Pāua

Ventral view of the shell of Haliotis iris.

Pāua is the Māori name given to three species of large edible sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs which belong to the family Haliotidae (there is only genus Haliotis), known in the United States and Australia as abalone, and in the United Kingdom as ormer shells.

Species

Main articles: Haliotis iris, Haliotis australis, and Haliotis virginea

There are three species of New Zealand pāua:

Species	Scientific name	Maori and common names
pāua	Haliotis iris	Blackfoot Pāua[1]
Queen Pāua	Haliotis australis	Silver Pāua, Yellow Foot Pāua, Hihiwa & Karariwha[1]
Virgin Pāua	Haliotis virginea

New Zealand's best known pāua species is Haliotis iris. It is also the most common species, growing up to 18 cm in length.

Habitat

Pāua are commonly found in shallow coastal waters along rocky shorelines in depths of 1 to 15 m. There is clear distinction between juvenile and adult habitats for Haliotis iris, pāua less than 7 cm occur in crevices and under stones in the shallow intertidal zone while adults are found in subtidal zone

Life habits

These large sea snails survive the strong tidal surges by clinging to rocks using their large muscular foot. They feed on seaweed.

Shell description

Exterior of the pāua, showing the incrustations

Foot of the pāua

The shell of the pāua is oval, and the exterior is often covered with greyish incrustations. In contrast, the interior layer of shell (called the nacre) of a pāua is an iridescent swirl of intense green, blue, purple, and sometimes pink colours.

Harvesting

Pāua are gathered recreationally and commercially but strict catch limits are set for both. For recreational fishers this is ten pāua per person per day. The minimum legal size for caught pāua is 125 mm for Haliotis iris and 80 mm for Haliotis australis. measured in a straight line at the greatest length of the shell.^[2] Pāua can only be caught by free diving. It is illegal to dive for pāua using scuba equipment.

There is an extensive global black market in the collection and export of abalone meat. Pāua poaching is a major industry in New Zealand with many thousands being taken illegally, often undersized. The right to harvest pāua can be granted legally under Māori customary rights, but since permits to harvest are abused, it is difficult to police. The limit is strictly enforced by roving Ministry of Fisheries officers with the backing of police. Convictions have resulted in seizure of diving gear, boats, and motor vehicles as well as fines and in rare cases, imprisonment. The Ministry of Fisheries expects in the year 2004/05, nearly 1,000 tons of pāua will be poached, with 75% of that being undersized.^[3]

Human use

To Māori, pāua are recognised taonga, or treasure, esteemed both as kaimoana (seafood) and as a valued resource for traditional and contemporary arts and crafts. Pāua are frequently used to represent the eyes in Māori carvings and traditionally are associated with the stars or whetū, the symbolic eyes of ancestors that gaze down from the night sky.

The pāua is iconic in New Zealand: its black muscular foot is considered a delicacy, and the shell is frequently used in jewelry.

Highly polished New Zealand pāua shells are extremely popular as souvenirs with their striking blue, green, and purple iridescence.

Other names

Pāua is also called "Sea Opal" or abalone in the United States and Australia.^[4]

Pāua aquaculture

Background

Pāua aquaculture is a growing industry in New Zealand. The industry was started in New Zealand in the 1980s and to date there are 14 pāua farms operating which are located throughout New Zealand, from Whangarei to Stewart Island. The first farms that were started consisted of small scale back yard and shed farms in which techniques and processes that grew good quality pāua were developed and these are now being on a commercial scale in the large pāua farms. These farms produce pāua for their meat, shells and some farms solely focus on the production of blue pearls.^[5] Most of the production from these farms is exported to the US, and Asian markets.

There is high demand on the worldwide market as decline in wild stocks due to over-fishing and poaching means that the global market for abalone is greatly under supplied.^[6]

Aquacultural uses

Pāua meat and shells

Most pāua farms on-grow pāua that is from produced from wild broodstock, however some farms have developed their own hatcheries and selective breeding programs to produce faster growing species, the pāua are then grown to market size (depending on conditions this usually takes 2 – 3 years) in either long trays with inflow of seawater at one end and out flow at the other, or smaller tanks with tipper buckets that regularly dump seawater into the tanks to recreate wave motion that the pāua experience in the wild.^[7]

There are a number of different feeds used throughout the pāua’s life-cycle. Pāua hatch as trochophore larvae and feed on plankton that are present in seawater that is being pumped into the holding tanks, when the larvae are ready to settle (usually 7 days at 16°C)^[7] they are moved to settlement tanks which consist of many glass plates that have small films of diatoms present (usually Navicula minimata). The diatoms are the main food source for the juveniles until they reach about 3 cm in length then diet is then switched to a macroalgae species ( Several species have been used including Lessonia variegata Pterocladia sp. and Ulva lactuca, however research has shown that pāua will eat most seaweed species). The pāua are considered adults around 6 cm in size and are then feed on a meal based diet until they are ready for processing and sale.^[7]

Pāua pearls

To produce pāua pearls the pāua are harvested from the wild stocks (at the legal size of 12.5 cm), an insert is either poked through the shell or fixed in place under the shell with glue, the shape of the insert dictates the shape of the final pearl. After the pāua are “nucleated” they are kept in tanks for 2 to 3 years and fed on either seaweed or meal during which time they coat the insert with nacre . After the 2 – 3 years they are harvested from the tanks the meat is shucked, and the pearl is then removed. The quality and size of the pearl changes depending on the size of the pāua, pearls tend to be smaller when hatchery reared pāua are used which is why pāua from the wild are preferred. High stress levels within the farm can prevent the pāua from coating the insert to produce the pearl. So control of the conditions in the farm to ensure that the paua are not stressed is paramount in pearl production.^[8]

Advantages

1. Reduced reliance on overexploited pāua fisheries
2. Constant supply rates can be achieved
3. Higher quality meat and shells can be produced under farm conditions

Disadvantages

1. Pāua aquaculture is expensive to setup and maintain
2. Pāua require very specific conditions to grow well
3. Are active and so require larger tanks than other mollusc species used in aquaculture
4. Long growth period before pāua are ready to be sold
5. If the pāua are damaged or cut, they have low survival and long healing period

Popular culture

Pāua shells make up the decoration on Xena's first chakram in the hit TV series Xena: Warrior Princess.^[9] Although the show was set predominately in Ancient Greece, the shell is used because the pāua is native to New Zealand, where the show was filmed.

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} www.nzfsa.govt.nz Retrieved on June 3rd, 2008.
2. ^ www.fish.govt.nz Retrieved on June 3rd, 2008.
3. ^ [1]
4. ^ www.earthstreasure.com Retrieved on April 27th, 2008.
5. ^ www.nzafa.org.nz/ Retrieved 2010-12-09
6. ^ NIWA Retrieved 2010-12-09
7. ^ ^{a b c} ISBN 0-84-933528-0 Handbook of Culture of Abalone and other Marine Gastropods
8. ^ www.Unlimited.co.nz Retrieved on 2010-12-09
9. ^ http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/objectdetails.aspx?oid=765775

References

• Powell A W B, New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979 ISBN 0-00-216906-1
• Kirk O. Hahn, Handbook of culture of abalone and other marine gastropods, CRC Press Inc, Boca Raton, Florida 1989 ISBN 0-84-933528-0

• NZ Business (2010-04-10), "Growing paua plus", Dominion Post, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5373/is_200009/ai_n21460517/?tag=content;col1 
• National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (2006), Creating right conditions for paua, http://www.niwa.co.nz/news-and-publications/publications/all/wa/14-3/paua 
• National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (2008), Getting picky with paua: selective breeding to improve productivity, http://www.niwa.co.nz/news-and-publications/publications/all/wa/16-1/paua 
• Paua Industry council (2010), Facts about paua, http://www.paua.org.nz/paua.htm 
• NZ Business (2000), "Paua to the people", NZ Business, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5373/is_200009/ai_n21460517/?tag=content;col1 
• New Zealand Press Association (2006-05-30), "Paua industry wants stiffer penalties for thieves", The New Zealand Herald, http://www.nzherald.co.nz/index.cfm?objectid=10384228 
• Ministry of Fisheries (2007), Species Focus – Paua (purple paua – Halitosis iris), http://www.fish.govt.nz/en-nz/Publications/State+of+our+fisheries/Managing+Our+Catch/Paua.htm 
• Unlimited (2004), Paua pearl pioneers, http://unlimited.co.nz/unlimited.nsf/growth/paua-pearl-pioneersntent;col1 

Further reading

• McCrea, Malcolm (2005) Paua Craft: A Nga Paua.| url = http://www.pauamana.com Raupo Publishing (NZ). ISBN 0790009951.