- Tamil Muslim
-
Indian Muslim Regions with significant populations Indian state of Tamil Nadu, Malaysia, Brunei, Myanmar and Singapore Religion Related ethnic groups Indian Muslims, Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka, Dravidian people
Tamil Muslim refers to those Muslims who have Tamil as their mother tongue. There are around 500,000 in Malaysia which is 2.6% of the total population of Malaysia and 20,000 in Singapore.[citation needed]
Tamil Muslims are largely urban traders rather than farmers. There is a substantial diaspora of Tamil Muslims, particularly in South East Asia, which has seen their presence as early as the 13th century.[1] In the late 20th century, the diaspora expanded to the North America and Western Europe.
They are called Cholias in Myanmar, Mamaks in Malaysia and Rathas in South Africa.
Contents
Racial identity
Tamil Muslims are identifiable by a common language and religion. Otherwise, they belong to multiple ethnicities such as Dravidian, Aryan, Oriental, Malay, Semitic, Turkish, Arabic, Moorish, et al.. Hence, their complexions range from fair to dark; facial bone structures range from sharp/oval to rounded. This was due to the frequent trading and marriage ties in South East Asia. These races, by the 20th century, began to be listed in official gazettes of different nations as Lebbai, Marakayar, Rowther, Kayalar (in Maharashtra), mamak (a pejorative term addressing tamil muslims in Malaysia),[2] Tulukkans[3][4][5] in South India, Chulia[6] (in Singapore), etc. As a result, there is no uniformity in customs and ceremonies within and between districts and nations on occasions like births, marriages and deaths.
Legends and rituals
A typical minaret of mosques in Tamil Nadu as seen here of Erwadi in Ramanathapuram District.
The Aqidah of the Tamil Muslims is based on Sunnah basically influenced by the Sufis. Tamil Muslim families are patrilocal though their marriages incorporate Islamic mahr practice. For instance, it is common to see a groom pay the bride mahr sum of 10,000 rupees and the bride in turn would pay the groom a dowry sum of 100,000 rupees, though practice of dowry is banned by Islamic doctrines. Tamil Muslims practice monogamy and male circumcision. Like the thali of Tamil Hindu brides, Tamil Muslim women wear a chain strung with black beads called Karugamani which is tied by the groom's elder female relative to the bride's neck on the day of nikkah.
As a mark of modesty Tamil Muslim women usually wear white thuppatti (from Hindi/Urdu duppatta) instead of the black burqas (that are popular among Urdu-speaking Muslims) which is draped over their whole body on top of the saree. This has remained a hurdle in genealogical research. Almost all Tamil muslims go to Qabr (Dargah) ziyarat which is an important Sunnah.
Economy
The global purchasing power of Tamil Muslims in 2005 was estimated at almost $8 billion viz. $3 billion in Tamil Nadu, $1 billion in Malaysia, $600 million in Singapore. Tamil Muslims have historically been money changers (not money lenders) throughout South and South East Asia.[7]
Generally Tamil Muslims are involved in various trades like retail, Mutton shops, shops in Foreign bazaar. They are also involved in Gems trade & Leather industry.
Due to the Gulf opportunities, lot of Tamil Muslims went to gulf. Now lakhs of Tamil Muslims are spread over in gulf countries and also in Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei. This brought prosperity to Tamil Muslim community.
There are about 400 millionaires within the community and at least one billionaire viz. B.S. Abdur Rahman (better known as the Buhari Group)who constructed the conglomerate ETA Star Group, Chennai Citi Centre, Chepauk Stadium, Marina Lighthouse, Valluvar Kottam, Government General Hospital, Gemini Flyover, Crescent Engineering College, et al.. He owns over 70 ocean-going vessels.[8]
Eminent Personalities
- The Professional Couriers' founder and owner Ahemed Meeran , Kalakkadu at Tirunelveli District; he is also the director of Repute Group of Companies (Repute Logistics, Repute Express, Repute InfoTech, Repute Waters, Preston International College, & Unity Public Schools). Repute Group employs over 10,000 people.
- ST Group of Company Mr.Ansari is a Founder & Chairman of ST Couriers, ST Travels & ST Mobiles,
- Mr.K.Navas Kani is a Director of ST Courier,ST Travels and ST Mobiles he is a tamil muslim. Mr.M.Muthalif Founder and chairman of M.M.International,
Mr.Ansari , Mr.Navas Kani And Mr.M.Muthalif these three major business mans from Kuruvadi,Kadaladi(TK),Ramanathapuram (DIST),thay have more helping minded Philanthropist
India’s number one footwear exporters, Farida Group, founder & Owner M. Rafeeq Ahemed is a Tamil Muslim and who is presently FICCI Director. Haji AVM Jaffardeen is Chairman of Neo Intex Mill Ltd, a Tamil Muslim.
- Founder and owner of Zircon International, Air Dravida & Premier Travels, Mr. Sheikh Dawood
Fathima Jewellers and LKS Gold Houses in Chennai, Femina groups and Ahmed Brothers in Trichy, Anil semia (vermicelli), White house group of companies by Bhari Bhai, Hanifa textiles, Nizam Betel-nuts are Tamil Muslim Companies.
Politics
In Tamil Nadu, Indian Union Muslim League (IUML) led by Quaid-e-Millath M. Muhammad Ismail Saheb was famous among Tamil Muslims. In the 1980s The National League was created by Abdul Lathif by splitting from Muslim League. The Muslim league was led by Abdul Samad. Soon after the death of Abdul Lathif and Abdul Samad, the two parties attempted to fulfill the needs of Tamil Muslims; but there were no important leaders. After the demolition of the Babri Masjid, a feeling of insecurity gripped the community. Tamil Muslim youths swayed from general apathy to more involvement and interest in active politics. The older people continue to support IUML.
Tamil Nadu Thowheed Jamaath (TNTJ) has the support for its work for the community. TNTJ does not contest in elections but provides its support to the political parties. It conducted massive gatherings, conferences, agitations against the state government to secure a 3.5% reservation in government jobs, higher education. TNTJ helps not only the tamil muslims but also the non mulsims during many events like tsunami, fire accidents, road accidents and for basic amnesties.
TMMK was founded as a social advocacy organization of Tamil Nadu Muslims and involved in various non electoral political activities & social services. It created MMK as a political party in 2009 and contested in four seats but did not win any seat.
The Tamil Nadu Muslim vote bank is not a monolithic mass. They vote for all parties like Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), ADMK, Congress etc. as per their liking. TMMK tries to build a strong Muslim vote bank which can play an important bargaining role in Tamil Nadu future elections.
DMK tries to maintain it's substantial Muslim vote bank since its founding, which was built on strong relationship with the Quaid-e-Millath. Various schemes for Muslims like 3.5% separate reservation for Muslims in education and government jobs, Ulemas Welfare Board, and Quaid-e-Millath Memorial Place have been announced by the party.
Now Three Muslim MPs represent the society in Indian Parliament, Haroon Rashidh of Indian National Congress, Abdur Rahman of IUML and Jinna of DMK (Rajya sabha). Abdur rahman of IUML contested under the DMK banner. In Tamil Nadu Assembly, there are seven Muslim MLAs: Abdul Basith - DMK Vaniyambadi, Bader Sayeed - AIADMK Triplicane, Hasan Ali - INC Ramanathapuram, Khalelur Rahman - DMK Aravakurichi, T.P.M. Mohideen Khan - DMK Palayamkottai, Syed Ghouse Basha - DMK Madurai Central, Ubayadullah - DMK Thanjavur. There are two Muslim ministers in Tamil Nadu Cabinet: S.N.M. Ubayadullah, Minister for Commercial Taxes and T.P.M. Mohideen Khan, Minister of Sports and Youth Welfare, Environment and Pollution Control and Wakfs.
Education
After independence, the Tamil Muslims begun to create lot of schools, colleges of their own. Jamal Mohamed College in Trichy, New College in Chennai, Waqf Board College in Madurai, are some of famous service based Tamil Muslim colleges. In mid 1980s lot of Muslim self-financing colleges were started. Now crescent Engineering college became BS Abdur Rahman University, the first Muslim university in Tamil Nadu.
In Tamil Nadu, the school education of the Muslims is okay and its level is relatively equal to general literacy level. But in higher education Muslims lack, due to their family members and relatives taking them for jobs in Gulf and south east Asia {mainly Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei in South Asia} in their young age itself. And as the Muslims are generally involved in trade, their children also get interested in that and therefore miss higher education. But now the picture is changing slowly.
These are some of the Muslim educational institutes in Tamil Nadu:
- Aalim Muhammed Salegh Polytechnic College, Avadi, Chennai
- A.M.S. College Of Engineering, Chennai
- A.I.M.A.N. College For Women - Trichy
- A.J.College of Pharmacy - Chennai
- Al-Ameen Polytechnic College, Erode
- Al Islamiya Polytechnic College, PENNAGARAM
- Annai Arts & Science College - Kumabakonam
- B.S.Abdur Rahman University - Chennai
- C.Abdul Hakeem College of Arts and Science - Melvisharam
- C.Abdul Hakeem College of Engineering and Technology - Melvisharam
- Dhanish Ahmadh College of Engineering - Chennai.
- Muqayyath Sha Sirguro Wakf Board College - Madurai.
- Dr.Zakir Husain College - Ilayankudi.
- Hajee Karutha Rowther Howdia College - Uthamapalayam.
- Haji Sheik Ismail Polytechnic College, KEEZHAIYUR
- Institute of safety management - Chennai
- Islamiah College - Vaniyambadi
- Islamiah Women's Arts and Science College - Vellore
- Islamiyah Matriculation Higher Secondary School - Coimbatore
- Jamal Mohamed College (Autonomous) - Trichy
- Justice Basheer Ahmed Sayeed College for Women - chennai
- Khader Mohideen College - Adirampattinam.
- MEASI Academy Of Architecture, Chennai
- M.I.E.T. Arts and Science College - Trichy
- M.A.R. Engineering college - Trichy.
- M.A.M. Engineering college - Trichy
- Mazharul-Uloom College - Aambur
- M.M.E.S Women's' College - Melvisharam
- Mohamed Sathak A.J.College of Engineering - Chennai
- Mohamed Sathak Colloge of Arts and Science - Chennai
- Mohamed Sathak Polytechnic College, MAYAKULAM
- Muslim Arts College - Thiruvithancode
- National Engineering College, Tirunelveli
- Naina Mohamed College of Arts and Science - Aranthangi
- Noorul Islam College of Engg, Thackkalay
- Noorul Islam Polytechnic College, THIRUVITHAMCODE, Nagercoil
- The New College - Chennai
- Measi Academy of Architecture - Chennai
- New College Institute of management - Chennai
- Popular Engineering College, Tirunelveli
- PET Engg College, Vallioor
- Quaide Milleth College - Chennai
- Rabiammal Ahmed Mohideen College for Women - Thiruvarur
- RajaGiri Dawood Batcha college of Arts and Sciences - Thanjavur
- Sethu Institute Of Technology, Kariapatti, Virudhunagar Dist
- S.B.A.College of Science and Management - Arni
- S.M.Kader Engineering College - Maduramangalam
- Sadakathullah Appa College - Tirunelveli
- Sulthana Abdullah Rowther College for Women - Needamangalam
- Syed Hameedha Arts & science college - Kilakarai
- Thassim Beevi Abdul Kader College for Women - kilakarai
- Mohamed Sathak Polytechnic College(MSPC) - Kilakarai
- Texcity Arts and Science College - Coimbatore
Student Organisations
- Students Islamic Organisation of India(SIO) - Tamilnadu Zone[9]
- Campus Front of India[10]
- JAQH Youth Federation(JYF)
Places
Adirampattinam, Ervadi, Ilayangudi, Kadayanallur, Kayalpattinam,Keelakarai, Abiramam, Kamuthi,Lalpet, Kuthanallur,madurai,Theni, Panaikulam, Cumbam, Karaikal and the districts of coastal Tamil Nadu like Nagapattinam, Thanjavore, Cuddalore and Ramnad are the places of dense Tamil Muslim population. A large population of Tamil Muslims are found overseas South East Asian countries like Malaysia and Singapore and also in Gulf countries like UAE and Saudi Arabia.
Relief Committee
Tamilnadu Relief Committee ( TNRC ) a premier relief and rehabilitation trust, guided by compassion and love for human beings, endeavours to address poverty, health and educational problems and offer sustainable solutions that enable individuals and societies to live with dignity. TNRC also provides supporting initiatives that promote economic and social justice.[11]
Tamilnadu Relief Committee has responded and intervened during 2004 tsunami and the recurring flood situations in various states of India, most recently in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Assam. It has alworked with Government partnership in building permanent houses for the people of Sea- erosion locality near Pondicherry besides providing permanent shelters for Tsunami affected in Nagapattinam district of tamilnadu.[12]
Law and politics
In early 19th century, Munshi Abdullah's provocative essays on good governance and education reforms began to shape the modern Malaysian political system.
Sir Mohammad Usman was the most prominent among the early political leaders of the community. In 1930, Jamal Mohammad became the first Tamil Muslim president of the Madras Presidency Muslim League.[13] Until then, the party was dominated by Urdu-speaking Muslims from the Nizamat of Hyderabad. Yakub Hasan Sait was an Urdu-speaking Gujarati Muslim who settled in Tamil Nadu and served as a minister in the Rajaji government. Allama.Karim Gani, veteran Freedom Fighter and a close associate of Netaji Subash Chandra Bose, who hailed from Ilayangudi, served as Information Minister in Netaji BAMA Ministry during 1930's.
Since late 20th century, politicians like Quaid E Millath and Dawood Shah[14] and Daud Sharifa Khanum have been active in pioneering social reforms like independent mosques for Tamil Muslim women.[15][16][17][18]
The prominent Justice M.M.Ismail was a former Acting Governor of Tamil Nadu and former Madras High Court Chief Justice. He was appointed additional judge of the Delhi High Court in February 1967 and was transferred to the Madras High Court in November 1967. He became Chief Justice on November 6, 1979. On October 27, 1980 Mr. Justice Ismail was sworn in Acting Governor of Tamil Nadu in the place of Prabhudas Patwari.
As Kamban Kazhagam president, he was responsible for organising literary festivals, which focussed on classical Tamil literature. In a message, the Governor, Surjit Singh Barnala, said the former Chief Justice was a legal luminary and contributed a lot to the judiciary.
"He evinced keen interest in Tamil literature and established the Kamban Kazhagam to popularise Ramayana." Mr. Barnala described his death as a loss to the judiciary and Tamil literature.
Tamil Muslim representatives such as J. M. Haroon, Abdul Rahman, Jinna, Khaleelur Rahman, Ubayadullah, Hussan Ali and T. P. M. Mohideen Khan are found across all major Dravidian political parties like Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam (DMDK) and All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK), as well as the Indian National Congress (INC).
Former Prime Minister of Malaysia Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad as well Malaysian politicians Kadir Sheikh Fadzir, Zainuddin Maidin, Anwar Ibrahim, Khairy Jamaluddin, Nor Mohamed Yakcop and Zambry Abdul Kadir too are of Tamil Muslim origins.
Broadly speaking, Tamil Muslims tend to support laissez faire and free trade and have been unimpressed by Communism as a public policy though fringe groups often call for affirmative action in the last quarter of 20th century[citation needed].
Literature
Indian Tamil Muslim culture and literature are heavily influenced by the Qadiri flavour of Sufism. Their domain range from mystical to medical, from fictional to political, from philosophical to legal.
The earliest Tamil Muslim literary works could be traced to 14th century in the form of Palsanthmalai, a small work of eight stanzas. In 1572, Seyku Issaku, better known as Vanna Parimala Pulavar, published Aayira Masala Venru Vazhankum Adisaya Puranam detailing the Islamic principles and beliefs in a FAQ format. In 1592, Aali Pulavar wrote the Mikurasu Malai. The epic Seerapuranam by Umaru Pulavar is dated to 17th century[19] and still considered as the crowning achievement of Tamil Muslim literature. Other significant works of 17th century include Thiruneri Neetham by Sufi master Pir Mohammad, Kanakabhisheka Malai by Seyku Nainar Khan (alias Kanakavirayar), Tirumana Katchi by Sekathi Nainan and the Iraq war ballad Sackoon Pataippor. Notable publications of 18th century include Yakobu Sithat Patal, a medical primer on Siddha Vaithyam (distinguished from Ayurvedic medicine).
Nevertheless, an independent Tamil Muslim identity evolved only in the last quarter of the 20th century triggered by the rise of Dravidian politics as well as the introduction of new mass communications and lithographic technologies.[20][21] The world's first Tamil Islamic Literature Conference was held in Trichy in 1973. In early 2000. the Department of Tamil Islamic Literature was set up in the University of Madras.[22] Literati such as Kavikko Abdur Rahman, Mu.Metha, Jainulabudeen, Pavalar Inqulab, A. Rokkiah[23] and A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, the 11th President of India, helped push the frontiers of enlightenment into the 21st century.[24] The pioneering fortnightly journal Samarasam was established in 1981 to highlight and cater to the ethnic Tamil Muslim community's issues.
Islamic Foundation Trust(IFT),[25]Chennai Established in the year 1979.IFT has published 129,14 and 16 books in Tamil, English and Arabic languages respectively. Also brought out Four Audio Cassettes, A set of Sixty Audio Cassettes of the Holy Quran , and A Set of Four MP3 CDs. Samarasam, Fortnightly Tamil Islamic Magazine published from Islamic Foundation Trust - chennai.[26]
Vocabulary
Tamil Muslim vocabulary includes several peculiar words that cannot be found among non-Muslim Tamils like thuppatti (purdah), thozhugai (prayer), nonbu (fasting), kayili (lungi), chacha or saachipa (younger paternal uncle), peribaapu (elder paternal uncle), chachi or saachi (wife of younger paternal uncle), periya vaapa (Father's elder brother), pallivaasal (mosque), aanam (curry), aththa (father), chennaththa (father's youngerbrother), vaapa(father), Bhava (father), umma (mother), Amma (mother) .et al..
Medicine
Unani physician Akbar Kousar was awarded by the southern governments of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka for his work on kasini herbs.[27]
Art and architecture
Artistes like Nagore E.M. Hanifa, Nassar, shaam, Ameer Sultan, Rajkiran, B. H. Abdul Hameed, Mansur Ali Khan,singer (late)shahul hameed, A. R. Rahman and Late Bakoda kader are popular in the Tamil film industry.
Tamil mosques are typically of small scale and almost always painted white and green (reflecting peace and prosperity). The first Tamil mosque, Kadarkarai Masjid, was built in early
Cuisine
Tamil Muslim cuisine is a syncretic mixture of Tamil Hindu and North Indian Muslim recipes and flavours.[28] Its distinguishing feature is the total absence of hot kebab and pungent colorful spices that tend to permeate most Indian non-vegetarian food. The spice used is called rampe or pandan leaves. This leaf gives out a distinct flavour only when cooked.
Tamil Muslim cuisine also includes the use of Masi or cured/dried tuna fish, which is powdered and used with many different items. But this is limited to the coastal regions. They also use ada urugai, which is whole lime pickled in salt but with no chillies; this is mashed and mixed with the Masi powder. The combination gives a sour taste and a distinctly different flavor. The diet of Tamil Muslims is non-vegetarian and they do eat beef. Coconut oil is used for hair-dressing while many chew betel tobacco after a heavy lunch.[29]
See also
- Abiramam
- Adirampattinam
- Erwadi
- Ilayangudi
- kamuthi
- Kayalpatnam
- Koothanallur
- Kilakarai
- Madurai
- Nagore
- Udangudi
References
- ^ Tamil Muslims in Zheng He's fleet
- ^ Tamil Muslims dominate restaurant industry in Malaysia
- ^ Kings, Sects and Temples in South India
- ^ Understanding Backward Classes of Muslim Society
- ^ Hiltebeitel, A (1999) Rethinking India's oral and classical epics. p. 376 (11). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226340503
- ^ Chulia traders from the Coromandel coast settled Serangoon
- ^ dominance on money changing business
- ^ Buhari Group's global reach
- ^ SIO Tamilnadu Zone
- ^ [1] Campus Front of India
- ^ [2] Tamilnadu relief Committee]TNRC
- ^ [3] TNRC
- ^ Jamal Mohammad becomes first Tamil Muslim president of MPML
- ^ Tamil Muslim Periyar
- ^ World's first Masjid for Women
- ^ BBC NEWS | World | South Asia | Women battle on with mosque plan
- ^ S.T.E.P.S.
- ^ TMMK opposes a mosque!
- ^ The Diversity in Indian Islam
- ^ Tamil Muslim identity
- ^ New print technologies trigger revolution in Tamil Muslim literature (pdf)
- ^ Islamic Voice (magazine)
- ^ Irandaam Jaamangalin Kathai
- ^ Rebel Poet in the Panchayat
- ^ Islamic Foundation Trust(IFT)
- ^ Samarasam tamil Magazine
- ^ DAIVEEGA MARUTHUVAM : Dr. S. Akbar Kausar
- ^ Business Line
- ^ Coconut oil and betel are staples
- ^ TNTJ to support DMK in 2011 elections if Muslims Quota increased
- ^ Thousands of Mulsims converger at massive TNTJ rally
- ^ Alexa web Rating for TNTJ -Alexa
- ^ TNTJ demans 10 percentage reservation for muslims -The Hindu
- ^ TNTJ demands reservation for Muslims in gov jobs, education -Times Chennai
Indian Muslim communities Majority Arain · Arghon · Ansari · Baghban · Balti · Behna · Bhatiara · Bhishti · Bisati · Burig · Chaush · Dard · Dhobi · Ghosi · Gujjar · Hyderabadi · Iraqi · Khanzada · Kashmiri · Kunjra · Labbay · Malkana · Manihar · Meo · Mughal · Nawayath · Pathans · Qassab · Ranghar · Rangrez · Saifi · Shaikh · Sayyid · Salmani · Siddi · Teli
Minority Bihar Gujarat Abdal · Alavi Bohra · Ansari · Arabs · Attarwala · Bafan · Baloch · Banjara · Behlim · Bhadala · Bharbhunja · Bhishti · Chhipa · Chunara · Chundrigar · Dawoodi Bohra · Dhobi · Dhuldhoya · Doodwala · Faqir · Galiara · Ghanchi · Ghanchi-Pinjara · Halaypotra · Hingorja · Hingora · Jats of Kutch · Juneja · Kadia · Kagzi · Ker · Khaskheli · Khoja · Machiyar · Makrani · Malik of Gujarat · Mandali · Makwana · Manka · Mansoori · Memon · Meta Qureshi · Miyana · Molesalam · Momna · Mughal · Multani · Multani Lohar · Mutwa · Nagori · Nayak · Node · Panar · Parmar · Patani Bohra · Patni Jamat · Pathans of Gujarat · Salaat · Samma · Sandhai Muslims · Sanghar · Shaikhs of Gujarat · Shaikhda · Sayyid of Gujarat · Siddi · Sipahi · Soomra · Sulaymani Bohra · Sunni Bohra · Surti Muslims · Tai · Turk Jamat · Vora Patel · Vyapari · Wagher
Karnataka Baghban · Beary · Chaush · Chhaparband · Kodagu Mappila · Konkani Muslims · Nawayath · Siddi
Kerala Maharashtra Attar · Baghban · Bhishti · Chaush · Chhaparband · Dhawad · Faqir · Garodi · Gavandi · Kachar · Kagzi · Konkani Muslims · Momin · Muslim Raj Gond · Qassab · Saiqalgar · Tadvi Bhil
Punjab Dakoha Sadaat
Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh Ahbans Khanzada · Ansari · Atishbaz · Bachgoti Khanzada · Baghban · Baluch · Bandhmati · Banjara · Barhai · Behlim · Bannu Israil · Behna · Bhand · Bharbhunja · Bhale Sultan Khanzada · Bhatti Khanzada · Bhatiara · Bhishti · Bhumihar Musalman · Bisen Khanzada · Bisati · Chandel Khanzada · Chik · Dafali · Dhagi · Dharhi · Dhobi Musalmaan · Dogar · Fareedi · Faqir · Gaddi · Garha · Gautam Khanzada · Ghosi · Goriya · Gujjar Musalmaan · Halalkhor · Halwai · Idrisi · Iraqi · Jat Musalmaan · Jhojha · Kabaria · Kakorvi Shaikh · Kamangar · Kamboh · Kasgar · Kayastha Musalman · Khanzada · Khokhar Khanzada · Khumra · Kingharia · Kunjra · Lal Begi · Lalkhani Rajput · Madari · Mandarkia · Malkana · Manihar · Meo · Milki · Mirasi · Mughal · Mujavir · Muker · Nagar Muslims · Nalband · Nanbai · Naqqal · Panchpiria · Pankhiya · Pathans of Uttar Pradesh · Putliwale · Qalandar · Qassab · Qaum-e-Punjaban · Qidwai · Rai Bhatt · Raj · Rajput Musalmaan · Ramaiya · Rangrez · Rayeen · Rohilla · Sadaat Amroha · Saadat-e-Bara · Sadaat-e-Bilgram · Sai · Saifi · Salmani · Sayyid of Uttar Pradesh · Shaikh of Uttar Pradesh · Shaikh Ja'fri · Shaikhzada · Siddiqui · Sikarwar Khanzada · Teli Musalmaan · Turk · Tyagi Musalmaan · Zamindara
West Bengal Categories:- Muslim communities of India
- Tamil society
- Social groups of Tamil Nadu
- Muhajir communities
- Indian Muslims
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