- Vaccination schedule
-
A vaccination schedule is a series of vaccinations, including the timing of all doses, which may be either recommended or compulsory, depending on the country of residence.
A vaccine is an antigenic preparation used to produce active immunity to a disease, in order to prevent or reduce the effects of infection by any natural or "wild" pathogen.[1] Many vaccines require multiple doses for maximum effectiveness, either to produce sufficient initial immune response or to boost response that fades over time. For example, tetanus vaccine boosters are often recommended every 10 years.[2] Vaccine schedules are developed by governmental agencies or physicians groups to achieve maximum effectiveness using required and recommended vaccines for a locality while minimizing the number of health care system interactions. Over the past two decades, the recommended vaccination schedule has grown rapidly and become more complicated as many new vaccines have been developed.[3]
Some vaccines are recommended only in certain areas (countries, subnational areas, or at-risk populations) where a disease is common. For instance, yellow fever vaccination is on the routine vaccine schedule of French Guiana, is recommended in certain regions of Brazil but in the United States is only given to travelers heading to countries with a history of the disease.[4] In developing countries, vaccine recommendations also take into account the level of health care access, the cost of vaccines and issues with vaccine availability and storage. Sample vaccinations schedules discussed by the World Health Organization show a developed country using a schedule which extends over the first five years of a child's life and uses vaccines which cost over $700 including administration costs while a developing country uses a schedule providing vaccines in the first 9 months of life and costing only $25.[5] This difference is due to the lower cost of health care, the lower cost of many vaccines provided to developing nations, and that more expensive vaccines, often for less common diseases, are not utilized.
In 1900, the smallpox vaccine was the only one administered to children. By the early 1950s, children routinely received four vaccines, for protection against (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio, and smallpox), and as many as five shots by two years of age.[3] Since the mid-1980s, many vaccines have been added to the schedule. As of 2009[update], the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) now recommends vaccination against at least fourteen diseases. By two years of age, U.S. children receive as many as 24 vaccine injections, and might receive up to five shots during one visit to the doctor.[3] The use of combination vaccine products means that, as of 2009[update], the United Kingdom's immunization program consists of 10 injections by the age of two, and a further three injections (or four, including the human papillomavirus vaccine) by the time of leaving school.[6]
Contents
Worldwide
The World Health Organization monitors vaccination schedules across the world, noting what vaccines are included in each country's program, the coverage rates achieved and various auditing measures.[7] The table below shows the types of vaccines given in example countries. Current vaccination schedules for all WHO member states can be accessed here. Additional vaccines are given to individuals that are much more likely to come into contact with certain diseases due to their occupation or travel to regions where the disease is present (including members of the Military), or only after potentially infectious exposure. Examples include Rabies vaccine, Anthrax vaccine, Cholera vaccine and Smallpox vaccine.[8][9]
Characteristics of Vaccine Preventable Disease and Schedules for Example Countries[8] Vaccine Target Transmission Worldwide
incidence
(2004)[10]Worldwide
deaths
(2004)[11]Chile Cuba USA UK Finland Germany Saudi
ArabiaEthiopia Botswana India Australia China Japan Diphtheria Saliva 34,000 5,000 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Pertussis Airborne droplet 18,387,000 254,000 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Tetanus Penetrating injury 251,000 163,000 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Hepatitis B Bodily fluids 5,700,000 (acute) 105,000 Yes Yes Yes Yes1 Yes1 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes1 Yes Yes Haemophilus influenzae
type bAirborne droplet 2,000,000–3,000,000 [12] 386,000 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Measles Airborne 27,000,000 424,000 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Tuberculosis Airborne 7,782,000 1,464,000 Yes Yes Yes1 Yes1 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Polio Fecal-oral 1,606 [13] Unknown OPV OPV IPV IPV IPV IPV IPV, OPV OPV OPV OPV IPV OPV OPV Hepatitis A Fecal-oral 1,400,000 [14] Unknown Yes Yes1 Yes1 Yes Yes1 Yes Human papillomavirus Sexual contact 493,000 2 247,000 2 Yes Yes Yes Yes Influenza (seasonal) Airborne droplet 3,000,000–5,000,000 250,000–500,000 Yes1 Yes1 Yes1 Yes1 Yes1 Yes1 Yes Yes1 Meningococcus Airborne droplet Unknown 340,000 Yes Yes Yes Yes1 Yes Yes1 Yes Yes Mumps Airborne droplet 544,000 Unknown Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Pneumococcus Airborne droplet 14,500,000 [15] 826,000 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes1 Yes Rotavirus Fecal-oral 527,000 [16] Yes Yes Yes Rubella Airborne droplet Unknown 196,000 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Typhoid fever Fecal-oral 22,000,000 [17] 216,000 Yes Yes1 Varicella Airborne Unknown Unknown Yes Yes Yes Yellow fever Mosquito 200,000 [18] 30,000 Yes Tick-borne encephalitis Tick 5,000–7,000[19] Unknown Yes1 Japanese encephalitis Mosquito 50,000 [20] 15,000 Yes1 Yes Yes - ^ At risk groups or certain populations only. See reference for more details.
- ^ Incidence and deaths noted are for cervical cancer. Nearly 100% of cervical cancer is caused by HPV.[21]
Country Specific Schedules
Australia
The Immunise Australia Program implements the National Immunisation Program (NIP) Schedule. All vaccines available under the Australian immunisation schedule are free of charge under the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme.[22]
Australia Vaccine Schedule: 2010[23] Vaccine Birth 2 mo. 4 mo. 6 mo. 12 mo. 18 mo. 4 yrs 10–13 yrs 15–17 yrs ≥65 yrs Hepatitis B HepB HepB HepB HepB Rotavirus RV RV RV Diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus DTPa DTPa DTPa DTPa dTpa Haemophilus influenzae type b Hib Hib Hib Hib Pneumococcal 7vPCV 7vPCV 7vPCV 23vPPV Polio vaccine (inactivated) IPV IPV IPV IPV Measles, mumps, and rubella MMR MMR Varicella Varicella Meningococcus MenCCV Human papillomavirus vaccine HPV1 Influenza Yearly Range of recommended ages except certain high-risk groups. See references for more details including "catch-up" immunizations, and recommendations for high-risk groups- ^ 12-13 years, females only
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom childhood vaccination schedule is recommended by the Department of Health and National Health Service, and uses combination immunisations where available (NB recent change as of December 2010: 13 month vaccination now at 12 months):[24]
United Kingdom Vaccine Schedule: 2010[24] Vaccine 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 12 mo. 3–4 yrs 12–13 yrs 13–18 yrs Diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus DTaP DTaP DTaP DTaP Td Haemophilus influenzae type b Hib Hib Hib Hib Pneumococcal PCV PCV PCV Polio vaccine (inactivated) IPV IPV IPV IPV IPV Measles, mumps, and rubella MMR MMR Meningococcus MenC MenC MenC Human papillomavirus vaccine HPV1 - ^ Females only
Non-routine vaccinations
Some children may receive vaccines in addition to those listed in the table:
- BCG vaccine is given at birth "to babies who are more likely to come into contact with Tuberculosis than the general population."
- Hepatitis B vaccine is given at birth "to babies whose mothers are hepatitis B positive."
Adult vaccinations
The five scheduled childhood tetanus vaccinations are thought to generally confer lifelong immunity; thus, no routine booster doses are given in adulthood. Those adults at risk of contaminated cuts (e.g., gardeners) may have booster tetanus vaccination every ten years.[25]
Pneumococcal vaccinations (pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine/PPV) are recommended for those over 65 and for people without a functional spleen (asplenia), either because the spleen has been removed or does not work properly.[26]
Flu vaccine is recommended for anyone who is aged 65 years and over, people with certain long-term medical conditions, health and social care professionals and poultry workers.[27]
United States
The Recommended Childhood and Adolescent Immunization Schedule and the Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule are revised annually. The most up-to-date schedules are available from CDC's National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. In the US, the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act requires all health-care providers to provide parents or patients with copies of Vaccine Information Statements before administering vaccines.[28]
United States Vaccine Schedule: 2010[29][30][31] Vaccine Birth 1 month 2 mo. 4 mo. 6 mo. 12 mo. 15 mo. 18 mo. 19-23 mo 4–6 yrs 11–12 yrs 19–26 yrs ≥27 years Hepatitis B HepB HepB HepB Rotavirus RV RV RV Diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus DTaP DTaP DTaP DTaP DTaP DTaP Td (every 10 years) Haemophilus influenzae type b Hib Hib Hib Hib Pneumococcal PCV PCV PCV PCV PPSV1 Polio vaccine (inactivated) IPV IPV IPV IPV Measles, mumps, and rubella MMR MMR 1 or 2 doses[2a] Varicella (chickenpox) Varicella Varicella 2 doses[2b] Hepatitis A HepA (2 doses) Meningococcus MCV Human papillomavirus vaccine 3 doses 3 doses[2c],3 Influenza Influenza (yearly) Yearly ≥50 Range of recommended ages except certain high-risk groups. See references for more details including "catch-up" immunizations, and recommendations for high-risk groupsSee also
References
- ^ "What Is a Vaccine". NIAID. http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/vaccines/understanding/Pages/whatVaccine.aspx. Retrieved 2010-05-04.
- ^ Tetanus: Prevention. Mayo Clinic. 2006-09-21. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/tetanus/DS00227/DSECTION=prevention. Retrieved 2008-07-17
- ^ a b c "History of Vaccine Schedule | The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia". http://www.chop.edu/service/vaccine-education-center/vaccine-schedule/history-of-vaccine-schedule.html. Retrieved 2010-05-04.
- ^ Update on Yellow Fever in the Americas, http://www.paho.org/english/SHA/be_v21n2-yellowfever.htm, the Epidemiological Bulletin, Vol. 21 No. 2, June 2000, Pan American Health Organization, accessed July 18, 2007
- ^ State of the World's Vaccines and Immunizations (pdf) from the World Health Organization (2003 edition)
- ^ "Immunisation schedule". http://www.immunisation.nhs.uk./Immunisation_Schedule. Retrieved 2010-05-04.
- ^ "WHO Vaccine Preventable Diseases Monitoring System". World Health Organization. 22 December 2006. http://www.who.int/immunization_monitoring/en/. Retrieved 2007-01-02.
- ^ a b "WHO World Health Organization: Immunization, Vaccines And Biologicals". WHO vaccine-preventable diseases: monitoring system 2010 global summary – National vaccines schedules. http://www.who.int/immunization_monitoring/en/globalsummary/ScheduleSelect.cfm. Retrieved 2010-06-08.
- ^ "Vaccines: VPD-VAC/List of VPDs". http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/vpd-list.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-08.
- ^ Unless noted"GDP Report Disease incidence, prevalence and disability". http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_part3.pdf. Retrieved 2010-05-04.
- ^ Unless noted "Deaths and DALYs 2004: Annex tables". http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_AnnexA.pdf. Retrieved 2010-05-04.
- ^ "WHO Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)". http://www.who.int/immunization/topics/hib/en/index.html. Retrieved 2010-05-04.
- ^ "Wild Poliovirus Cases 2009". http://www.polioeradication.org/content/general/casecount.pdf. Retrieved 2010-05-04.[dead link]
- ^ "WHO Hepatitis A". http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs328/en/. Retrieved 2010-06-08.
- ^ 2000 data"WHO: Streptococcus pneumoniae( Pneumococcus)". http://www.who.int/nuvi/pneumococcus/en/. Retrieved 2010-06-08.
- ^ "Rotavirus Homepage CDC Rotavirus". http://www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/. Retrieved 2010-06-08.
- ^ 2009 data"WHO | Diarrhoeal Diseases (Updated February 2009)". http://www.who.int/vaccine_research/diseases/diarrhoeal/en/index7.html. Retrieved 2010-06-08.
- ^ "WHO Yellow fever". http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/index.html. Retrieved 2010-06-08.
- ^ Suss J (June 2008). "Tick-borne encephalitis in Europe and beyond – the epidemiological situation as of 2007". Euro Surveill. 13 (26). PMID 18761916. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=18916.
- ^ "WHO Vector-Borne Viral Infections". http://www.who.int/vaccine_research/diseases/vector/en/index2.html. Retrieved 2010-06-08.
- ^ "HPV and Cervical Cancer in the World 2007 Report". http://www.who.int/hpvcentre/publications/HPVReport2007.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-08.
- ^ "Immunise – About the Program". http://www.immunise.health.gov.au/internet/immunise/publishing.nsf/Content/about-the-program. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
- ^ "National Immunisation Program Schedule". Australian Government. http://www.immunise.health.gov.au/internet/immunise/publishing.nsf/Content/E875BA5436C6DF9BCA2575BD001C80BF/$File/nip-schedule-card-july07.pdf. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
- ^ a b Department of Health and National Health Service. "Immunisation schedule". National Health Service. http://www.immunisation.nhs.uk/Immunisation_Schedule. Retrieved 2010-05-05.[dead link]
- ^ "Immunisation – FAQs – Will I need more boosters in the future?". http://www.immunisation.nhs.uk/Vaccines/Td_IPV/FAQs/Will_I_need_more_boosters_in_the_future. Retrieved 2010-05-05.[dead link]
- ^ "Immunisation – FAQs – How often will I need this vaccine?". http://www.immunisation.nhs.uk/Vaccines/Pneumococcal/FAQs/How_often_will_I_need_this_vaccine. Retrieved 2010-05-05.[dead link]
- ^ "Immunisation – Having the vaccination – Who is the vaccine for?". http://www.immunisation.nhs.uk/Vaccines/Flu/Having_the_vaccination. Retrieved 2010-05-05.[dead link]
- ^ "Vaccine Information Statements: Instructions". http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/vis/downloads/vis-instructions.pdf. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
- ^ "Recommended Immunization Schedule for Persons Aged 0 Through 6 Years – United States 2010". CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/recs/schedules/downloads/child/2010/10_0-6yrs-schedule-pr.pdf. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
- ^ "Recommended Immunization Schedule for Persons Aged 7 Through 18 Years – United States 2010". CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/recs/schedules/downloads/child/2010/10_7-18yrs-schedule-pr.pdf. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
- ^ "Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule 2010". CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/recs/schedules/downloads/adult/2010/adult-schedule.pdf. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
External links
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. "CDC National Immunization Program". (U.S.) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- UK National Health Service. "The UK immunisation schedule". National Health Service. http://www.immunisation.nhs.uk. Retrieved 2006-11-03.
- UN World Health Organisation. "Reported immunization schedule by regions/countries/antigens" (CFM). World Health Organisation. http://www.who.int/vaccines/globalsummary/immunization/scheduleselect.cfm. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
Artificial induction of immunity / Immunization: Vaccines, Vaccination, and Inoculation (J07) Development List of vaccine ingredients · Adjuvants · Mathematical modelling · Timeline · Trials
Classes: Inactivated vaccine · Live vector vaccine (Attenuated vaccine, Heterologous vaccine) · Toxoid · Subunit/component / Peptide / Virus-like particle · Conjugate vaccine · DNA vaccinationAdministration Global: GAVI Alliance · Policy · Schedule · Vaccine injury
USA: ACIP · VAERS · VSD · Vaccine court · Vaccines for Children ProgramVaccines BacterialAnthrax · Brucellosis · Cholera# · Diphtheria# · Hib# · Meningococcus# (NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135, NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135 - DT, MeNZB) · Pertussis# · Plague · Pneumococcal# (PPSV, PCV) · Tetanus# · Tuberculosis (BCG)# · Typhoid# (Ty21a, ViCPS) · Typhus
combination: DTwP/DTaPViralAdenovirus · Tick-borne encephalitis · Japanese encephalitis# · Flu# (LAIV, H1N1 (Pandemrix)) · Hepatitis A# · Hepatitis B# · HPV (Gardasil, Cervarix) · Measles# · Mumps# (Mumpsvax) · Polio# (Salk, Sabin) · Rabies# · Rotavirus# · Rubella# · Smallpox (Dryvax) · Varicella zoster (chicken pox#, shingles) · Herpes simplex† · Yellow fever#
research: Cytomegalovirus · Epstein-Barr · HIV · Hepatitis C
combination: MMR · MMRVProtozoanMalaria · TrypanosomiasisSchistosomiasis · HookwormOtherTA-CD • TA-NIC · NicVAX · Cancer vaccines (ALVAC-CEA vaccine, Hepatitis B# · HPV (Gardasil, Cervarix))Controversy See also #WHO-EM. ‡Withdrawn from market. Clinical trials: †Phase III. §Never to phase III Categories:
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
