Venerupis philippinarum

Venerupis philippinarum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Bivalvia
Subclass:	Heterodonta
Order:	Veneroida
Suborder:	Cephalaspidea
Superfamily:	Veneroidea
Family:	Veneridae
Genus:	Venerupis
Species:	V. philippinarum
Binomial name
Venerupis philippinarum (A. Adams & Reeve, 1850)
Synonyms
Tapes philippinarum Ruditapes philippinarum Venus philippinarum Tapes japonica Tapes semidecussata Paphia bifurcata Tapes quadriradiatus Tapes violascens

Venerupis philippinarum is an edible species of saltwater clam, a marine bivalve mollusk in the family Veneridae, the Venus clams.

The common names of the species include "Japanese littleneck", "Manila clam", "steamer clam", "Filipino Venus", "Japanese cockle", and "Japanese carpet shell".

Description

The shell of Venerupis philippinarum is elongate, oval, and sculptured with radiating ribs (Morris, 1980). It grows to 7.5 cm (3.0 in) across and 3.5 cm (1.4 in) in width. The color is highly variable: it is commonly grayish, greenish, brownish, yellow or buff with distinct dark or light colored, with triangular mottled markings that begin at the umbo and disperse outwards. The true color can be distorted by dark gray staining, caused by anoxic mud.^{[citation needed]} The foot of live specimens is an orange color.

The features most diagnostic for the identification of this species are the following: that the inner ventral margin of the shell is smooth; the ligament is prominent and elevated above the dorsal margin. In the living animal, the siphons are separated at the tips (Carlton, 2007). Water is drawn in and out of a clam by siphons that protrude from the posterior end of the shell. In this species, the siphons are mostly fused, and are only separate at the tips. The siphons are short relative to some other clams, which means that the clam lives burrowed only a shallow distance under the surface of the substrate. Short siphons are what inspire the common name “littleneck clam”.^{[citation needed]}

Possible misidentifications

In western North America, this species is often confused with Protothaca staminea,^{[citation needed]} however, V. philippinarum shells are more elongate than P. staminea. Internally, V. philippinarum has yellowish valves, with a purple suffusion near the posterior margin. Protothaca staminea lacks this purple suffusion. This species may be found together with Protothaca staminea, but tends to reside at slightly higher tide levels.^{[citation needed]}

Habitat

This species is native from southern Siberia to China. It was introduced to the West Coast of North America with oyster spat from Japan and now occurs from the British Columbia Coast to the Central Coast of California. It lives from the mid to low intertidal zone in bays and estuaries, in mud, sandy mud and cobble, buried 2–4 cm (0.79–1.6 in) below the surface.

Life history

V. philippinarum breeds in the summer. Larvae then continue to grow slowly (especially in areas of crowding),^{[citation needed]} reaching maturity at 1–2 cm (0.39–0.79 in) , and will live from 7–10 years. A non-native species, V. philippinarum was introduced during the 1930s, brought over from Japan with oyster spat from Japanese oysters. It is now extremely common amongst the Pacific coast, and is highly prized for food (Morris, 1980). V. philippinarum is also capable of withstanding salinities as low as 30-50 percent of that of pure seawater, and can tolerate levels of high pollution.^{[citation needed]}

Predators

Predators include moon snails (Euspira lewisii), the Atlantic oyster drill (Urosalpinx cinerea), Dungeness crab (Cancer magister), red rock crab (Cancer productus), bat rays (Mylobatus californicus), flounder, sturgeon, willet (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus), ring billed gulls (Larus delawarensis) and raccoons (Procyon lotor) among others.

References

• Carlton, J. T. (2007). The light and smith manual intertidal invertebrates from Central Califorina to Oregon. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press
• Cohen, Andrew (2005). Guide to the exotic species of San Francisco Bay. Retrieved June 7, 2005, from http://www.exoticsguide.org/species_pages/v_philippinarum.html
• Dudas, S.E., McGraw, I.J., & Dower, J.F. (2005). Selective crab predation on native and introduced bivalves in British Columbia. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 325, 8-17
• Hanby, B (2005). Marine life of the Pacific northwest. Madeira Park, BC: Harbour Publishing.
• Kozloff, E (1993). Seashore life of the northern Pacific coat. Seattle, Wa: University of Washington Press
• Mihele, M. (2007).Predatory behavior and preference of a successful invader, the mud crab Dyspanopeus sayi (Panopeidae), on its bivalve prey. Journal of experimental marine biology and ecology. 312, 385-398
• Morris, R.H., Abbott, D.P., & Haderlie, E.C. (1980). Intertidal invertebrates of California. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press

External links

• Venerupis philippinarum from the Invertebrate Zoology and Evolution wiki (Spring 2008) at Evergreen State College
• Venerupis philippinarum from San Francisco Estuary Institute's Guide to the Exotic Species of San Francisco Bay