Myotis vivesi

Myotis vivesi
Conservation status
Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1) [1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Chiroptera
Family:	Vespertilionidae
Genus:	Myotis
Subgenus:	Pizonyx Miller, 1906 [2]
Species:	M. vivesi
Binomial name
Myotis vivesi Ménégaux, 1901 [3]

Myotis vivesi, the fish-eating bat or fish-eating myotis,^[4] is a species of bat that lives around the Gulf of California, and feeds on fish and crustaceans. It is the largest species of the genus Myotis in the Americas, and has exceptionally large feet, which it uses in hunting. It was described in 1901 by Auguste Ménégaux and is the only species in the subgenus (or genus) Pizonyx.

Description

Myotis vivesi is the largest species in the genus Myotis in the Americas,^[5][6] and is similar in size to the Eurasian Myotis myotis (greater mouse-eared bat).^[7] The skull averages 23 millimetres (0.91 in) in length.^[7] The second largest Myotis species in the New World, Myotis velifer, has a skull 17.6 mm (0.69 in) long, and feet 8 mm (0.31 in) long; M. vivesi has greatly elongated hind feet, which average 23 mm (0.91 in) long.^[7]

In common with other fish-eating bats, Myotis vivesi has long, efficient wings, with high aspect ratio and low wing loading,^[8] and large feet with sharp claws.^[9] The uropatagium (the wing surface between the hind legs) bears a fringe of silky hairs of unknown function; the uropatagium itself is used in hunting.^[7]

The fur is around 8 mm (0.31 in) long,^[7] and varies in colour from fawn to brown, with the base of each hair being dark grey.^[5] In common with other piscivorous species of Myotis, the underside of M. vivesi is pale.^[7]

Distribution

Myotis vivesi is found along the coast of the Gulf of California in the Mexican states of Sonora, Baja California and Baja California Sur, mostly on small islands.^[1] A small population exists on the Pacific coast of the Baja California peninsula, between Isla Encantada and Punta Coyote.^[7] Since it lives on small islands, the range of M. vivesi is naturally fragmented, but data from microsatellites and the mtDNA control region indicate that there is no isolation by distance in the species.^[10]

Ecology and behaviour

Myotis vivesi feeds chiefly on marine fish^[11] or crustaceans,^[7] including the squat lobster Pleuroncodes planipes.^[12] Only one other bat species, Noctilio leporinus, hunts in marine waters.^[13] The guano produced by M. vivesi is red if it has eaten crustaceans, and black if it has eaten fish; green guano and brown guano result from feeding on algae and insects, respectively.^[7] As well as fish and crustaceans, M. vivesi also feeds occasionally on aerial insects.^[6] M. vivesi can cover large distances when hunting; in 1970, scientists saw "a group of about 400 M. vivesi around a boat at least 7 km [4.3 miles] from the shore".^[14] M. vivesi inhabits an arid environment and has evolved the ability to concentrate its urine; this allows it to survive by drinking seawater.^[11]

M. vivesi prefers to roost either in caves or under rocks revealed by landslides.^[6] They sometimes share their roosts with least petrels (Halocyptena microsoma) and black petrels (Oceanodroma melania).^[7]

Taxonomy and evolution

External identifiers for Myotis vivesi
EOL	327628
ITIS	632060
NCBI	233766
Also found in: Wikispecies, Arctos

Myotis vivesi was first described by Auguste Ménégaux in 1901. The species was moved to a new genus, Pizonyx by Gerrit Smith Miller in 1906,^[15] but that taxon is now usually included in Myotis.^[16] Ménégaux gave no indication of the etymology of the specific name vivesi; it may either refer to a person called Vives, or derive from the Latin verb vivere, "to live". If Vives was a person, he was not the collector of the specimens, that being recorded as Léon Diguet.^[4] No subspecies of M. vivesi have been recognised.^[7]

The closest relatives of M. vivesi are other New World species of Myotis which are not adapted to piscivory, rather than the other piscivorous bats in the genus.^[15] This indicates that the adaptations to catching fish in M. vivesi and other species are the result of convergent evolution.^[15] No fossils attributable to M. vivesi have been discovered.^[7] A fossil species of Pizonyx, Pizonyx wheeleri, was named by Walter Dalquest and Daniel Patrick in 1993 from the Miocene of Texas,^[17] but according to a 1993 review by Nicholas Czaplewski, this species instead belongs to the genus Antrozous and may not even be distinct from the living species Antrozous pallidus.^[18]

References

1. ^ ^{a b} J. Arroyo-Cabrales & S. Ticul Alvarez Castaneda (2008). "Myotis vivesi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 3.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/14209. Retrieved February 17, 2011. 
2. ^ Gerrit S. Miller, Jr. (1906). "Twelve new genera of bats". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 19: 83–85. http://biostor.org/reference/58026. 
3. ^ A. Ménégaux (1901). "Description d'une variété et d'une espèce nouvelle de Chiroptère rapporté du MExique par M. Diguet". Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. 1 7: 321–327. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/27190#page/329/mode/1up. 
4. ^ ^{a b} Bo Beolens, Michael Watkins & Michael Grayson (2009). "Vives". The Eponym Dictionary of Mammals. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 432–433. ISBN 9780801893049. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I-kSmWLc6vYC&pg=PA432. 
5. ^ ^{a b} E. Marquez (2000). "Myotis vivesi". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myotis_vivesi.html. Retrieved February 17, 2011. 
6. ^ ^{a b c} "Fish-eating myotis (Myotis vivesi)". ARKive. http://www.arkive.org/fish-eating-myotis/myotis-vivesi/photos.html#text=All. Retrieved February 17, 2011. 
7. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l} Brad R. Blood & Mary K. Clark (1998). "Myotis vivesi" (PDF). Mammalian Species 588: 1–5. http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-588-01-0001.pdf. 
8. ^ John D. Altringham, Tom McOwat, Lucy Hammond (1998). "Flight". Bats: Biology and Behaviour. Oxford University Press. pp. 49–78. ISBN 9780198503224. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uzZ_sGLXltMC&pg=PA72. 
9. ^ John D. Altringham, Tom McOwat & Lucy Hammond (1998). "The evolution and diversity of bats". Bats: Biology and Behaviour. Oxford University Press. pp. 5–48. ISBN 9780198503224. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uzZ_sGLXltMC&pg=PA42. 
10. ^ Chris H. Floyd, José Juan Flores-Martínez, L. Gerardo Herrera M., Omar Mejía & Bernie May (2010). "Conserving the endangered Mexican fishing bat (Myotis vivesi): genetic variation indicates extensive gene flow among islands in the Gulf of California". Conservation Genetics 11 (3): 813–822. doi:10.1007/s10592-009-9902-4. 
11. ^ ^{a b} Terry A. Vaughan, James M. Ryan, Nicholas J. Czaplewski (2010). "Water regulation". Mammalogy (5th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 454–463. ISBN 9780763762995. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LD1nDlzXYicC&pg=PA462. 
12. ^ William Lopez-Forment. "January 6, 2011. Isla Monserrat & Isla del Carmen". Daily Expedition Reports. Lindblad Expeditions & National Geographic. http://www.expeditions.com/DER_Details113.asp?DailyReport=151587. Retrieved February 15, 2011. 
13. ^ Dale W. Rice (2008). "Classification (overall)". In William F. Perrin, Bernd Wursig & J. G. M. Thewissen. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 234–238. ISBN 9780123735539. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2rkHQpToi9sC&pg=PA237. 
14. ^ Ronald M. Nowak & Ernest Pillsbury Walker (1994). "Vespertilionidae". Walker's Bats of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 184–229. ISBN 9780801849862. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OmkObkVIJ0EC&pg=PA190. 
15. ^ ^{a b c} B. Stadelmann, L. G. Herrera, J. Arroyo-Cabrales, J. J. Flores-Martínez, B. P. May & M. Ruedi (2004). "Molecular systematics of the fishing bat Myotis (Pizonyx) vivesi". Journal of Mammalogy 85 (1): 133–139. doi:10.1644/1545-1542(2004)085<0133:MSOTFB>2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 1383987. 
16. ^ Nancy B. Simmons (2005). "Myotis vivesi". In Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4. http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?id=13802562. 
17. ^ Walter W. Dalquest & Daniel B. Patrick (1989). "Small mammals from the Early and Medial Hemphillian of Texas, with descriptions of a new bat and gopher". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 9 (1): 78–88. JSTOR 4523239. 
18. ^ Nicholas J. Czaplewski (1993). "Pizonyx wheeleri Dalquest and Patrick (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from the Miocene of Texas referred to the genus Antrozous H. Allen". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 13 (3): 378–380. JSTOR 4523521.