald, (2001). Notorious: The Life of Ingrid Bergman. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0306810305. p. 195
17. ^ ^{a b} Spoto, Dark, p. 299
18. ^ ^{a b} Spoto, Dark, p. 301
19. ^ Truffaut, François (1967). Hitchcock By Truffaut. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0671604295
20. ^ McGilligan, p. 375
21. ^ ^{a b} Leff, p. 208
22. ^ ^{a b c} McGilligan, p. 379
23. ^ Spoto, Dark, p. 303
24. ^ ^{a b c d e} McGilligan, p. 380
25. ^ McGilligan, p. 376
26. ^ Spoto, Notorious, p. 198
27. ^ ^{a b c} Spoto, Notorious, p. 197
28. ^ Spoto, Notorious, pp. 197-198
29. ^ Truffaut, p. 173
30. ^ Sullivan, Jack (2006). Hitchcock's Music. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300136180. p. 124
31. ^ Sullivan, p. 124
32. ^ ^{a b} Sullivan, p. 125
33. ^ ^{a b c d} Sullivan, p. 126
34. ^ Sullivan, p. 130
35. ^ ^{a b} Sullivan, p. 127
36. ^ Sullivan, p. 131
37. ^ ^{a b c d e} Sullivan, p. 132
38. ^ ^{a b c d} Ebert, R.Great Movies:Notorious, August 17, 1997. rogerebert.suntimes.com. Retrieved 6 September.
39. ^ ^{a b c} Spoto, Notorious, p. 196
40. ^ Truffaut, p. 171
41. ^ Spoto, Dark, p. 306
42. ^ ^{a b} Spoto, Dark, p.307
43. ^ ^{a b} Spoto, Dark, p. 308
44. ^ "Festival de Cannes: Notorious". festival-cannes.com. http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/4274/year/1946.html. Retrieved 2009-01-04. 
45. ^ Eliot, p. 420
46. ^ Crowther, Bosley. "The Screen in Review." The New York Times, August 16, 1946
47. ^ Walker, John, ed. Halliwell's Film Guide. New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-06-273241-2. p. 873
48. ^ Chandler, p. 163
49. ^ Schickel, Richard (2005-02-12). "Notorious (1946) - ALL-TIME 100 Movies". Time. http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1953094_1953146_1953799,00.html. Retrieved 2011-10-10. 
50. ^ Entertainment Weekly (1999). "The 100 Greatest Movies of All Time". AMC Networks. http://www.filmsite.org/ew100.html. Retrieved 2011-10-10. 
51. ^ Notorious (1946 film) at the Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 29 June 2008.
52. ^ McGilligan, p. 471

External links

• Notorious at the TCM Movie Database
• Notorious at AllRovi
• Notorious essay at the Criterion Collection by William Rothman
• Notorious radio adaptation on MP3 aired January 26, 1948 on Lux Radio Theatre (59 minutes, with Ingrid Bergman and Joseph Cotten)
• Reprints of historic reviews, photo gallery at CaryGrant.net
• A film review of Notorious