2000s in the music industry

In the first decade of the 21st century consumers began to use computers and computer networks as the primary means to record, distribute, store and play music. This technological shift caused widespread economic changes and fundamentally changed the relationships between artists, record companies, promoters, retail music stores, the technology industry and the consumer. The rise of digital music consumption options contributed to a few fundamental changes in consumption. First the decline of album sales. With the A la carte sales models increasing in popularity, consumers no longer download entire albums but rather choose single songs.

The initial stage (from approximately 1998 to 2001) of the digital music revolution was the emergence of peer-to-peer (P2P) networks that allowed the free exchange of music files (such as Kazaa and Napster). By 2001, the cost of hard drive space had dropped to a level that allowed pocket-sized computers to store large libraries of music. The iPod and iTunes system for music storage and playback became immensely popular, and many consumers began to transfer their physical recording media (such as CDs) onto computer hard drives. The iTunes music store offered legal downloads beginning in 2003, and competitors soon followed, offering a variety of online music services, such as internet radio. Digital music distribution was aided by the widespread acceptance of broadband in the middle of the decade.^[1] At the same time, recording software (such as Avid's ProTools) began to be used almost exclusively to make records, rendering expensive multitrack tape machines (such as the 1967 Studer) almost obsolete.

The chief economic impact of these changes was a dramatic decline in revenues from recorded music. In the 21st century, consumers spent far less money on recorded music than they had in 1990s, in all formats. Total revenues for CDs, vinyl, cassettes and digital downloads in the U.S. dropped from a high of $14.6 billion in 1999 to $9 billion in 2008.

The popularity of internet music distribution has increased and by 2007 more units were sold over the internet than in any other form.^[2] However, as The Economist reported, "paid digital downloads grew rapidly, but did not begin to make up for the loss of revenue from CDs."^[3] The 2000s period stands in stark contrast from the "CD boom" of 1984-1995, when profit margins averaged above 30% and industry executives were notorious for their high profile, even frivolous spending.^[4]

The major record labels consistently failed to heed warnings or to support any measures that embraced the change in technology.^[4] In the early years of the decade, the industry fought illegal file sharing, successfully shutting down Napster in 2001 and threatening thousands of individuals with legal action. This failed to slow the decline in revenue and was a public relations disaster.^[4] Some academic studies have even suggested that downloads were not the true cause of the decline.^[5]

The turmoil in the industry changed the balance of power among all the various players. The major music-only stores such as Tower Records (which once wielded considerable influence in the industry) went bankrupt, replaced by box stores (such as Wal-Mart and Best Buy). Recording artists began to rely primarily on live performances and merchandise for their income, which in turn made them more dependent on music promoters such as Live Nation (which dominates tour promotion and owns a large number of music venues.)^[6] In order to benefit from all of an artist's income streams, record companies began to rely on the "360 deal", a new business relationship pioneered by Robbie Williams and EMI in 2007.^[7] At the other extreme, record companies also used simple manufacturing and distribution deals, which gives a higher percentage to the artist, but does not cover the expense of marketing and promotion. Many newer artists no longer see any kind of "record deal" as an integral part of their business plan at all. Inexpensive recording hardware and software made it possible to create high quality music in a bedroom and distribute it over the internet to a worldwide audience.^[8] This, in turn, caused problems for recording studios, record producers and audio engineers: the Los Angeles Times reported that, by 2009, as many as half of the recording facilities in that city had failed.^[9] Consumers benefited enormously from the ease with which music can be shared from computer to computer, whether over the internet or by the exchange of physical CDs. This has given consumers unparalleled choice in music consumption and has opened up performers to niche markets to which they previously had little access.^[10] According to Nielson Soundscan, by 2009 CDs accounted for 79 percent of album sales, with 20 percent coming from digital, representing both a 10 percent drop and gain for both formats in 2 years.^[11]

Industry Finances

Year	Record sales[12] (Retail values in billions USD)				US Shipment Value (at Suggested List Price in millions USD) [13]		Consumers purchasing at record stores[13]
	Worldwide		US
	Sales	Change	Sales	Change	Volume	Change
1999					14,584.5		44.5%
2000	36.9		14.0		14,323.0	1.79%	42.4%
2001	33.7	8.7%	13.4	4.3%	13,740.9	4.06%	42.5%
2002	32.2	4.5%	12.6	6.0%	12,614.2	8.20%	36.8%
2003	32.0	0.6%	11.8	6.3%	11,854.4	6.02%	33.2%
2004	33.6	5.0%	12.2	3.4%	12,345.0	4.14%	32.5%
2005	33.5	0.3%	12.3	0.8%	12,296.9	0.39%	39.4%
2006	31.8	5.1%	11.5	6.5%	11,758.2	4.38%	35.4%
2007	29.9	6.0%	10.4	9.6%	10,372.1	11.79%	31.1%
2008					8,480.2	18.24%	30.0%
Total for period (adj. for inflation)	19.0% ( 32.1% )		25.7% ( 37.7% )		41.9% ( 55.0% ) (using CPI)		33%

Record sales

Table is a meta-analysis of eight IFPI annual reports

In 2008, 123m physical albums were sold in the UK, compared with 131m in 2007 and 151m in 2006. At an average price of £7.72, CDs were more than 25% cheaper in 2008 than in 2000.^[14]

Manufacture Shipments

The figures below (in millions) indicate the overall size of the U.S. sound recording industry based on manufacturers' shipments at suggested list prices.

Record stores

The transition from CDs to digital downloads has been shrinking the record industry most of the decade, leading to mass layoffs, and artist-roster cuts at major labels. CD sales have dropped 48.9% since 2000 in USA. Approximately 2,680 record stores closed in the U.S. between 2005 and early 2009.^[15] In the UK, all the national specialist music retailers have collapsed except for HMV, a variety retailer that was once the UK's largest music retailer.

[13]	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008
Consumers purchasing at record stores	44.5	42.4	42.5	36.8	33.2	32.5	39.4	35.4	31.1	30.0	%

Peer-to-peer (P2P) downloading

Dawn of P2P: Napster

Napster was an online music file sharing service created by Shawn Fanning while he was attending Northeastern University in Boston and operating between June 1999 and July 2001.^[16] Its technology allowed people to easily copy and distribute MP3 files among each other, bypassing the established market for such songs and thus leading to the music industry's accusations of massive copyright violations.

The first peer-to-peer case was A&M Records v. Napster, 239 F.3d 1004 (9th Cir. 2001). The court found that Napster was contributory liable for the copyright infringement of its end-users because it "knowingly encourages and assists the infringement of plaintiffs' copyrights."^[17] Although the original service was shut down by court order, it paved the way for larger decentralized peer-to-peer file-distribution programs such as Kazaa, Morpheus, Grokster, iMesh, and Limewire, which have been much harder to control because they practice more technically and legally creative approaches.^[10]

File sharing and its effects

A number of studies have found that file sharing has a negative impact on record sales. Examples of such studies include three papers published in the April 2006 issue of the Journal of Law and Economics (Liebowitz, Rob and Waldfogel, Zentner).^[18] Alejandro Zentner notes in another paper published in 2005,^[19] that music sales have globally dropped from approximately $38 billion in 1999 to $32 billion in 2003, and that this downward trend coincides with the advent of Napster in June 1999. Using aggregate data Stan J. Liebowitz argues in a series of papers (2005, 2006) that file sharing had a significant negative impact on record sales.

However, a widely cited paper published in February 2007 concludes that file sharing has no negative effect on CD sales. This paper by Olberholzer-Gee and Strumpf,^[20] was published in the Journal of Political Economy, and is the only paper which analyzes actual downloads on file sharing networks. Data gathered from tracking downloading on OpenNap servers indicates that most users logged on very rarely and when they did log on they only downloaded a little more than one CD’s worth of songs. To show how these downloads affected album sales they tracked sales and downloads of 500 random albums of varying genres and after doing so found that illegal downloads would only be a small force in the decrease in album sales, possibly even slightly improving album sales of the top albums in stores at the time. CNET News.com staff writer John Borland reports, “even high levels of file-swapping seemed to translate into an effect on album sales that was "statistically indistinguishable from zero".^[21]

In March 2007 the Wall Street Journal found that CD sales have dropped 20 percent in one year, which the Wall Street Journal interpreted as the latest sign of the shift in the way people acquire their music. BigChampagne LLC has reported that around one billion songs a month are being traded on illegal file-sharing networks. As a result of this decline in CD sales, a significant amount of record stores are going out of business and “...making it harder for consumers to find and purchase older titles in stores.”^[22] On December 19, 2008, the Wall Street Journal reported the following:^[23]

After years of suing thousands of people for allegedly stealing music via the Internet, the recording industry is set to drop its legal assault as it searches for more effective ways to combat online music piracy.The decision represents an abrupt shift of strategy for the industry, which has opened legal proceedings against about 35,000 people since 2003. Critics say the legal offensive ultimately did little to stem the tide of illegally downloaded music. And it created a public-relations disaster for the industry, whose lawsuits targeted, among others, several single mothers, a dead person and a 13-year-old girl. Instead, the Recording Industry Association of America said it plans to try an approach that relies on the cooperation of Internet-service providers.

Digital business models

With the explosion of formats and the creation of legitimate digital content, the IFPI observed that three main business models have risen to dominance. They are a-la-carte, subscription service, and advertisement-based.^[24]

A-la-carte (MP3 Store)

A-la-carte is a service that sells individual songs, typically for $0.99 and now $1.29. They are known to consumers as "MP3 Stores". The leading provider is iTunes Store (Apple Inc.), who surpassed Wal-Mart to become the US’s largest music retailer in April 2008.^[25] Sector leaders include:

• iTunes Store
• Amazon.com

Rolling Stone reported a price war between MP3 stores, iTunes and Amazon.com. Bill Carr, vice president of digital media for Amazon.com mentioned the following of digital music "one of the great benefits of the digital business versus the CD business is that we can experiment with price changes for an hour, a day or however long we like, with no impact on inventory".^[26]

Subscription service

A subscription service offers the consumer unlimited downloads for a monthly fee. This approach, according to the Open Music Model, is theorized to maximize revenues in the long run. The sector leader is Napster,^[24] which costs $12.95/month and offers 6 million downloads and now offers a $5 a month program.^[27] Napster’s net revenue for the quarter ending on June 30, 2008 was $30.3 million.^[28] Sector leaders include:

• Napster
• Rhapsody

Advertisement-based service

Advertisement-based services offer music free of charge to the consumer, while funding is derived from advertisement. The model is widespread as seen by the success of AOL Music, Yahoo! Music and YouTube (multimedia provider). Many of these services are internet radio stations, as they offer continuous streaming music, while others are not continuously streaming. Many of these services offer multimedia or additional services. For example, MySpace(owned by Fox Interactive Media) offers social-networking as its flagship service. comScore reports the top 10 in internet radio viewership in the United States:

	Unique Visitors (000)
	July '07	July '08	% Change
Total Internet: Total Audience	180,078	189,134	5
AOL Music	15,284	23,884	56
Yahoo! Music	23,075	18,725	-19
Clear Channel Online	10,697	9,394	-12
Pandora Radio	2,551	4,834	89
Interactive One	512	3,515	587
CBS Radio	3,469	3,240	-7
NPR.ORG	1,717	2,538	48
Citadel Broadcasting Corporation	1,373	1,885	37
Batanga.com	1,239	1,810	46
Disney Music	1,721	1,598	-7

Other sector players:

• YouTube
• MySpace

See also List of Internet stations

YouTube (owned by Google Inc.) is the premier site for finding music videos for both independent bands and mainstream bands that have released their music on CD or digitally, while also being useful for finding rare songs.^[29] YouTube is a multimedia provider, so it is difficult to say how much entertainment it has provided to music consumers, however it did provide about one-third of all 11 billion online video views in the US in the month of April 2008.^[30]

The site is also testing three new landing pages dedicated to the popular categories of news, movies, and music. Each page will be populated with the most popular content on the site related to that category.^[31] Some have even hailed YouTube as being the "digital successor to MTV"^[32] as they seem to be positioning themselves in that manner. Currently, they have mixed relations with labels as evidenced by their icy relationship with Warner Music Group^[33] but more optimistic relationship with Universal Music.^[34]

MySpace (owned by Fox Interactive Media) is also a key player and Rolling Stone reports that it hosts more than 70 million users monthly and that “visitors to the site can hear both Bob Dylan’s or The White Stripes' entire catalogue”. Unlike many services, MySpace has been successful in making copyright deals with the RIAA's "Big Four", which is Sony BMG, Warner Music Group, Universal Music and EMI,^[35] in September 2008. In January 2009, MySpace made partnerships with the following independent labels: Nettwerk, INgrooves, Iris Distribution, RoyaltyShare, and Wind-up Entertainment.^[36] In March 2009, CNET News reported that there are more than 5 million bands with music on the streaming-and-discovery music service, and more than 100 million playlists have been created.^[37]

Pandora Internet Radio is distinctive from both YouTube and MySpace in that it offers consumers continuously streaming media rather than non-continuous music, which makes it highly similar to terrestrial radio or television. However, it can be contrasted with radio in that it offers music recommendation. YouTube is similar to Pandora in that it also offers recommendation, but is distinct in that content is user-generated.

A new type of service that has also become popular is sites that allow consumers to pay what they wish or pay by advertising on social networking sites. Sites like Noisetrade.com and comeandlive.com are examples of sites that sponsor artists and allow users to download music in exchange for advertising for the artist. Music is essentially free to users essentially costing only the time it takes to post information about the artist downloaded on facebook, Twitter, or email. Another example was the release of the most recent Radiohead album In Rainbows in which users could download the album and name their own price. The idea of pay-what-you-want music consumption is new, but catching on with users and growing.

Format issues

Decline of analog, rise of digital

This trend has broader implications in the use of formats. It has been a trend in music,^[38] television, movies,^[39] and print.^[40] The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) reported data on the music industry’s sales by format over the ten-year period from 1998 until 2007. The data in the table below is from the 2007 report.

Format Market share

[13]	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	10-Year Change	4-Year Change
Full-length CDs	74.8	83.2	89.3	89.2	90.5	87.8	90.3	87.0	85.6	82.6	7.8	-7.7
Full-length cassettes	14.8	8.0	4.9	3.4	2.4	2.2	1.7	1.1	0.8	0.3	-14.5	-1.4
Singles (all types)	6.8	5.4	2.5	2.4	1.9	2.4	2.4	2.7	3.4	2.4	-4.4	0
Music videos/Video DVDs	1.0	0.9	0.8	1.1	0.7	0.6	1.0	0.7	1.1	0.4	-0.6	-0.6
DVD audio	NA	NA	NA	1.1	1.3	2.7	1.7	0.8	1.3	1.2	1.2	-0.5
Digital Download	NA	NA	NA	0.2	0.5	1.3	0.9	5.7	6.7	11.2	11.2	10.3
SACD	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	0.5	0.8	1.2	0.0	0.6	0.6	-0.2
Vinyl LPs	0.7	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.7	0.5	0.9	0.7	0.6	0.7	0	-0.2

Note: These figures represent data collected only from RIAA member labels, which constitutes only a portion of total online music exchanged.

Statistical analysis suggests the large-scale change in distribution:

• Full-length CD distribution (by percentage of total music revenue) peaked in 2004.
• Between 2004 and 2007, Full length CD sales have experienced a linear decline of around 2% annually. During this time period, Digital Download has increased from 0.9% to 11.2%.
• Of the over 10% of total market growth taken by Digital Download, roughly 8% came from losses in Full-length CD sales.
• Full-length cassettes experienced the most loss (-14.5% market share) in the 10-Year period, although most of the loss (-13.1%) was experienced from 1998-2003. In 2007, they were outsold by Vinyl.
• As of 2007, only two formats had greater than 10% of the market: Full-length CDs and Digital Download.
• The ratio of digital to analog sales in 2004 it was roughly 1:99, but by 2007 it was roughly 1:9.

In 2008, physical album sales fell 20 percent to 362.6 million from 450.5 million, while digital album sales rose 32 percent to a record 65.8 million units.^[41]

[13]	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
Record Store	44.5	42.4	42.5	36.8	33.2	32.5	39.4	35.4	31.1	30.0	%
Other Store	38.3	40.8	42.4	50.7	52.8	53.8	32.0	32.7	29.7	28.4	%
Record Club	7.9	7.6	6.1	4.0	4.1	4.4	8.5	10.5	12.6	7.2	%
TV, Newspaper, Magazine Ad Or 800 Number	2.5	2.4	3.0	2.0	1.5	1.7	2.4	2.4	1.7	1.8	%
Internet	2.4	3.2	2.9	3.4	5.0	5.9	8.2	9.1	10.9	14.6	%
Digital Download	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	6.0	6.8	12.0	13.5	%
Concert	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	1.6	2.7	2.0	1.5	3.0	%

Proliferation of formats

The advent of digital media has led to the sudden creation of many new music formats available to the average consumer. In 2003 there were less than 10 formats available, but by 2007 there were over 100. Today a single artist release can be packaged in multiple formats including video downloads, ringtones or mobile full tracks. As the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) notes:

Five years ago music distribution formats were numbered in single figures – today, they number in the hundreds…In the digital era, record companies are licensing music across a multitude of platforms, in scores of different formats and with hundreds of different partners.^[24]

Mobile music

MP3 players

Rise of MP3 players, which are consumer electronics devices that stores, organizes and plays audio files. Some DAPs (digital audio players) are also referred to as portable media players as they have image-viewing and/or video-playing support. The first mass-produced DAP was created in 1997 by SaeHan Information Systems, which domestically sold its “MPMan” player in the middle of 1998.^[42] In October 2001, Apple Computer (now known as Apple Inc.) unveiled the first generation iPod, the 5 GB hard drive based DAP with a 1.8" Toshiba drive. With the development of a minimalistic user interface and a smaller form factor, the iPod was initially notable within users of the Macintosh community. In July 2002, Apple introduced the second generation update to the iPod. It was compatible with Windows computers through Musicmatch Jukebox (now known as Y!Music Musicmatch Jukebox). The iPod series, which grew to include microdrive and flash-based players, has become the market leader in DAPs.

Smartphones

The 21st century saw the birth of 3G enabled mobile phones, which enables network operators to offer users a wider range of more advanced services while achieving greater network capacity through improved spectral efficiency.

The key advantage of 3G enabled phones over MP3 players is their greater web integration. This enables users to readily access a far larger quantity of songs than MP3 player users can. For an MP3 player, songs must be stored before the user leaves their computer, but with 3G enabled phones the device is not separated from the source. It is projected that revenue from mobile media and entertainment (MME) services in the US will more than double during the next five years.^[43]

Consumer Genre Preferences in the U.S.

Genre	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008
Rock	25.2	24.8	24.4	24.7	25.2	23.9	31.5	34.0	32.4	31.8	%
Rap/Hip-hop	10.8	12.9	11.4	13.8	13.3	12.1	13.3	11.4	10.8	10.7	%
R&B/Urban	10.5	9.7	10.6	11.2	10.6	11.3	10.2	11.0	11.8	10.2	%
Country	10.8	10.7	10.5	10.7	10.4	13.0	12.5	13.0	11.5	11.9	%
Pop	10.3	11.0	12.1	9.0	8.9	10.0	8.1	7.1	10.7	9.1	%
Religious	5.1	4.8	6.7	6.7	5.8	6.0	5.3	5.5	3.9	6.5	%
Classical	3.5	2.7	3.2	3.1	3.0	2.0	2.4	1.9	2.3	1.9	%
Jazz	3.0	2.9	3.4	3.2	2.9	2.7	1.8	2.0	2.6	1.1	%
Soundtracks	0.8	0.7	1.4	1.1	1.4	1.1	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.8	%
Oldies	0.7	0.9	0.8	0.9	1.3	1.4	1.1	1.1	0.4	0.7	%
New Age	0.5	0.5	1.0	0.5	0.5	1.0	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.6	%
Children’s	0.4	0.6	0.5	0.4	0.6	2.8	2.3	2.9	2.9	3.0	%
Other	9.1	8.3	7.9	8.1	7.6	8.9	8.5	7.3	7.1	9.1	%

^[13]

Other noteworthy developments

In the courtroom

• On December 19, 2008, the RIAA announced that it would stop suing file sharers, because the strategy is not working to stop the flow of illegal downloads. Instead, the RIAA is trying to work with ISP's to prevent P2P piracy. "The decision represents an abrupt shift of strategy for the industry, which has opened legal proceedings against about 35,000 people since 2003".^[23]
• On June 18, 2009 CNET News reported Jammie Thomas-Rasset was found guilty of willful copyright infringement in a Minneapolis federal court and must pay the recording industry $1.92 million.^[44] This legal battle, Capitol v. Thomas, marked the first time the recording industry has argued a file-sharing case before a jury.^[45]
• In France, a new law regarding illegal downloading, called HADOPI, is being debated. If passed, it would force the Internet provider to shut down the subscription while still receiving monthly payment. This double punishment is highly criticized.

In politics

• On January 5, 2009, president-elect Barack Obama appointed Thomas J. Perrelli to the position of United States Associate Attorney General. Tom Perrelli represented the RIAA in a slew of cases, including a high-profile bid to unmask file sharers without the requirement of a judge reviewing the evidence first. Barack Obama's selection of Joe Biden as vice president showed that the presidential hopeful was comfortable with someone with firmly pro-RIAA views. Biden urged the criminal prosecutions of copyright-infringing peer-to-peer users and tried to create a new federal felony involving playing unauthorized music.^[46]

In video games

• In the video game industry, the music category overtook the sports category as no. 2 top category in sales, behind action. 58 percent of players played music games, second only to 65 percent who played action games. About 50 percent played sports games, down from 55 percent in 2007 and 62 percent in 2005.^[47] The video game industry was worth $22 billion in 2008.^[48]
• Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock, which launched in 2007, has become the first single game to surpass $1 billion in sales. The announcement came during a CES keynote by Activision Publishing CEO, Mike Griffith, and follows an announcement that the entire franchise had broken the same mark a year ago. Griffith said that Guitar Hero's monumental success has trickled down to other industries, most especially the struggling music industry. According to Griffith, sales on everything connected to Guitar Hero, from music to real guitars, has gone up.^[49]

See also

• Comparison of online music stores
• Comparison of portable media players
• Digital Rights Management
• File Sharing
• List of portable media players with Wi-Fi connectivity
• Loudness war
• Music in the 2000s
• Music industry
• Online music stores
• RIAA
• Satellite Radio
• User-generated content

References

1. ^ Palmer, Shelley (December 7, 2008). "Broadband and Retail: Black Friday and Cyber-24/7/365". http://www.shellypalmermedia.com/2008/12/07/broadband-and-retail-black-friday-and-cyber-247365/. Retrieved November 24, 2008. 
2. ^ Arango, Tim (November 25, 2008). "Digital Sales Surpass CDs at Atlantic". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/26/business/media/26music.html. Retrieved July 6, 2009. 
3. ^ "The music industry". The Economist. Jan 10, 2008. http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_TDQJRGGQ. 
4. ^ ^{a b c} Knopper, Steve (2009). Appetite for Self-Destruction: the Spectacular Crash of the Record Industry in the Digital Age. Free Press. ISBN 978-1-4165-5215-4. 
5. ^ Borland, John (March 29, 2004). "Music sharing doesn't kill CD sales, study says". C Net. http://news.cnet.com/2100-1027_3-5181562.html. Retrieved July 6, 2009. 
6. ^ Seabrook, John (August 10, 2009). "The Price of the Ticket". The New Yorker. Annals of Entertainment: 34. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/08/10/090810fa_fact_seabrook. 
7. ^ Rosso, Wayne (January 16, 2009). "Perspective: Recording industry should brace for more bad news". CNET. http://news.cnet.com/Recording-industry-should-brace-for-more-bad-news/2010-1027_3-6226487.html. Retrieved 9/12/09. 
8. ^ Jefferson Graham (October 14, 2009). "Musicians ditch studios for tech such as GiO for Macs". U.S.A. Today. http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2009-10-13-apogee-gio-music_N.htm. 
9. ^ Nathan Olivarez-Giles (October 13, 2009). "Recording studios are being left out of the mix". The Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-smallbiz-studios13-2009oct13,0,3516140.story. 
10. ^ ^{a b} David Kusek and Gerd Leonhard. (2005). "The Future of Music: Manifesto for the Digital Music Revolution". Berklee Press: Boston.
11. ^ France, Lisa (2010-07-20). "Is the death of the CD looming?". CNN. http://edition.cnn.com/2010/SHOWBIZ/Music/07/19/cd.digital.sales/index.html. Retrieved 2011-11-03. 
12. ^ IFPI (2000-2007). "Recorded Music Sales". http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_statistics/index.html. Retrieved November 24, 2008. 
13. ^ ^{a b c d e f} "10 Year Music Consumer Trends Chart (2008)". Recording Industry Association of America. 2008. http://76.74.24.142/CA052A55-9910-2DAC-925F-27663DCFFFF3.pdf. Retrieved November 24, 2008. 
14. ^ Salamander Davoudi (January 2009). "Music industry must learn to play to new tune". http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d9483b4a-deb8-11dd-9464-000077b07658.html. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
15. ^ Rolling Stone, Issue #1074, March 19, 2009, "Tanking CD Sales Shutter Stores" p.15
16. ^ Napster's High and Low Notes - Businessweek - August 14, 2000
17. ^ Napster, at 1020.
18. ^ Stan J. Liebowitz, "File Sharing: Creative Destruction or Just Plain Destruction?"; Rafael Rob and Joel Waldfogel, "Piracy on the High C's: Music Downloading, Sales Displacement, and Social Welfare in a Sample of College Students"; Alejandro Zentner, "Measuring the Effect of File Sharing on Music Purchases",The Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 49, No. 1 (April 2006)
19. ^ Alejandro Zentner, "File Sharing and International Sales of Copyrighted Music: An Empirical Analysis with a Panel of Countries", The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, Vol. 5, Issue 1 (2005)
20. ^ Felix Olberholzer-Gee and Koleman Strumpf, "The Effect of File Sharing on Record Sales: An Empirical Analysis" Journal of Political Economy, 2007, 115(1):1-42; Retrieved on 2008-10-22 from Koleman Strumpf's website
21. ^ John Borland (March 2004). "Music sharing doesn't kill CD sales, study says". http://news.cnet.com/2100-1027_3-5181562.html. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
22. ^ The Wall Street Journal (March 21, 2007). "Sales of Music, Long in Decline, Plunge Sharply". http://online.wsj.com/article_email/SB117444575607043728-lMyQjAxMDE3NzI0MTQyNDE1Wj.html. Retrieved December 12, 2008. 
23. ^ ^{a b} Sarah McBride and Ellen Smith (December 19, 2008). "Music Industry to Abandon Mass Suits". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122966038836021137.html?mod=googlenews_wsj. Retrieved December 23, 2008. 
24. ^ ^{a b c} International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (January 2008). "Digital Music Report_2008". http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_statistics/index.html. Retrieved November 24, 2008. 
25. ^ Apple Inc. (April 3, 2008). "iTunes Store Top Music Retailer in the US". http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/04/03itunes.html. Retrieved November 24, 2008. 
26. ^ Rolling Stone, Issue #1071, February 2, 2009, "Digital Albums Prices Slashed" p.13
27. ^ Napster, LLC. "napster.com". http://www.napster.com. Retrieved November 24, 2008. 
28. ^ Napster, LLC (August 11, 2008). "Napster Reports $30.3 Million in First Quarter Sales and Positive Results From New MP3 Initiative". Archived from the original on September 16, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080916205901/http://investor.napster.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=327525. Retrieved November 24, 2008. 
29. ^ Terdiman, Daniel (December 23, 2008). "Finding rare songs on YouTube". http://news.cnet.com/8301-13772_3-10125016-52.html?part=rss&subj=news&tag=2547-1040_3-0-5. Retrieved December 23, 2008. 
30. ^ Kaplan, Dan (June 17, 2008). "Online video continues to explode, Google’s grip tightens". http://venturebeat.com/2008/06/17/online-video-continues-to-explode-googles-grip-tightens/. Retrieved November 24, 2008. 
31. ^ Musil, Steven (December 18, 2008). "YouTube Launches HD Video Page". http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-10126837-93.html?part=rss&subj=news&tag=2547-1023_3-0-5. Retrieved December 23, 2008. 
32. ^ Jennifer LeClaire (March 2009). "YouTube Negotiating To Become a Digital MTV". http://www.sci-tech-today.com/news/YouTube-Could-Become-Digital-MTV/story.xhtml?story_id=011001CEHOR9&full_skip=1. Retrieved March 9, 2009. 
33. ^ Lexton Snol (December 2008). "Warner threatens YouTube on music, pulls videos". http://www.macworld.co.uk/digitallifestyle/news/index.cfm?newsid=24110&pagtype=allchandate. Retrieved March 9, 2009. 
34. ^ Greg Sandoval (December 2008). "Universal Music seeing 'tens of millions' from YouTube". http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-10126439-93.html. Retrieved March 9, 2009. 
35. ^ Browne, David (October 16, 2008). "MySpace Music Takes on iTunes: Social-networking giant's new service streams millions of songs for free". Archived from the original on October 03, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20081003194554/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/23356455/myspace_music_takes_on_itunes. Retrieved November 24, 2008. 
36. ^ Caroline McCarthy (January 2009). "New indie partnerships for MySpace Music". http://news.cnet.com/8301-13577_3-10143398-36.html?part=rss&subj=news&tag=2547-1023_3-0-5. Retrieved January 18, 2009. 
37. ^ Caroline McCarthy (March 2009). "Catching up with MySpace Music". http://news.cnet.com/8301-13577_3-10194538-36.html?part=rss&subj=news&tag=2547-1023_3-0-5. Retrieved 12-3-2009. 
38. ^ Jonathan Skillings (December 2008). "Digital music gains, but CD losses a pain". http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-10126331-93.html?part=rss&subj=news&tag=2547-1023_3-0-5. Retrieved December 23, 2008. 
39. ^ Ogg, Erica (February 23, 2008). "Digital downloads will be Blu-ray's downfall". http://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-9877031-7.html?tag=txt. Retrieved December 23, 2008. 
40. ^ Greg Sandoval (December 16, 2008). "The Internet, the last hope of newspapers". http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-10124810-93.html?part=rss&subj=news&tag=2547-1023_3-0-5. Retrieved December 23, 2008. 
41. ^ John Gerome (January 2009). "Another tough year for music industry". http://www.tahoedailytribune.com/article/20090108/ENTERTAINMENT/901079974/1005/NONE&parentprofile=1056&title=Another%20tough%20year%20for%20music%20industry. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
42. ^ Van Buskirk, Eliot. "Introducing the world's first MP3 player". CNET. http://reviews.cnet.com/4520-6450_7-5622055-1.html. 
43. ^ Digital Media Association (April 2008). "US mobile media and entertainment market to see stronger growth from 2010 onward, says Analysys". Archived from the original on February 21, 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090221021349/http://www.digmedia.org/content/mediacenter.cfm?content=industrytrends. Retrieved February 17, 2009. 
44. ^ Sandoval, Greg (June 18, 2009). "Court orders Jammie Thomas to pay RIAA $1.92 million". http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-10268199-93.html?part=rss&subj=news&tag=2547-1023_3-0-5. Retrieved 6/18/09. 
45. ^ Sandoval, Greg (October 4, 2007). "RIAA Winds Key Victory; Accused Fire Sharer Must Pay $220,000". http://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-9791383-7.html?tag=mncol;txt. Retrieved 6/18/09. 
46. ^ Declan McCullagh (January 2009). "Obama picks RIAA's favorite lawyer for a top Justice post". http://news.cnet.com/8301-13578_3-10133425-38.html?part=rss&subj=news&tag=2547-1023_3-0-5. Retrieved January 9, 2009. 
47. ^ Dean Takahashi (October 2008). "Music video games overtake sports and game console growth". http://venturebeat.com/2008/10/20/music-video-games-overtake-sports-and-game-console-growth. Retrieved December 29, 2008. 
48. ^ Dean Takahasahi (December 2008). "Video game sales defy recession, rise 10 percent in November". http://venturebeat.com/2008/12/11/video-game-sales-defy-recession-rise-10-percent-in-november. Retrieved December 29, 2008. 
49. ^ Kat Bailey (January 2009). "Guitar Hero 3 Surpasses $1 billion". http://www.1up.com/do/newsStory?cId=3172218. Retrieved January 12, 2009.