- 7th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)
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- Desert Rats redirects here. For other meanings see desert rat.
7th Armoured Division Active 1938–1958 Country United Kingdom Branch British Army Type Armoured Division Size Second World War: 14,964 men[1][nb 1] Nickname The Desert Rats Mascot Jerboa Engagements Second World War
North African Campaign
Italy
North West EuropeBattle honours see below Commanders Notable
commandersPercy Hobart
William Gott
John Charles CampbellThe 7th Armoured Division was a British armoured division which saw service during the Second World War where its exploits made it famous as the Desert Rats.
After the Munich Crisis, the division was formed in Egypt during 1938 as the Mobile Division (Egypt)[2] and its first divisional commander was the acclaimed tank theorist Major-General Sir Percy Hobart. During January 1940, the name of the unit was changed to the 7th Armoured Division.[2] It was during this period that the nickname "Desert Rats" was coined.
The division fought in every major battle during the North African Campaign; later it would land and fight in Italy before being withdrawn to the United Kingdom where it prepared to fight in North West Europe. It began landing in Normandy during the afternoon of June 6 and fought its way across Europe ending the war in Kiel and Hamburg, Germany. The 7th Armoured Brigade was detached from the division during early 1942 and fought the Japanese during the fighting in Burma before it returned to the Mediterranean Theatre and fought in Italy.
Although the division was disbanded during the 1950s, the history, name and the famous 'Desert Rat' flash is carried on by the 7th Armoured Brigade.[3]
Contents
History
Founding
After the Munich Crisis, elements of what would become the 7th Armoured Division arrived in the Middle East in 1938 to increase British strength in Egypt.
The 'Mobile Force' was established on the coast some 120 miles (190 km) west of Alexandria. It was formed from the Cairo Cavalry Brigade (three armoured regiments, the 7th Hussars, the 8th Hussars, and 11th Hussars) and the 1st Royal Tank Regiment (RTR) supported by 3rd Regiment Royal Horse Artillery (RHA) and a company of Royal Army Service Corps (RASC) and a Field Ambulance unit. It was joined by a battalion of the King's Royal Rifle Corps and then its first commander, Major-General Percy Hobart later "creator" of the Funnies of the Normandy Invasion. Hobart was an armoured warfare expert and saw that his troops were properly prepared to fight in the desert despite their poor equipment. Stewart Henry Perowne, the Public Relations Attaché at the British Embassy in Baghdad perhaps uncharitably referred to the unit as the "Mobile Farce" because it included some obsolete tanks like the Vickers Medium Mark II.[4]
North Africa
In December 1939, Major-General Sir Michael O'Moore Creagh succeeded Hobart who had fallen afoul of his superiors.
The unit was meant to be equipped with 220 tanks. However, at the outbreak of war the 'Mobile Force' had only 65. Most of the unit's troops had already been deployed for two years by 1940 and it took as long as three months for mail to arrive.
On 16 February 1940, the Mobile Division became the 7th Armoured Division.[2] The Desert Rat divisional flash was adopted about the same time. It originated from a sketch of a jerboa drawn by the divisional commander's wife after a visit to the Cairo Zoo.
After the Italian declaration of war, the Western Desert Force was massively outnumbered. However, the Italians proved to be no match for the British. The Western Desert Force captured 250,000 Italians in the early engagements in 1940.
During the January 1941 Italian retreat, Major-General Richard O'Connor, the Western Desert Force commander, ordered the Desert Rats to travel south of the Jebel Akhdar and cut off the Italian forces at Beda Fomm, while Australian forces pushed the Italians west. On February 7, as the tanks were unable to travel fast enough, the manoeuvre was led by an ad hoc brigade of armoured cars, towed artillery and infantry which completed the trip in 30 hours, cutting off the Italian retreat and destroying the Italian Tenth Army. Lieutenant-Colonel John Combe led this ad hoc group which was known as "Combe Force" after him. After this, the tanks of 7th Armoured Division, after eight months of fighting, needed a complete overhaul and the division was withdrawn to Cairo and temporarily ceased to be available as a fighting formation.[5]
The Italians had proved so weak that Hitler was forced to send the Afrika Korps as reinforcements under the command of General Erwin Rommel. In April 1941, the allied troops in Tobruk were cut off by the Germans and Italians. In June the 7th was again prepared for battle as part of Operation Battleaxe having received new tanks and additional personnel.[6] In the attack plan for Operation Battleaxe, the 7th force was divided between the Coast Force and Escarpment Force. However, this Allied push failed, and the 7th was forced to withdraw on the third day of fighting.[7] On 18 November, as part of Operation Crusader the whole of the 7th Armoured Division was concentrated on breaking through. They faced only the weakened 21st Panzer. However, XXX Corps commander Norrie, aware that 7th Armoured division was down to 200 tanks decided on caution. During the wait, in the early afternoon of 22 November Rommel attacked Sidi Rezegh with 21st Panzer and captured the airfield. Fighting was desperate and gallant: for his actions during these two days of fighting Brigadier Jock Campbell, commanding 7th Support Group, was awarded the Victoria Cross. However, 21st Panzer, despite being considerably weaker in armour, proved superior in its combined arms tactics, pushing 7th Armoured Division back with a further 50 tanks lost (mainly from 22nd Brigade).[8]
The Western Desert Force later became HQ XIII Corps, one of the major parts of Eighth Army. The 7th Armoured Division took part in most of the major battles of the North African Campaign, including both Battles of El Alamein (see First Battle of El Alamein and Second Battle of El Alamein for details). It also participated in the destruction of Axis forces in North Africa in Tunisia in 1943.
Italy
The division was not an assault force in the invasion of Sicily but did participate in the battle for Italy. It came ashore at Salerno on 15 September 1943, to help repel heavy German counterattacks, then as part of U.S. Fifth Army's British X Corps and supported by the 46th (North Midland) Division, drive on and took Naples. The Desert Rats, used to fighting in the desert, had to adjust to the confined Italian roads. The division crossed the river Volturno in southern Italy, constructing a pontoon bridge. This paved the way for many divisions heading north.
North West Europe
The division departed Italy from November 1943, the last of the division arrived in the United Kingdom on 7 January 1944.[9][10] The division was reequipped with the new Cromwell cruiser tanks and in April and May received delivery of 36 Sherman Vc Fireflies; enough to organise each troop so that they had a complement of three 75 mm gun Cromwell tanks and a 17 pounder gun Firefly.[9] 7th Armoured was the only British division to use the Cromwell as their main battle tank.[11]
The division was one of the three British follow-up divisions of the two British assault Corps earmarked for the Normandy Landings.[12] The 22nd Armoured Brigade embarked on 4 June and most of the division landed on Gold Beach by the end of 7 June.[9][13] The division initially took part in Operation Perch and Operation Goodwood, two operations that formed part of the Battle for Caen. During Perch the division was to spearhead one arm of a pincer attack to capture the city. Due to a change in plan elements of the division engaged tanks of the Panzer-Lehr-Division and the Heavy SS-Panzer Battalion 101 in the Battle of Villers-Bocage.[14] Following the capture of Caen the division took part in Operation Spring, intended to keep German forces pinned to the British front away from the Americans who were launching Operation Cobra and then Operation Bluecoat, an attack to support the American breakout and intercept German reinforcements moving to stop it. The division then took part in the Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine.
The division's performance in Normandy and the rest of France, has been called into question and it has been claimed they did not match those of its earlier campaigns.[citation needed] In early August Erskine the division's commander, the armoured brigade commanding officer, Hinde and up to 100 other officers were removed from their positions and reassigned. Historians largely agree that this was a consequence of the "failure" at Villers-Bocage and had been planned since that battle.[15][16][17][18] Historian Daniel Taylor is of the opinion that the battle's result provided an excuse and that the sackings took place to "demonstrate that the army command was doing something to counteract the poor public opinion of the conduct of the campaign".[17] Historian Mungo Melvin has commented approvingly of the 7th Armoured Division's institution of a flexible combined arms structure which other British armoured divisions did not adopt until after Operation Goodwood.[19]
Following the advance across France, the division took part in the Allied advance through Belgium and the Netherlands; liberating Ghent on 5 September. The division then took part in the advance to and securing of the River Maas. In January 1945 the division took part in Operation Blackcock to clear the Roer Triangle, followed by Operation Plunder; the division crossed the Xanten and Wesel rivers and advance on the city of Hamburg its destination, part of the Western Allied invasion of Germany.
The replacement of the division's commanding officer, following Normandy, did not change the performance of the division and in November 1944, Erskine's replacement Major-General G.L. Verney was relieved after he "was unable to cure the division's bad habits well enough to satisfy Montgomery and [Lieutenant-General Miles] Dempsey."[20]
No doubt the division suffered from collective and cumulative battle fatigue. As Verney put it, with some prescience: "There is no doubt that familiarity with war does not make one more courageous. One becomes cunning and from cunning to cowardice is but a short step."[21]
Post war
The Division remained in Germany as part of the occupation forces and then into the 1950s as part of the British Army of the Rhine standing watch against the Warsaw Pact. As the British Army became smaller, its higher numbered divisions were removed from the order of battle. The Division's long and illustrious career finally came to an end in this fashion, in April 1958, when it was converted into 5th Division. However, the traditions of 7th Armoured Division are maintained by 7th Armoured Brigade, which forms part of 1 (UK) Division.
General Officer Commanding
The 7th Armoured Division had 13 men who held the position of General Officer Commanding during the Second World War.
Appointed General Officer Commanding 3 September 1939 Major-General Percy Hobart[22] 16 November 1939 Brigadier J.A.L. Caunter (acting)[22] 4 December 1939 Major-General Michael O'Moore Creagh[22] 1 April 1941 Brigadier J.A.L. Caunter (acting)[22] 13 April 1941 Major-General Michael O'Moore Creagh[22] 3 September 1941 Major-General William Gott[22] 6 February 1942 Major-General John Campbell (Killed on 23 February)[22] 23 February 1942 Brigadier A.H. Gatehouse (acting)[22] 9 March 1942 Major-General Frank Messervy[22] 19 June 1942 Major-General J.W.M. Renton[22] 14 September 1942 Major-General John Harding (wounded on 18 January 1943)[22] 20 January 1943 Brigadier George Roberts (acting)[22] 24 January 1943 Major-General George Erskine[22] 4 August 1944 Major-General Gerald Lloyd Verney[22] 22 November 1944 Major-General Lewis Lyne[22] 1947 Major-General George Roberts Notable Members of the 7th Armoured Division
- Field Marshal Lord Carver - GS01
- Major-General John Combe- initially 11th Hussars, later staff officer
- The Rt Hon Enoch Powell MBE - Staff officer
- Second Lieutenant Dan Ranfurly - chronicled by his wife's book To War With Whitaker: The Wartime Diaries of the Countess of Ranfurly, 1939–1945
Battle honours
According to Joslen[23] Action Battle honour 8–11 December 1940 Sidi Barrani 3–5 January 1941 Bardia 21–22 January 1941 Capture of Tobruk 5–8 February Beda Fomm 18 November–10 December 1941 Tobruk 26 May–21 June 1942 Gazala 1–27 July 1942 First Battle of El Alamein 30 August–7 September 1942 Alam el Halfa 23 October–4 November El Alamein 6 March 1943 Medenine 16–23 March 1943 Mareth 6–7 April 1943 Akarit 19–29 April 1943 Enfidaville 5–12 May 1943 Tunis 9–18 September 1943 Salerno 22 September–1 October 1943 Capture of Naples 12–15 October 1943 Volturno Crossing 18–23 July 1944 Bourguébus Ridge 17–27 September 1944 The Nederrijn 23 March–1 April 1945 The Rhine Monument
There is a monument to the 7th Armoured at Brandon in Thetford Forest where the 7th trained prior to D-day.
See also
- British Armoured formations of the Second World War
- British Divisions in World War II
- British Army Order of Battle - September 1939
Notes
- Footnotes
- ^ This is the war establishment, the on-paper strength, of the division for 1944/1945; for information on how the division size changed over the war please see British Army during the Second World War and British Armoured formations of the Second World War.
- Citations
- ^ Joslen, p. 129
- ^ a b c Welcome to the new British Army Website - British Army Website
- ^ Welcome to the new British Army Website - British Army Website
- ^ Kelly, Saul, The Lost Oasis, p. 121
- ^ Wavell, Archibald (1946). Operations in the Middle East from 7th February to 15th July 1941. Wavell's Official Despatches. first published in the London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37638. pp. 3423–3444. 2 July 1946., p. 2 (see London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 38177. p. 310. 13 January 1948.)
- ^ Playfair, Major-General I.S.O.; with Flynn R.N., Captain F.C.; Molony, Brigadier C.J.C. & Toomer, Air Vice-Marshal S.E. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO 1956]. Butler, J.R.M. ed. The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume II The Germans come to the help of their Ally (1941). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-066-1. pp. 1–2, 32, 163–164
- ^ Liddell Hart, Basil H.. The Tanks: The History of the Royal Tank Regiment and its Predecessors, Heavy Branch, Machine-Gun Corps, Tank Corps, and Royal Tank Corps, 1914-1945, pg. 90
- ^ Murphy & Fairbrother, pp. 103-105
- ^ a b c Fortin, p. 4
- ^ Delaforce, pp. 1–2
- ^ Taylor, p. 6
- ^ Ellis, p. 79
- ^ Forty, p. 36
- ^ Buckley, pp. 23–27
- ^ Fortin, p. 10
- ^ Forty, p. 104
- ^ a b Taylor, p. 84
- ^ Wilmot, p. 398
- ^ Buckley (2006), pp. 28–29
- ^ D'Este, Carlo (1983). Decision in Normandy. London: William Collins Sons. p. 286.
- ^ D'Este, p. 273
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Joslen, p. 19
- ^ Joslen, p. 21
References
- Gootzen, Har. Connor, Kevin. "Battle for the Roer Triangle", Creative, 2006. ISBN 978-90-902145-5-9
- Delaforce, Patrick. Churchill's Desert Rats: From Normandy to Berlin with the 7th Armoured Division, Sutton Publishing, 2003
- Forty, George. Battle Zone Normandy: Villers Bocage. Sutton Publishing, London, 2004. ISBN 0-7509-3012-8
- Fortin, Ludovic. British Tanks In Normandy, Histoire & Collections (30 Nov 2004). ISBN 2-915239-33-9
- Foster, R.C.G. History of The Queens Royal Regiment: Volume VIII 1924-1948, Gale and Polden, 1953
- Graham, Andrew Sharpshooters at War, The Sharpshooters Regimental Association, 1964
- Jentz, Thomas L. (1998). Tank Combat In North Africa: The Opening Rounds, Operations Sonnenblume, Brevity, Skorpion and Battleaxe, February 1941 - June 1941. Schiffer Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-76430-226-4.
- Joslen, Lieutenant-Colonel H.F (1960) [1960]. Orders Of Battle Second World War 1939-1945. Naval & Military Press Ltd. ISBN 978-184342-474-1.
- Joly, Cyril, Take These Men - The campaign of the Desert Rats from 1940 to 1943. Penguin Books, 1956.
- Kelly, Saul. The Lost Oasis: The Desert War and the Hunt for Zerzura. Westview Press, 2002. ISBN 0-7195-6162-0 (HC)
- Lindsay, Martin and Johnston, M.E. History of the 7th Armoured Division June 1943 - July 1945 first published by BAOR in 1945, reprinted in 2001 by DP & G for the Tank Museum
- Mollo, Boris. The Sharpshooters 1900-2000, Kent and Sharpshooters Yeomanry Trust, 2000
- Neillands, Robin. The Desert Rats : 7th Armoured Division, 1940-1945, Aurum Press Ltd (29 Aug 2005), ISBN 2-913903-13-4
- Playfair, Major General I.S.O.; Brigadier C.J.C Molony, Captain F.C. Flynn, R.N. and Group Captain T.P. Gleave, C.B.E. (2006) [1954]. Mediterranean and Middle East Volume I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84734-426-7.
- Playfair, Major General I.S.O. (2004) [1956] (hardback). The Mediterranean and Middle East Volume 2: The Germans Come to the Help of Their Ally, 1941. Official History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. East Sussex, UK: Naval & Military Press. pp. 406 pages. ISBN 1845740661.
- Playfair, Major General I.S.O. (2004) [1960]. History Of The Second World War: The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume 3: British Fortunes Reach Their Lowest Ebb. United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield, UK: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-067-X.
- Playfair, Major General I.S.O. (2004) [1966]. History Of The Second World War: The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume 4: The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa. United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield, UK: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-068-8.
- Rommel, Erwin; with Basil Liddell-Hart (1982) [1953]. The Rommel Papers. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0306801570.
- Verney, G.L. The Desert Rats: the History of the 7th Armoured Division 1938 to 1945, Hutchinson, 1954, Reprinted 2002 by Greenhill Books
External links
- British Army Locations from 1945 British Army Locations from 1945
- Battle of the Roer Triangle January 1945
- British Unit Histories
- "The Sharpshooters", the County of London Yeomanry Association website
- Paterson, Ian A.. "History of the British 7th Armoured Division". http://www.ian.a.paterson.btinternet.co.uk/index.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
- Journeyman Autobiography of former Desert Rat Ted Rogers
Categories:- British armoured divisions
- British World War II divisions
- Military units and formations established in 1938
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