Trial of Conrad Murray

People v. Murray
Court	Superior Court of Los Angeles County
Full case name	People of the State of California v. Conrad Robert Murray
Date decided	November 7, 2011
Judge(s) sitting	Michael E. Pastor
Case opinions
Defendant found guilty of involuntary manslaughter

The trial of Conrad Robert Murray (People of the State of California v. Conrad Robert Murray) was the American criminal trial of Michael Jackson's personal physician Conrad Murray (born February 19, 1953, in St. Andrews, Grenada),^{[citation needed]} who was charged with involuntary manslaughter of the pop singer. The trial, which started on September 27, 2011, was held in the Superior Court of Los Angeles County in Los Angeles, California, before Judge Michael Pastor. On November 7, 2011, Murray was found guilty. After the verdict, Pastor denied a defense request for bail for Murray and ordered him taken into custody.^[1]

The prosecutors in the case were David Walgren^[2] and Deborah Brazil, both Los Angeles deputy district attorneys, who, in their opening statement, told jurors that "misplaced trust in the hands of Conrad Murray cost Michael Jackson his life". Murray's defense counsel (Edward Chernoff, Matthew Alford, J. Michael Flanagan and Nareg Gourjian) claimed Jackson, who was tired and under pressure to get himself ready for the concerts, took eight tablets of Lorazepam,^[3] a sedative, so he could sleep better. "When Dr. Murray left the room, Michael Jackson self-administered a dose of propofol^[4] that, with the Lorazepam, created a perfect storm in his body that killed him instantly. The whole thing is tragic, but the evidence is not that Dr. Murray did it," Chernoff said.^[5] Testimony during the trial showed that Murray had stayed with Jackson at least six nights a week and was regularly asked — and sometimes begged — by the insomniac singer to give him drugs powerful enough to put him to sleep. Jackson, Murray told authorities, was especially eager to be administered propofol, a surgical anesthetic that put him to sleep when other powerful sedatives could not. Testimony indicated that propofol, in conjunction with other drugs in the singer's system, had played the key role in his death on June 25, 2009.

Jury selection began on September 8, 2011.^[6] The trial began on September 27, 2011.^[7][8] On November 3, 2011, after both sides rested, Pastor instructed the jury regarding their deliberations, and counsel made closing arguments.

After deliberating for eight hours and fifteen minutes, a guilty verdict was announced at 1:18 PM PST on November 7, 2011.^[9][10][11]

Timeline of prosecution case

September 27, 2011: Day 1
Both sides made opening statements. The jury viewed a photograph of Jackson lying on a gurney, taken minutes after he was declared dead. The jury also heard a tape of Jackson's slurred speech near the end of his life. Murray's attorney told the court that Murray is not to blame for Jackson's death, that Jackson gave himself a dose of drugs that killed him so quickly Jackson "didn't even have time to close his eyes". "What happened during that time frame is that the acts and omissions of Michael Jackson's personal doctor Conrad Murray directly led to his premature death at age 50," prosecutor Walgren said. "That misplaced trust in Conrad Murray cost Michael Jackson his life." The first witness, Kenny Ortega, was called to testify.

September 28, 2011: Day 2
Michael Amir Williams, known as Jackson's personal assistant, testified.^[12]

September 29, 2011: Day 3
Two former members of Jackson's staff, bodyguard Alberto Alvarez and Chef Kai Chase, took the stand. Alvarez was the first person into Jackson's bedroom after Murray raised the alarm. He indicated that Murray asked him to place vials from Jackson's bedside cabinet in a bag and remove an IV drip from its stand (an IV drip containing saline solution and what appeared to be a propofol bottle, according to Alvarez), before he asked him to phone 911.

September 30, 2011: Day 4
Bob Johnson, an executive from Nonin Medical, a company that manufactures pulse oximeters, testified first. The next witness was a former patient of Murray, Robert Russell from Las Vegas. The third witness was the first paramedic to enter Jackson's house and bedroom, Richard Senneff. The fourth witness was paramedic Martin Blount. Dr. Richelle Cooper, an emergency room physician at UCLA Medical Center, testified fifth. Although not pronounced dead until sometime after reaching the hospital (2:26 pm),^[13] the paramedics never saw any signs of life from when they first entered Jackson's bedroom (12:26 pm).

October 3, 2011: Day 5
Cooper continued testifying. According to Cooper, drugs including Sodium Bicarbonate, Vasopressin, Epinephrine, Atropine and Dopamine were used during the attempted cardiopulmonary resuscitation of Jackson's body in the trauma bay of UCLA Medical Center. From the time Jackson's body was under the care of Cooper until his death was pronounced, there were continuous chest compressions and 'bagging' via an endotracheal tube. Cooper testified that Jackson was clinically dead upon arriving at the hospital. Cooper testified that Murray had told her that he had given Jackson 2 mg of Lorazepam (a benzodiazepine) sometime earlier that day, then another 2 mg, which caused the cardiac arrest. During cross-examination, Cooper was asked about the effect of propofol as a sedative. She said about a "milligram per kilogram" would be the starting dose on a patient and would be administered into the patient's arm through an injection port. The administration would happen over a period of "a minute to a minute and a half" and the patient would be constantly monitored by a number of personnel. She said that sedation would expect to last 10 minutes. When asked what effect "25 mg over 3–5 minutes" would have on a patient, she responded that she would not expect that to have any effect. When asked about administering propofol through an IV drip, she said that only occurs if the patient is intubated and the desired effect is deep sedation.

Next to the stand were employees from phone companies AT&T and Sprint Nextel, who were asked to guide the jury through the meaning of various data on Murray's phone records from June 25, 2009.

Dr. Thao Nguyen, a cardiologist from UCLA Medical Center, testified that she was beeped on that day to help with the care of "a V.I.P patient, named Michael Jackson". She was under the impression the patient was "coding" meaning that resuscitation was partially successful. The court heard testimony that when Murray arrived at the hospital, he was "desperate and devastated" and that he told the staff "Do not give up easily, try to save his life". Nguyen's testimony then turned to the effects of Ativan (brand name of Lorazepam), the drug that Murray claimed started Jackson's cardiac arrest. According to Nguyen, Ativan acts on the brain to "make[] you sleep" and can cause respiratory apnea ("not breathing"). She testified that "you do not typically use narcotics (such as ativan) to treat insomnia, they are used for sedation" but, when cross-examined, she admitted that it is one of its uses. Testimony then turned to the use of Flumazenil^[14] (a Benzodiazepine antagonist) as an antidote to Ativan, which should be administered "within 3 minutes of Ativan" to take effect; otherwise. the patient must be intubated. Ativan would cause the patient to have slurred speech but propofol would not, it is "quick onset, quick offset". Propofol is only to be used in a hospital; "not just any hospital room, but only in an Intensive care unit or procedure room, by specialist personnel"(an anesthesiologist present throughout its use). Constant monitoring is required because [we] "wouldn't be sure of the patient's tolerance threshold" to the drug and there should be a Crash cart to hand. Nguyen also testified that Murray never mentioned propofol.

October 4, 2011: Day 6
Stacey Ruggles, Michelle Bella and Sade Anding testified about their relationships with Murray. They were in contact with Murray on June 25, 2009. Anding, who is thought to be the person that Murray was speaking to when he noticed Jackson was not breathing, said she heard coughing and mumbling after Murray stopped speaking on the call, which lasted "three or four minutes".

Murray's girlfriend, Nicole Alvarez, is currently living with Murray in Santa Monica. She is the mother to Murray's son born in March 2009. They met in Las Vegas in 2005 where she was working in a strip club.^[15] Her testimony included visits to Jackson's home and her plans to travel to London with Murray for the concerts. She also told how she was accepting FedEx packages to her home in Murray's name. Prosecution provided FedEx receipts to the court and Alvarez testified that they were accurate and that her signature was on some of them. Alvarez was the person Murray called while he was in the ambulance with Jackson's body. He showed up to her apartment later that evening.

Tim Lopez, employed by Applied pharmacy services, liaised with Murray over purchases of propofol and Benoquin.^[16] He testified about orders Murray placed for Benequin^[17] cream to use in the treatment of the disease Vitiligo,^[18] and propofol over the time period April to June 2009 (225 vials in total).^[19] His orders of propofol were being routed through his Las Vegas office and then shipped to Alvarez's apartment in Los Angeles. He was also ordering increasing quantities of propofol as time went on.^[20]

October 5, 2011: Day 7
Sally Hirschberg, a customer service and sales employee of Seacoast Medical, a pharmaceutical distributor in Omaha, Nebraska, was first called to the stand.^[21] Testimony included details of Murray's dealing with the firm; account opened Dec 2006, various medical items ordered during April 2009 including 'safe site' IV set and a cancellation of an order for condom catheters on June 26, 2009. On cross-examination, Hirschberg testified that the items Murray was ordering were not unusual for a medical practice specializing in cardiovascular treatment.

Stephen Marx, a computer forensics examiner, working for the DEA in Virginia during June 2009, testified next.^[22] He performed an analysis of Murray's iPhone and extracted screenshots, emails and recordings from it. The emails pertained to medical hand written notes for patients Omar Arnold and Paul Farance. One email asked Murray "Is that him too?". Emails pertaining to Jackson's insurance while in London were also shown. The insurance company confirmed that Murray was Jackson's only doctor since 2006 and that they wanted very thorough medical reports and records and a review of Jackson during rehearsals before agreeing to cover him. It was heard that Jackson refused authorization to release his medical records.

During the testimony, a recording of a conversation between Murray and Jackson was played from May 10, 2009. The recording featured Jackson talking about healing the world and helping children because he did not have a childhood, in slurred, almost incomprehensible speech. The recording ended with Murray asking "Are you OK?" and with Jackson replying "I am asleep."^[23]

Next to testify was Elissa Fleak, a Los Angeles County coroner for the past eight years.^[24] Her duties include investigating deaths (natural/suicide/homicide) and working with medical examiners to determine the cause of death. Fleak went to UCLA Medical Center at 5:20 pm on June 25, 2009, to examine Jackson's body and get information surrounding his death. She examined the body in a private room through notes and photographs and looked for external wounds/injuries; any sign to signal the cause of death. None were found. She took four vials of Jackson's blood for toxicology testing and went to Jackson's house to perform a onsite investigation. While in Jackson's bedroom, she found an empty 20ml Propofol bottle and an empty 5ml Flumazenil bottle on the floor beside the bedside table. She also recovered other prescription drugs such as: Diazepam, Lorazepam and Tamsulosin (Flomax). Also one bottle prescribed to Mick Jackson's and some medicines prescribed by Alan Metzger. Other drugs found were Benoquin, Hydroquinone, Lidocaine and an oxygen tank beside the bed. Medical equipment recovered included alcohol prep pads, a 10cc syringe with the needle removed, an IV catheter on the floor under an Ambu bag, an aspirin bottle, a syringe box, catheters, a jug of urine, an IV pole with saline bag and tubing draped over it.

Three bags were recovered: a black bag, a blue Costco bag (found in the closet) and a light blue 'baby essentials' bag. Items in the black bag were: a Starline blood pressure cuff box and 3 bottles of Lidocaine.^[25] The blue Costco bag contained "medical debris" including a pulse oximeter, a lanyard, vials, an empty 20ml propofol bottle, 2 bottles of Midazolam,^[26] an opened IV administration set, a urinary leg bag, a wideband bag, 2 empty dressing bags, 2 empty catheter bags, opened alcohol prep pads, dressing backings, an empty syringe packet, 4 vial tops and a needle cap. Also the saline bag with a cut in it containing the "more or less empty" 100ml propofol bottle that Alvarez recalls removing from the IV stand. The light blue 'baby essentials' bag contained an array of bottles including 100ml propofol]] and 20ml propofol bottles (filled to various levels, some opened, some closed), Lorazepam, Flumazenil, Lidocaine and Benoquin. Also found were Murray's business cards from his Houston practice.

October 6, 2011: Day 8
Fleak confirmed the presence of an IV stand, saline infusion set and depressed syringe in a y-port connected to the tubing beside Jackson's bed. The court heard that she issued a subpoena to Murray for Jackson's medical records. Only the records pre-2009 were submitted to her. During cross-examination, Chernoff asked Fleak about a number of "mistakes" during her examination, such as picking up a bottle from the floor before photographing it, ignoring the presence of the IV stand, not taking a picture of the propofol bottle inside the cut saline bag (she said she took it out to see what it was then photographed it), and destroying her handwritten notes from June 25, 2009. It was heard that Fleak did not mention the propofol bottle was inside the saline bag in writing until March 2011. (It was suggested by the defense that she changed her story to fall into line with other witness' stories regarding the bottle in the bag.)^[27]

Next called to testify was Dan Anderson, chief toxicologist at the coroner's office. He has 21 years experience in this field. He tested blood and urine taken from Jackson in UCLA and at autopsy on June 26, 2009. Blood taken from a femoral vein showed propofol (2.6 μg/ml), Lidocaine (0.84 μg/ml) and Lorazepam (0.169 μg/ml). Blood taken from Jackson's heart showed propofol (3.2 μg/ml), Lidocaine (0.68 μg/ml), Diazepam (<0.1 μg/ml), Lorazepam (0.162 μg/ml), Midazolam (4.6 μg/ml) and a Hemoglobin percentage of 5.1%. Vials of blood taken from Jackson at UCLA were found to contain propofol (4.1 μg/ml). Other results included Liver (Lidocaine (0.45 μg/ml), propofol (6.2 μg/ml)), Stomach (Lidocaine (1.6 μg/ml), propofol (0.13 μg/ml)), Urine (Jug found in bedroom and more than 500ml collected at autopsy) (Lorazepam, Lidocaine, Midazolam, Propofol and Ephedrine), Vitreous humour (Propofol (0.4 μg/ml)). Propofol was found in all 8 specimen samples. Also tested were the 10cc syringe and plunger, the syringe barrel, the fluid in the syringe and the IV tubing (Propofol and Lidocaine found). No alcohol, barbiturates, cocaine, sedative hypnotics, marijuana, methamphetamine, opiates, codeine, morphine, hydrocodone, Demerol were found in the samples.

During cross-examination it was heard that post-mortem redistribution occurs in the blood stream, and hence different concentrations of drugs were found in different parts of the body. It was also heard that the jug of urine from the bedroom could be from days before and might not even be Jackson's urine. It was heard that the low amount of Propofol in the Vitreous humour was negligible. It was also heard that there was no Propofol found on the IV pole. The only place it was found was in the lower portion of the tubing and the syringe and the drug proportions couldn't be ascertained.

October 7, 2011: Day 9
Dan Anderson continued to answer questions about the levels of drugs in Jackson's system and the substances found in the IV bag (no drugs), tubing and syringes (Propofol and Lidocaine found) found in Jackson's bedroom. It was heard that the level of Lorazepam in Jackson's system (0.162 μg/ml) was within the therapeutic range(0.1–0.2 μg/ml), the level at which it has its desired effect. It was shown that the total amount of Lorazepam in Jackson's stomach was 0.046599 mg; about 1/43 of a 2 mg tablet. It was noted that if there was a lot of a certain substance in the blood but not a lot in the urine then it was recently taken, the same can be said for the stomach (if there was a large amount then it was recently ingested).

Fleak was recalled to clarify some issues with photographs and the placement of items in the photographs that she testified to on October 6.

Next called to testify was Detective Scott Smith of the LAPD. With 24 years experience in the LAPD (20 years detective), he was working for the Robbery Homicide division during June 2009. On June 25, 2009 he entered the UCLA emergency room at 4:25 pm and stayed until 7 pm. In that time he did not see Murray, but collected CCTV footage of Murray leaving the ER at 4:38 pm and appearing in the west lobby at 5:02 pm. Before Smith left, he had brief interviews with Mohammed and Alvarez. Smith then went to the Carolwood residence to assist and support the coroner's investigators. It was heard that everyone left the house at 9:30 pm, and Jackson's security was left in charge of the house. On June 26, Smith attended the autopsy, which was deferred pending toxicology and then went back to the house to further investigate because the Jackson family had handed some items to the police (some rotten cannabis in a shaving kit, some lotion, paper, an envelope and other debris). Inside the shaving kit was a bottle of Temazepam prescribed by Murray to Omar Arnold dated September 26, 2008. While at the house, Smith found some empty pill bottles in the master bathroom.

While Smith was on the stand, a two-hour police interview with Murray taken 48 hours after Jackson's death, was played to the court. It was held in the Ritz Carlton hotel, and Orlando Martinez asked the questions; Chernoff was present. It was heard that Murray first met Jackson in 2006, a security guard (a patient's son) asked Murray to meet him, and first treated his children for the flu. Amir (Michael Amir Williams) told Murray that Michael Jackson would like him to be there for the concerts. He understood that he would be an employee of Jackson's but then discovered his salary would be from AEG Live. Murray said Jackson was not a person who ate well, he was probably seeing doctors for things he did not disclose to Murray. It was heard that Murray spent six nights a week at Jackson's house, only having Sundays off, and it was usually just Murray, Jackson, and his kids in the house.

Murray's claims in his taped statement to police:

• Amir phoned to say Jackson was finished rehearsals at 12:10 am and to meet him at the house. Amir got there at 12.:0 am, Jackson arrived between 1:05–1:10 am.
• Jackson showered, Murray put cream on his body because of dermatological issues.
• Murray put an IV saline drip in his leg to treat for dehydration from dancing at rehearsals and gave the sedative Valium (10 mg, 1 tablet, orally taken) to help him sleep. He did not sleep.
• At 2:00 am, Murray gave Jackson 2 mg of Lorazepam diluted in saline and pushed slowly over 2–3 mins into the IV line. He observed Jackson stay wide awake for an hour. Jackson complained he could not sleep.
• At 3:00 am, Murray gave Jackson 2 mg Midazolam. Jackson was still awake. Murray tried to get Jackson to meditate and turned down the lights and music. His eyes closed and he fell asleep between 3:20–3:30 am. 10–12 minutes later he was awake again.
• At 4:30 am, Jackson was still awake and complaining, "need to sleep, must be ready for the concerts, would have to cancel the trip because I cannot function if I don't get sleep". "The medicine doesn't work".
• At 5:00 am, Murray gave Jackson 2 mg Lorazepam. Still awake and complaining about canceling rehearsals, not satisfying fans and there being lots of pressure.
• At 6:00–6:30 am, Jackson was still awake and still talking.
• At 7:30 am, Murray gave Jackson 2 mg Midazolam. It had no effect, and he wondered why Jackson was not responding.
• At 10:00 am, Jackson was still awake. He said he wanted "milk" (Propofol) so he could sleep, saying. "I know it works".
• At 10:40 am, Jackson said "Just make me sleep, no matter what", "can't function without sleep", "have to cancel concerts". Murray said he felt under a lot of pressure, so he switched to Propofol.
• At 10:50 am, Murray gave Jackson 25 mg Propofol diluted with Lidocaine slowly infused over 3–5 minutes. Lidocaine was used because the Propofol could burn the vessels. It had a very quick effect.
• Because of the other drugs in his system, Murray gave 25 mg (the usual dose was 50 mg) before starting the drip to keep him asleep. Murray was asked how often had he gave Jackson the "milk", and he answered "2 months, every day". He was also asked "before you became his doctor did you know he was taking it?" Murray said he was surprised about how much Jackson knew about the drug. He knew it worked, he knew how much to put in, knew how to inject it, he said it was the only thing that worked, the Lidocaine was needed with it to stop it burning (Jackson called it anti-burn, "anti-burn makes it comfortable"). Other doctors allowed Jackson to push it himself, and Murray "wouldn't allow it" because it made him sleep instantly. Murray kept telling Jackson that it was artificial sleep. Murray said that Jackson's veins were coarse, dried up and filled with clots caused by too much IV over time. He could not get an IV in his hands.
• At 11.00 am, Jackson was asleep but not snoring. Usually he would be in a deep sleep and snoring, so Murray thought Jackson would wake up again. Murray watched Jackson. Oxygen saturation was 90, heart rate was 70. Murray felt comfortable, so he got up to go to the bathroom and took some of Jackson's urine with him. Murray said he was gone for two minutes. When Murray returned, Jackson was not breathing and his heart rate was 122. He felt a pulse in Jackson's femoral artery; his body was warm and had not changed color. Murray started CPR and mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Jackson's chest was rising and falling upon ventilation. Murray looked at the telephone then remembered none of them worked. He could not move Jackson off the bed to do CPR, so he placed his left hand under Jackson's body to continue chest compression. Murray said he did not call 911 because he did not know Jackson's zip code. He called Amir to tell security to come up. There was no pulse now, so he lifted his legs to try and get the blood flowing to his heart. He then infused 0.2 mg Flumazonil into the IV to try and counteract the Lorazepam. He went to the landing to meet Alvarez. Alvarez came in, and Murray told him to call 911 and to help move Jackson onto the floor, which he did. Murray was still giving CPR and mouth-to-mouth when the paramedics arrived and intubated him. They saw PEA (pulseless electrical activity, they could see a beat but there was no contraction) and administered Atropine, Epinephrine and sodium bicarbonate. After 20 minutes, the paramedics (while in contact with UCLA) wanted to call time of death. However, Murray got them to transfer care to him. Murray said "I didn't want to give up, I love Michael, he was my friend, I wanted to help, he was a single parent, thinking about the children, thinking about my own children". CPR continued down to the ambulance; once in the trauma bay, medical personnel tried for at least an hour, they "would have given up without me" said Murray. They pronounced him dead, but Murray would not sign the death certificate because he did not know the cause of death.
• Chernoff prompted Murray to tell the police about the last 3 days. Murray said Jackson wanted nightly "milk" and he didn't want to do that because it was not natural sleep and could be a hazard. "I tried to wean him off it with his knowledge to have more natural sleep. I had never seen any study where someone had been addicted to Propofol". Murray gave him lesser amounts (lower doses and lower drip rate) and gave Lorazepam and Midazolam as well. Jackson told Murray he wanted to "go all the way, other doctors would do it". Murray said the Lorazepam and Midazolam were not working. Jackson was suffering from withdrawal, and his mind was forcing him to stay awake. Murray said he "tried all night but nothing would work. Gave him Propofol just so he would get a couple of hours of sleep" "I didn't want to hurt him, he was my friend, didn't want MJ to fail, I cared about his writing and his producing, I tried to wean him off, MJ was a bit restless but it was working".

October 11, 2011: Day 10
The proceedings began with the conclusion of the recording of Murray's interview with the police from 48 hours after Jackson's death. Afterwards, Smith continued his testimony. Smith never mentioned in any notes referencing a Propofol bottle being inside a saline bag during searches of Jackson's home in June 2009. He saw the Propofol bottle beside a cut saline bag after Fleak had removed them from the Costco bag and it was the only saline bag found. Search warrants were executed of Murray's house in Las Vegas, offices in Las Vegas and Houston, his girlfriend's apartment, his warehouse and his car, and no Propofol was found. During brief statements taken from Mohammed and Amir at the hospital on June 25, 2009, neither of them mentioned Murray asking to be brought back to the residence. Alvarez did not mention Propofol in an IV bag or Murray asking him to put things in bags until after the cause of death was released on August 27, 2009.

Dr. Christopher Rogers, Chief of forensic pathology at the coroner's office, testified he had conducted the autopsy of Jackson on June 26, 2009. There was nothing obvious indicating the cause of death, and he was healthier than the average person of his age because there was no Atherosclerosis on the walls of his Coronary arteries. Jackson did not have heart disease, and there were no irregularities in his heart. There was no evidence of natural disease or trauma, his Esophagus was intact with no milky fluid there or in the stomach. The stomach contained no pills or capsules. His mouth, upper airway and trachea were all intact with no foreign material present. Rogers took samples from each organ and sent them to the relevant experts for consults because he was not able to determine the cause of death and wanted a toxicological analysis. Rogers also requested Jackson's medical records from Murray but never received them.

After toxicological analysis, Rogers determined the cause of death to be acute Propofol intoxication with contributing effects from Benzodiazepines exacerbating respiratory and cardiovascular depression. When asked about the manner of death, he testified it was a homicide. Propofol was not necessary, it was outside of a hospital or clinic, and the proper equipment to be used with Propofol was not there. Murray administered too much Propofol. The "circumstances do not support self administration" because Jackson would have had to have woken up, self-administer the drugs, circulate to the brain, and then be found not breathing - all in the space of 2 minutes. Rogers said that was a "less likely scenario". The "more likely scenario" was that "Murray was estimating the doses" to give Jackson and that "Murray accidentally gave too much". There was a cut in the rubber stopper in the Propofol inconsistent with a needle but a medical device called a spike, which is used to get the liquid to flow out, to "set up constant flow" of the drug.

During cross-examination, Rogers testified that the only evidence of Propofol in the medical equipment was in the syringe, in the Y-connector and the tubing thereafter. None was found in the upper tubing or the IV saline bag. Defense council Flanagan asked "Would 25 mg Propofol pushed over 3-5minutes make the patient sleep?, and Rogers said yes. Flanagan: "How long would they sleep for?" Rogers: "Approximately 5 minutes". Flanagan: "So a 25 mg dose of Propofol at 10:50 am would have no effect after 11.05?" Rogers: "Correct". Flanagan: "After this you would assume the patient sleeping was cause by something else and not Propofol wouldn't you?" Rogers: "Yes". The therapeutic range of Propofol required for major surgery was 4 μg/ml, and for lesser operations it was 2 μg/ml. Jackson had 2.6 μg/ml in his femoral blood, which is used for post-mortem examination because as it is not located near any large organs and is less prone to redistribution after death. Rogers stated that a lethal level of Propofol has been documented anywhere between 1 and 17 μg/ml. Jackson's stomach level of Lorazepam was 0.64 μg/ml, and his femoral blood level was 0.169 μg/ml. It was hypothesized that Jackson must have ingested Lorazepam fairly close to the time of death for it not to have been absorbed and distributed yet. Flanagan: "A 2 mg pill of Lorazepam gets you to 0.018 μg/ml blood level?" Rogers: "Yes, in Shafer's literature". Flanagan:"If you pushed (all at once) a dose of Lorazepam to get you to 0.169 μg/ml blood level, it would stop your heart, wouldn't it" Rogers: "Yes".

On redirect, Walgren asked if Jackson had self-administered the Propofol or Lorazepam, it would still be a homicide because of the negligence by Murray, and Rogers said, "Correct". Walgren asked whether the Propofol found was the same as in major surgery" and Rogers said, "Yes". Walgren: "Would 25 mg over 3–5 minutes get you to 2.6 g/ml blood level?" Rogers: "No".

October 12, 2011: Day 11
Dr. Alon Steinberg, a cardiologist for 13 years and board certified in cardiovascular diseases, Cardiac CT and Nuclear Cardiology, testified that he was not an expert in anaesthesia or pharmacology]and that Murray was not board certified in June 2009. Of the three degrees of breaching the standard of care (no deviation, mild deviation, extreme deviation), this case was the first time Steinberg has seen extreme deviations from the standard of care. Steinberg testified that Propofol is only used in cases of needing deep sedation when the patient will go through a significantly painful procedure and there are risks that the patient could stop breathing; that is why it is used with constant monitoring and emergency equipment on hand. He testified that he only uses Propofol with performing Cardioversions and that he is required to have an anaesthetist present. For instances of mild and moderate sedation he would use Benzodiazepines and would never prescribe Propofol for insomnia. He received Murray's case and was asked to review his acts and omissions against the standard of care. The review was based on Murray's own words from his police interview previously heard by the court. His findings: "Six separate and distinct extreme deviations from the standard of care".

1. Propofol is not medically indicated for sleep. "I have never even heard of it being used for insomnia, it is a very powerful surgical sedation agent." There was also no informed consent signed by the patient. Risks, benefits, indications and alternatives should all be explained, understood and agreed before any treatment.
2. Propofol was being administered in the home, no equipment, no medical personnel, no back up and no physical observation by the attending physician. "Each of these individually would be an extreme deviation on their own". Equipment needed for Propofol: alarm on the pulse oximeter, automated blood pressure cuff, EKG to monitor heart rhythm, ambu bag for ventilation assistance, a backboard for chest compressions, a back-up generator in case the power goes out, a way to summon help and a device for keeping the airway open such as an endotracheal tube. Murray had none of this equipment. Personnel required: Intubation specialist to rescue the airway, nurses for the procedures, emergency personnel close by, and an anaesthesiologist. Personnel trained in basic life support and advanced life support should be in attendance to deal with the airway maintenance, IV maintenance and any arrests that may occur. Drugs' required during sedation in the event of an emergency: Flumazonil, Naloxone, Lidocaine, Atropine, Beta blockers, Dopamine, Epinephrine, Methylprednisolone. All of these should be available in a crash cart very close by.
3. Inadequate preparation for emergency situation. Attending physician must have the drugs and personnel prepared.
4. Improper care during arrest. Jackson had a respiratory arrest, and Murray did not follow the protocol for such an event. During respiratory arrest, the patient stops breathing, causing the oxygen levels in the blood to drop lower and lower, which causes the heart rate to increase. Lack of oxygen weakens the heart, and the heart will have electricity present but will not contract (Pulseless electrical activity). Finally, the heart's electricity dies (Asystole). Murray should have tried to arouse Jackson, placed an ambu bag over his mouth, cleared the airway, called 911 and administered Flumazonil. Instead, Murray started chest compressions, which do not help respiratory arrest. "The heart was already working, he didn't need chest compressions". Even then the CPR was poor quality as it should be both hands on a hard surface not one hand on a bed.
5. Failure to summon emergency help. Murray should have called 911 on his cell phone immediately. Instead he waited until 12:21 pm, which was approximately 20 minutes after Jackson stopped breathing. Help was four minutes away. "I would have allowed two minutes to check the situation before calling 911. He had a cell phone."
6. Failure to maintain proper medical records. No informed consent. No records of Jackson's vital signs, doses given, responses to the medication. Murray was confused or dishonest about the records when they got to the emergency room.

Question: "Dr. Murray's deviations in the standard of care contributed to Jackson's untimely death?" Steinberg: "Yes". Question: "If Jackson administered the drugs to himself was it still gross negligence?" Steinberg: "Yes". All medicines are kept in locked and passworded cabinets. There would have been no opportunity for self-administration in a proper setting.

During cross-examination, Steinberg testified that if the patient had a blood pressure (caused by there being a pulse) and a pulse of 122, he was savable. If a patient is not breathing but has a pulse, the course of action is to clear the airways and give breaths.

Next to the stand was Dr. Nader Kamanger, Board certified in internal medicine, pulmonary medicine, critical care and sleep medicine. He uses Propofol daily for sedation when placing an endotracheal tube. It is the classic induction agent for deep sedation during painful procedures. It is the most common drug for maintaining sedation on patients on mechanical breathing apparatus. Doctors have to call an anaesthesiologist to administer it, someone who can maintain the airway, and someone who can reverse the effects of the drugs. Kamanger also pointed out extreme deviation of the standard of care, consistent with Steinberg's testimony.

October 13, 2011: Day 12
Next to the stand was Dr. Steven Shafer, a professor of anesthesiology at Columbia University since 2007 and adjunct professor of anesthesiology at Stanford University since 2000. He is an expert on Pharmacokinetics (drugs in motion) and Pharmacometrics with 20 years of experience working with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). His field of interest involves mathematically modeling and how a dose of drug translates to concentrations in the body and its effects on a patient. He has published 19 papers about the pharmacokinetics of Propofol. Pharmacokinetics involves the study of the dilution of drug in a patient's blood stream. Shafer is the current editor in chief for the Journal of Anesthesia and Analgesia and on the editing board of many other journals.

He testified about the history of the dosing guidelines of Propofol.

October 19–20, 2011: Days 13 and 14
Shafer showed a video of the use of Propofol during a procedure. He testified about his review of the Murray case. He found seventeen "separate and distinct egregious violations" of the standard of care, of which four were unconscionable, based on Murray's police interview:

1. The lack of the basic emergency airway equipment.
2. The lack of the advanced emergency airway equipment.
3. The lack of suction apparatus.
4. The lack of an IV infusion pump.
5. The lack of alarmed pulse oximetry.
6. The failure to use a blood pressure cuff.
7. The lack of an electrocardiogram.
8. The lack of capnography.
9. The failure to maintain a doctor-patient relationship.
10. The failure to continuously monitor the mental status of the patient.
11. The failure to continuously monitor the breathing of the patient.
12. The failure to continuously monitor blood pressure and pulse oximetry, and to have heart monitors.
13. The failure to call 911 immediately.
14. The failure to chart at the outset of the procedure (egregious and unconscionable).
15. The failure to maintain written informed consent (egregious and unconscionable).
16. The failure to document throughout the course of sedation (egregious and unconscionable).
17. The failure to disclose to both the paramedics and UCLA the use of Propofol and What Murray witnessed at the arrest.

Question: "Each one of these seventeen egregious violations is individually likely or expected to result in injury or death to Michael Jackson?" Response: "Yes"

Shafer showed simulations of Propofol and Lorazepam on his computer models. (i) If the drugs were bolus pushed: He stated that the drugs administered (as described in Murray's interview statement) could not have produced the femoral blood levels at autopsy. He also testified that Jackson repeatedly self-administrating the drugs would not have caused the femoral blood levels found at autopsy. (ii) If the drugs were IV administered: Administration by continued IV infusion would cause the femoral blood levels found at autopsy very quickly after the drip was started. After the patient stops breathing, the heart would still be beating so the IV would continue. This scenario would result in the blood levels at autopsy. According to Shafer: "That's what I think happened. Based on all the evidence."

Shafer demonstrated the set-up of an IV infusion of Propofol. The IV line for Propofol would need an air vent to allow air into the bottle and an infusion pump to control the dose. Without a pump, it is very hard to control the dose. He testified that he had never seen anything like the cut bag set-up and had never seen anyone do it.

Walgren asked Shafer a number of question regarding his testimony over the last few days:

• "You have noted seventeen egregious violation from the standard of care, four of which you found were unconscionable?" "Yes"
• "Showed us the video in which you demonstrated the safe and proper mean to administer sedation" "Yes". "And it is your opinion that those safe guards and that equipment is necessary even if the physician intents on administering just 25 mg of Propofol?" "Yes".
• "You have explained to us why it is impossible that Michael Jackson died as a result of orally swallowing Propofol?" "Yes".
• "You discussed Lorazepam and you concluded that Michael Jackson received more than the 4 mg of Lorazepam that Dr. Murray claimed to have given Michael Jackson?" "Yes".
• "You also rejected the notion that certainly at ten o' clock am that Michael Jackson swallowed eight 2 mg tablets of Lorazepam?" "Yes". "And you would broaden that window to four hours meaning between eight and noon based on what was found in the stomach was impossible that Michael Jackson swallowed that amount of Lorazepam?" "Correct".
• "You demonstrated here the simulation of how one would infuse Propofol with this type of set up and with some of the evidence recovered in this case?" "Yes". "And that the infusion line with the Propofol in it could be compacted into the fist of my hand?" "Yes".
• "Taking all the evidence that you've reviewed and all the deviations from the standard of care, you've concluded that Conrad Murray was not only a substantial factor but a direct cause of Michael Jackson's death?" "Yes".
• "Had all this transpired as relayed by Dr. Murray and subsequent to that Michael Jackson had either injected Propofol and/or swallowed Lorazepam tablets is it still your opinion that Conrad Murray was a direct cause, not just a substantial factor, of Michael Jackson's death?" "Absolutely". "And why is that?" "That's because he is a physician who has brought Propofol into the room, started an intravenous and provided access to Propofol to a patient who may in fact be developing a dependency on sedatives and he has been entrusted by Michael Jackson to look after his safety every night and he has failed that responsibility by enabling the administration of intravenous Propofol. He is responsible for every drop of Propofol in that room." "And Lorazepam?" "Every drop of Lorazepam in that room."
• "And that's because Conrad Murray set up the situation when he abandoned the patient in the room?" "Yes".

October 21, 2011: Day 15
Chernoff cross-examined Shafer on his CV and about his relationship with the defense's expert Dr. Paul White.

October 24, 2011: Day 16
The cross-examination of Shafer concluded, and the prosecution rested.

Timeline of defense case

October 24, 2011: Day 16 The first witness called was Donna Norris from the Beverly Hills Police Department (BHPD). She is the manager of the 911 system of the BHPD. It was heard that the 911 call on June 25 at 12:20:18 lasted 46 seconds and was made from a cell phone.

The next witness called was Alexander Supall, a police surveillance specialist working for LAPD. He has been in this role for eleven years. It was heard that Mr Supall went to the Jackson residence on the day to check the surveillance tapes. He said he didn't locate where the cameras were or how many of them there were. The defense then played two surveillance videos involving Jackson and Murray's arrivals at the residence.

The next witness to testify was LAPD Detective Dan Myres. He works in the robbery homicide division and has been with the LAPD since March 1994. He joined the investigation of the Jackson death on the Monday after June 25 2009. It was heard that Myres interviewed Alberto Alvarez in June 25 and August 31. In his initial statement he didn't mention putting away vials or a vial or bottle in an IV bag.

The next witness to the stand was LAPD Detective Orlando Martinez. Also in the robbery homicide division, has been with the LAPD for ten years. On hearing of Jackson's death he went to UCLA and was present for half of Alvarez's interview. He stated that Alvarez didn't mention putting away vials for Dr. Murray or seeing a vial or bottle inside an IV bag. It was heard that Mr. Walgren had a meeting with Alvarez and Myres in his office in April 2011. Martinez brought (from the case's evidence) a saline bag, a Propofol bottle and a pulse oximeter to the meeting. Alvarez didn't recognize the Propofol bottle shown to him. Alvarez was asked to draw the saline bag he saw after he described something at the bottom of the bag, it looked to be a port or some kind of apparatus.

The next witness was Dr. Allan Metzger. A physician, general internalist and rheumatologist since 1974, based in Los Angeles since 1981. First met Jackson 15-20 years ago. He began treating Michael Jackson in the 90s for various things. He became close to Jackson through the birth of his children and became a friend. He was Jackson's primary physician in Los Angeles. He received call from Jackson on June 12, 2008, the conversation was about sleep issues, skin issues and nutrition. Hadn't spoken to Jackson for five years previously. It was heard that Dr. Metzger was in touch infrequently with the children's nanny over 2008-2009 keeping tabs on the children. Jackson called for Dr. Metzger to come over in April 2009 to review his health issues. It was infrequent, not unusual to visit house. Three children, Jackson and some security guards were present on visit. The conversation was about medical issues and rehearsal schedule. Jackson wanted to do 50 shows but was worried about nutrition. Also talked about hydration before and after performing. It was heard Jackson has had sleep issues for 15-20 years, particularly after performing, he had a problem coming down. Dr. Metzger had infrequently treated him for this over the years on tours. In April 2009 he asked Dr. Metzger about IV sleep medication he mentioned 'juice' but he wasn't sure what he was asking for. Jackson did not believe any oral medicine would be helpful; they did not work. He had tried Tylenol PM, Xanax, Clonapam, Trazadone, etc. None worked. It was heard Dr. Metzger told Jackson that IV sleep medication was dangerous and should not be done outside of a hospital. It was heard that Jackson saw other doctors: Dr. Rosen for pain management and Dr. Klein for his Vitiligo. Dr. Metzger stated he never provided any intravenous medicine to Jackson. It was heard Metzger did not speak to Jackson between the April 2009 meeting and his death. The prosecution asked Metzger "Would any amount of money persuade you to give Propofol?" "No" and "Did you ever give Jackson Propofol?" "No".

Next to the stand was Nurse Practitioner Cherilyn Lee. Lee helps entertainers and athletes with nutritional issues. Lee is a board certified nurse practitioner and legally allowed to prescribe meds, but chooses not to. Faheem Muhammad called Lee to treat Jackson's children who had a cold. She told him she wasnt a pediatrician but was invited anyway. Lee went to house in Jan 2009 after making appointment. Jackson asked what she did and mentioned he was tired and he wanted nutrition therapy. Lee asked Jackson to fast that night & went back next day to do assessment: physical, blood drawn for testing. Lee wanted to determine cause of Jackson's tiredness. She noticed he drank Red Bull a lot, which can cause fatigue. He said he would sweat a lot during rehearsal, he could lose 5-7 pounds. Lee said Jackson's vital signs were normal and provided him with high-concentrated smoothies & low dose nutritional IV. Lee stated that after the first IV (amino acid) in early Feb, he felt a lot better and more energized. In March 2009, Jackson said he couldn't sleep and Lee recommended natural sleep products. He said they don't work for him. Jackson said when I need sleep I need it right away when they met Easter Sunday. Jackson wanted her to see that he doesn't sleep well. Jackson also wanted to show her that natural supplements are not working. It was heard that Lee wanted to do sleep studies, but Jackson said he did not have time for that. Jackson invited her to stay and watch that he didn't sleep. Lee gave him the energy IV and 'sleepy tea' however she observed that he woke up at 3am. He could only sleep for about 5 hours and repeated to her that he cannot sleep the whole night. Lee stated that Jackson's veins were very small. Jackson started to talk about getting medication for sleep around Easter.

October 25, 2011: Day 17 Judge has ruled that Jacksons's contract with AEG Live for the 02 gigs will NOT be admitted as evidence.

Nurse Practitioner Cherilyn Lee still on the stand. It was heard that Lee is a believer of Holistic Health and has a PhD in it. Chernoff began by clearing up some of the dates in her records:

• April 12, Easter Sunday, went to Jackson's house, he said he needed products for sleep.
• April 19, went out to Jackson's house, Sunday morning, Jackson told Lee he "just can't sleep", he was having a lot of difficulty. Jackson expressed his desire for Diprivan; "it was the only medication that makes him fall asleep straight away". Lee was concerned, he seemed to have a familiarity with it. Jackson told Lee he had been administered Diprivan before but only for surgery, not for anything else. Lee says she didn't know what Diprivan was, so she called a doctor friend of hers who said it was an anesthetic used for surgery in hospital. Jackson told her other doctors had said Diprivan was safe to use, that all he needed was to be monitored. Jackson asked her to stay that night because he wanted to show Lee he was unable to sleep, he slept for 5 hours, woke up and was upset that he didn't sleep longer and that the nutritional medicine wasn't working. He then said "the only thing that helps is Diprivan, can you find someone to help me sleep?" "as soon as Diprivan gets in my veins it knocks me out and I go to sleep right away". Lee said "I know you want to be knocked out but what if you don't wake up?" "I just need to be monitored". She told Jackson that no one who cared or had his best interests at heart would give him Propofol. Jackson complained to Lee that not sleeping would "mess up my performance". Lee testified that one of the symptoms was memory loss and she asked Jackson "What if you forget your lines?" He said he never would. He hugged her and she never saw him again.
• June 21, 2009, Jackson's bodyguard called Lee and said Jackson wanted to see her. Lee says she could hear Jackson in background, saying 'tell her what is wrong, one half of body hot, one half is cold'. She said that she was too far away to exam him (Florida) and that he should go to the hospital. Lee recognized the symptoms and thought he was on Propofol.

Next to the stand was Amir Dan Rubin, a hospital executive in Stanford, California. Chief Operating Officer for UCLA Medical Center in June 2009. Responsible for operation systems. He explained the layout of UCLA Medical Center, he worked in the administration area. Rubin was paged when "a patient of interest" was brought to the emergency room. He proceeded to secure the area for privacy and security purposes. He was present at the hospital for a discussion about releasing a press release with CEO of AEG Live (Randy Phillips) and Jermaine Jackson. The statement was released by Jermaine Jackson in the basement of the hospital, it was stated that Michael Jackson had died. Rubin said that Murray suggested that the reason for death "unknown" should be in the press release.

Next to the stand was Brandon Keith Phillips, President and CEO of AEG Live, division of AEG, for nine and a half years. Has worked in the entertainment industry for thirty years. AEG are the owners and operators of the Staples Center in Los Angeles and the O2 arena in London. Phillips is responsible for profit and loss, booking talent for tours, making sure regional offices function properly as well as festival division. Phillips represented Jackson as an agent/consultant as early as 1993. Saw Jackson next in a meeting in 2007.

It was heard that Phillips met Jackson in September 2008 with Jackson's manager (Dr. Tomei) at the Bel-Air hotel about concerts. Phillips laid out plans for a new tour; a residency show at the O2 arena in London, move the "mountain to Mohammed"; this can only happen with such a big star. This was the first phase of a "multi-year" tour. It was apparent that Jackson was motivated, energized and receptive to the idea. They had numerous meetings afterwards. One reason Jackson wanted to do the concerts was to settle down and make a good home for the children and not live like "vagabonds". Contract was drawn up and signed (in mid-Jan 2009) for thirty one shows; Jackson wanted to do ten more than Prince (artist) did. Chernoff asked questions about the finances of the contract. All questions were objected to and the judge sustained them. It was heard that ten shows went on sale first and the demand was "over the top". "We had never seen that kinds of demand for tickets, it was obviously we would have blown through thirty one shows in the pre-sale and not had any for general sales". Within twenty minutes Jackson agreed to more shows. Jackson said he wanted to do maximum fifty shows because he didn't want a passport, didn't want to live in London. He asked for a country house estate (16+ acres with running streams) so he and the kids wouldn't be stuck in a hotel in London. He also wanted the Guinness World Records to be there at the fiftieth show. It was heard that Jackson was very firm about having his own (24/7) physician (Murray). It was heard that Phillips met with Murray and Jackson in early June 2009 to discuss Jackson's health. Murray assured Phillips he was in great health and that Murray would look after Jackson's diet. It was heard that Kenny [Ortega] told Phillips that he was concerned about Jackson's focus in performances in a production of this magnitude. Phillips started seeing stress and pressure in Ortega towards the middle of June because of this. There was an issue of Jackson showing up for performances. Ortega said he needed to be there because he was the fulcrum, everything surrounded him in the production. Ortega scheduled a meeting for on June 20 would be about Michael Jackson's tardiness/focus at rehearsals. It was heard that based on Kenny Ortega's email, it was clear he felt this was an emergency meeting (over Michael Jackson's 'focus'). The meeting was with Murray, Jackson, Ortega and Phillips at Carolwood house. Ortega didn't understand why Jackson wasn't engaged like he thought he'd be, maybe there were health concerns. "Michael didn't respond immediately. Murray spoke for Michael on the situation, guaranteed us that Michael would get into it". Phillips attended rehearsal on June 23-24 to make sure everything was back on track. On June 25, Phillips went to hospital and stayed there the entire time Jackson was there. "I was there all day into the evening". Murray was in "severe distress".

The next defense witness is toxicologist Michael Henson, a tech operations officer at Pacific Toxicology. Defense attorney Michael Flanagan doing direct examination. Henson has known Flanagan since 2009, his company has worked with Flanagan for quite some time. Henson examined urine samples handed over from LA County Coroners Office he also provided defense testing for stomach content of Lorazepam. It was heard that Dr. Shafer emailed Henson about what his standard operating procedure (SOP) was for Lorazepam results but he did not email Shafer back and contacted Flanagan instead. During cross-examination, Walgren asked Henson why the People and the Defence have 2 different copies of lorazepam results. Henson said he did not know.

October 26, 2011: Day 18 First witness of the day was Gerry Causey, who lives in Cedar City, Utah. Causey has known Murray for 11 years, they met when he lived in Las Vegas, when Causey had a heart attack. "Murray made me sign some paperwork, some kind of release, then they took me to the operating room for an Angiogram". "During my procedure I didn't want to be sedated. I saw everything on the screen. He always explained me everything he was doing". He has been in constant contact with Murray ever since he was in hospital. They have remained friends. It was heard that they have remained friends because of the love Dr. Murray has for his patients. Causey has stated Murray is his "best friend". Causey said that Murray was not greedy, he has never been, he would treat you regardless whether you had insurance or not. Murray broke down in tears when Causey said Murray would spend all time necessary with him, he would call his wife to explain problems. It was heard that Causey has given two TV interviews regarding Murray. He gave them free of charge "to help my friend". During cross-examination Causey said that Dr. Murray is known for "his compassion, his feelings, you can ask any of his patients, he's the best doctor in the world". "I don't think he did what he's accused of. From what I know, what I feel right now he didn't do it". Walgren asked Causey even if he knew Murray was grossly negligent if he would come and testify on the doc's behalf - he said yes. Causey was excused and as he walked out he kissed Dr. Murray on the forehead and shook his hand.

Next to the stand was Andrew Guest, also a previous patient of Murray's from Las Vegas. Guest described how he first met Murray and the procedures he went through for his heart. Guest said "that man sitting there is the best doctor I have ever seen" "I'm alive today because of that man". It was heard that Guest did an interview, free of charge, with CNN because he believed Murray needed support and wasn't getting a "fair shake". Walgren asked "Nothing would change your opinion of that man would it" "Correct".

Next to the stand was Lunette Sampson. Another patient of Murray's. She now lives in San Diego, but lived in Las Vegas for long time. Sampson had 2 heart attacks while in Las Vegas, Dr. Murray treated her. "I have never had a doctor that was more caring and thorough". When asked if she thought Murray was greedy or was motivated by money she said: "I know Dr. Murray is not greedy or money-hungry. He is taking care of people pro-Bono, people without money". Sampson said Murray never once mentioned he was going to work with Jackson. "He told me he was going to take sabbatical for a year".

Next called was Dennis Hix. He had heart problems and got stents (Coronary stent), the last one around 2004-2005. Murray's children's were his neighbors. It was heard that Hix is a 66 and has gone to a lot of doctors and never had one who gave me the care he did. "I had insurance that 'didn't hardly pay for nothing', he said he would help". "When my brother saw I got the stents, my brother said he wanted some too. He had heart issues but didn't have money for the procedure" "Dr. Murray told my brother not to worry about the payment that he would treat him for free. And he did." Walgren asked Hix "When did you learn Dr. Murray was going on tour with Jackson? I didn't even know it until I saw it on TV."

Next to the stand was Ruby Mosley. She lives in Houston. She's the secretary of Acres Home Citizen's Council, a low income seniors community. Dr. Murray's father was a doctor in the Acres Home district. Dr. Murray opened clinic in his father's memory. "He made a commitment to community to open a clinic in memory of his dad" (Dr. M Snr was there from 1968 until 2003). Upon Chernoff asking if Murray was greedy, Mosley replied "if this man was greedy he would've not come to work at Acres Home, where 75% of people are poor, he was making less than in Las Vegas". Murray treated Mosley for heart problems.

October 27, 2011: Day 19 First to take the stand was Dr. Robert Waldman, a physician specializing in Internal medicine, Nephrology and Addiction medicine, has been involved in addiction medicine and treating patients who have addiction diseases for 23 years but is not board certified in it. He described to the court what happens to a patient during addiction and withdrawal, including the tell-tale signs, the symptoms and the drugs that can be involved. Dr. Waldman stated that the side effects of withdrawal of drugs are sweating, increase heart rate, nausea, cramp, insomnia, temperature deregulation and tremendous anxiety. It was heard that the addict's biggest fear is that you're not going to respect the amount of discomfort they'll go through during treatment and detoxing process. It was also heard that rapid detox is not a treatment. It uses high levels of sedation intravenously and it is a process that uses general anesthesia to help tolerate the discomfort. It was heard that Dr. Waldman's opinion is that there is evidence to suggest Jackson was dependent (not addicted) on Demerol (Pethidine) due to the frequent high doses he received in May 2009 indicated by Dr. Klein's medical records of Omar Arnold (an alias of Jackson's). It was heard that Dr. Klein's medical records indicate that in April 2009 Jackson received 775 mg of Demerol for Botox and Restylane procedures. During 3 days in beginning of May 2009, Jackson received another 900 mg of Demerol for Botox and Restylane procedures. Dr. Waldman said being injected during 6 days with very high doses of Demerol would create opioid dependency in anyone of us.

Next to the stand was Dr. Paul White, with an interest in intravenous anesthesia, he started working with propofol in 1983, FDA approved it for general anesthesia in 1989. He has published 435 papers on PubMed. He has written about fifteen books, two are major textbooks. He has written five books on propofol, wrote twenty one chapters on propofol in various textbooks. After initial study showed propofol allowed patients to wake up sooner, went back to company and asked to do follow-up study. Dr. White said "Some people call me the father of Monitored Anesthetic Care (MAC) (Anesthesia awareness) sedation". "In January of this year, Mr. Flanagan contacted me and mentioned the name Conrad Murray. I wasn't sure if I wanted to get involved in a high-profile trial involving death of a celebrity. I was perplexed how experts determined that Murray was infusing propofol. It was not obvious to me." Dr. White met the Shafers in 1981, shortly after arrival at Stanford. They approached him about doing research. It was heard that Dr. White performed a study with animals, found that propofol directly into stomach has no clinical effect. Regarding the paper Dr. Shafer testified about a sleep study in China, Dr. White said "My take on the paper was different than Dr. Shafer's. The study showed that propofol was safe and effective for normalizing disturbed sleep but it's certainly not a definitive study."

October 28, 2011: Day 20 White was back on the stand being examined by J.Michael Flanagan. It was heard that based on the diagram showing what Dr. Murray told the police he gave to Jackson on the night in question it would not have presented any danger at all. White said that "the dose of Propofol we are talking here is 25 mg. This is a dose that produces little anxiety, little sleepiness". It was heard that anesthesiologists are obviously trained in sedation. For non-anesthesiologists most hospitals require certification to use sedation. White was then given a certificate to read. It was Murray's certification from Sunrise Medical Hospital approving him to administer moderate sedation. It qualifies the doctor to administer drugs to achieve moderate sedation but he must monitor patients carefully. The certification also says doctor approved to rescue patients from deep sedation, manage compromised airway; provide adequate ventilation. Flanagan and White went through simulations that Shafer put together with variables of amount of drugs and time administered. It was heard that the fact that there is some free lorazepam in stomach, shows Jackson took lorazepam orally at some point before his death. Flanagan went going through different scenarios with Dr. White that could have caused Jackson's death. Dr. White then demonstrated how to mix Propofol and Lidocaine inside a syringe and administered it through a saline drip and Y tube. White injected 5 mg of Propofol/saline mix into a cup to show that Propofol doesn't go up the IV line and Propofol sticks to the plastic tubing. He said that this is certainly a very safe way to inject Propofol, and it was only 25 mg. "my demonstration was probably close to what happened at the scene. You'd need a mechanism to drip the drug & hold this heavy bottle". Flanagan asked if he could envision anyone using a slit IV bag to hang the Propofol bottle when there's handle on the bottle? "No". White added "why would anyone go through the hassle of cutting a saline bag to put bottle inside when bottle has handle". Flanagan then asked how you would mix Propofol solution with saline to make it 1-1 mg/ml? "You pull tab off the bottle, spike top, then inject all the bottle of Propofol into the saline bag, shaking the bag to make it 1-1 μg/ml".

It was heard that Propofol is extensively metabolized, but some is eliminated in the urine in unchanged form. Autopsy level determined extremely small level. There was half of liter of urine in Jackson's bladder at time of autopsy. It contained very little amount of unchanged Propofol. White commented "I cannot understand a 3 hour infusion theory where there were evidence of infusion set up and elimination of drug in urine". Flanagan then asked "do you think it was self injection of Propofol nearly 11:30a/12p did it?" "In my opinion yes". Flanagan then asked "Shafer said his scenario reconciled with all facts in this case. Does it reconcile with Dr. Murray's statement?" "No". "Does Dr. Shafer's theory reconcile with physical evidence at the scene or urine concentration?". "No". Dr. White said "my theory reconciles with the evidence found at the scene and urine concentration at autopsy".

October 31, 2011: Day 21 It was heard from White that administering Propofol without careful bedside monitoring could be dangerous. "Do you agree there were instances where Dr. Murray deviated from standard of care on June 25, 2009?" "Yes". Walgren asked "have you ever administered Propofol in someone's bedroom?" "No". "Have you heard anyone else doing it?" "No". Dr. White agrees Dr. Murray deviated from the 'standard of care' of Jackson but doesn't know to what degree. "Do you disagree with Dr. Shafer's opinion that failure to keep medical records 'egregious & unconscionable' deviation?" White doesn't know what the words egregious and unconsionable mean in this case. "Would you administer Propofol to a patient without proper airway-opening equipment?" "I would certainly have means for ventilation, means of ventilation could be an ambu bag and a mask, not necessarily other respiratory equipment". It was heard that Dr. White has received $11000 so far for his testimony in this case. He usually charges $3500 per day and any expenses such as airfares. He doesn't think the defense have this much so will not bill them that much. Dr. Safer testified for many days, and performed numerous simulations for both the prosecution and defense for free. "Was Dr. Murray offered money to provide Jackson's Propofol?" "It is my understanding that Dr. Murray was offered money to be Jackson's personal doctor". Walgren then asked "If you injected 25 mg Propofol, is it ok to walk out of the room?" "25 mg only lasts 15-30 minutes, after that I see no problem in leaving the patient's bedside". "If the patient liked to 'push' Propofol themselves, would you walk out of room?" "No". Upon being asked about Murray's actions after he found Jackson, Dr. White said "I would have done things differently. I would have called for help, called 911 and initiated CPR". When being asked about Murray's delay to call 911 he stated "I would have called 911 earlier but do not believe it would have made any difference in this case". "3-5 minutes after finding him I would call 911". It was heard that "forgetting to mention Propofol was a detail overlooked, could also be a lie?" "Yes". After Dr. White mentioned he believed that Jackson had his own stash of Propofol, Walgren asked the judge to admonish witness to respond the question only. Judge asked jurors to leave the courtroom. Walgren asked "Do you reject that Jackson drank Propofol and that caused his death?" "Yes. I speculated that oral administration may have played a role. I don't reject completely the self administration theory. The evidence suggests that Jackson did not drink Propofol". Flanagan asked Dr. White "If patient died on noon, would it matter if help came 5 minutes later?" "Unlikely". He added "Propofol does not have a reversal treatment, only treatment for propofol overdose is time".

During his testimony, Dr. White was fined $1000 for contempt of court for disobeying an order by the judge.

After court adjourned the judge told attorneys he will give them one day off so they can prepare for closing arguments. If done by Tuesday, Wednesday could be dark. The judge said he's prepared to give a full day off, which takes us to Thursday for jury instructions. He says he'll not deferred that. The judge asked Murray if he's going to testify. He said "I need more time to talk to my lawyers. I have not made my final decision". Judge Pastor told Dr. Murray he will have until tomorrow morning to decide. Murray said: "it will all depend on how the case progresses". After defense concludes with Dr. White, they plan on calling Dr. Ornellas, the one who put together the models Dr. White spoke about. After Dr. Ornellas, defense is prepared to rest their case. Walgren said he will call Dr. Shafer, briefly, as rebuttal witness. Judge then said he expects all the evidence in the case to be concluded tomorrow. Trial is set to resume at 9:30 am with end of re-direct of Dr. White.

November 1, 2011: Day 22 The re direct examination of Dr. White continues with Mr. Flanagan asking the questions about various models that Dr. White had commissioned for the defence. They talked about the level of Lorazepam in Jackson's body in the models created by Dr. Shafer and Dr. White's expert. It was heard that there are many possibilities as to how the blood and urine levels got to where they were at autopsy. The models present a few different ideas and scenarios. "We can make models and adjust the time/dose to achieve the concentration of Lorazepam found in femoral blood at time of autopsy". There are great differences between different patients so the models are subject to huge population variability. Flanagan to Dr. White: "we don't know how many Lorazepam pills Jackson took, do we?" "No one can be sure." Dr. White said that if Dr. Shafer's scenario of a three hour infusion does not hold up because the urine levels of Propofol at autopsy are too low. Dr.White said that standards of care are the ideals, standards of practice are different in different situations. Some office procedures, i.e. different than hospitals, you might find different conditions and standards or practice if it is not possible to have the highest standard of care. Dr. White stated that 25 mg over 3-5 minute of Propofol would only produce light sleepiness, possibly no sleep at all.

Murray decided not to take the stand in his defense. The defense have no more witnesses and rest their case.

Prosecution recalls Dr. Steven Shafer. It was heard that there is no suggestion Jackson died at any specific time, only he died with high level of infusion of Propofol. It was heard that the Propofol elimination in the urine is 0.004+-0.002% of the total dose given. The excreted unchanged Propofol found in the urine at autopsy was 82.5 μg. This indicates that more that 2,000 mg Propofol was administered to Jackson. This rules out the hypothesis by Dr. White and indicates more Propofol than Dr. Shafer's models. Dr. Shafer said that if there were such a thing as bedroom-based anesthesia, the standard guidelines would be a minimum, you would require much more precautions.

November 3, 2011: Day 23 The jury heard instructions from the judge, both prosecution and defense closing arguments and final post trial instructions from the judge.

Verdict

November 7, 2011: Day 24

Murray was found guilty of involuntary manslaughter. Pastor set sentencing for November 29, 2011, and ordered Murray taken into custody without bail.^[28][29]

See also

	Michael Jackson portal
	Law portal

• Death of Michael Jackson

References

1. ^ Medina, Jennifer. "Doctor Found Guilty in Michael Jackson's Death". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/08/us/doctor-found-guilty-in-michael-jacksons-death.html?_r=1&hp. Retrieved November 7, 2011. 
2. ^ "David Walgren – Deputy District Attorney". http://www.myfoxla.com/dpp/jackson_dr_trial/whos_who/david-walgren-v2. Retrieved October 6, 2011. 
3. ^ "lorazepam, Ativan". http://www.medicinenet.com/lorazepam/article.htm. Retrieved October 6, 2011. 
4. ^ "propofol". http://www.drugs.com/propofol.html. Retrieved October 6, 2011. 
5. ^ "Michael Jackson Trial: Meet the Witnesses, Attorneys, and Jury". International Business Times. October 2, 2011. http://uk.ibtimes.com/articles/223314/20111002/micheal-jackson-trial-day-one-conrad-murray-kenny-ortega.htm. 
6. ^ "Jury Selection Begins in Conrad Murray Trial". myfoxla.com. September 8, 2011. http://www.myfoxla.com/dpp/news/local/jury-selection-to-begin-in-conrad-murray-trial-20110908. 
7. ^ "Attorneys Screen Jurors for Bias in Conrad Murray Trial". KTLA. September 21, 2011. http://www.fox2now.com/entertainment/ktla-michael-jackson-doctor-conrad-murray-trial,0,2869092.story. Retrieved September 22, 2011. 
8. ^ "Conrad Murray on Trial for Involuntary Manslaughter of Michael Jackson: Latest". The Daily Telegraph. September 28, 2011. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/michael-jackson/8791778/Conrad-Murray-on-trial-for-involuntary-manslaughter-of-Michael-Jackson-latest.html. Retrieved September 28, 2011. 
9. ^ "Conrad Murray Guilty over Death of Michael Jackson: Live". The Daily Telegraph. 8 November 2011. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/michael-jackson/8791778/Conrad-Murray-trial-for-Michael-Jackson-death-live.html. Retrieved November 7, 2011. 
10. ^ "Doctor Found Guilty in Michael Jackson's Death". The New York Times. November 8, 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/08/us/doctor-found-guilty-in-michael-jacksons-death.html. Retrieved November 7, 2011. 
11. ^ "Conrad Murray Guilty in Michael Jackson's Death". USA Today. November 7, 2011. http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/story/2011-11-04/michael-jackson-doctor-trial-verdict/51113244/1. Retrieved November 7, 2011. 
12. ^ "Conrad Murray Trial Hears Michael Jackson Tape". RTÉ News. http://www.rte.ie/news/2011/0927/jacksonm.html. Retrieved September 29, 2011. 
13. ^ "Michael Jackson Dead at 50 after Cardiac Arrest". CNN. http://articles.cnn.com/2009-06-25/entertainment/michael.jackson_1_marlon-jackson-entertainer-michael-jackson-jermaine-jackson?_s=PM:SHOWBIZ. Retrieved October 3, 2011. 
14. ^ "Flumazenil Injection". http://www.drugs.com/pro/flumazenil-injection.html. Retrieved October 6, 2011. 
15. ^ "Nicole Alvarez Conrad Murray's Ex Stripper Girlfriend". Zimbio. http://www.zimbio.com/Nicole+Alvarez/articles/K0cm5JTmBTB/Nicole+Alvarez+Conrad+Murray+Ex+Stripper+Girlfriend. Retrieved October 5, 2011. 
16. ^ "Benoquin Official FDA information". Drugs.com. http://www.drugs.com/pro/benoquin.html. Retrieved October 5, 2011. 
17. ^ "http://www.drugs.com/mtm/benoquin.html". http://www.drugs.com/mtm/benoquin.html. Retrieved October 6, 2011. 
18. ^ "Vitiligo". http://www.medicinenet.com/vitiligo/article.htm. Retrieved October 6, 2011. 
19. ^ "Pharmacist Testifies about Conrad Murray's Drug Orders". http://www.myfoxla.com/dpp/jackson_dr_trial/case_file/pharmacist-testifies-conrad-murray-drug-orders-propofol-20111004. Retrieved October 6, 2011. 
20. ^ "Pharmacist Testifies about Conrad Murray's Drug Orders". myfoxla.com. http://www.myfoxla.com/dpp/jackson_dr_trial/case_file/pharmacist-testifies-conrad-murray-drug-orders-propofol-20111004. Retrieved October 5, 2011. 
21. ^ "Murray Trial Moves Into "CSI" Phase". http://www.myfoxla.com/dpp/jackson_dr_trial/case_file/murray-trial-moving-into-csi-phase-20111005. Retrieved October 6, 2011. 
22. ^ "Computer Forensic Expert Testifies in Murray Trial". http://www.myfoxla.com/dpp/jackson_dr_trial/case_file/computer-forensic-expert-testifies-in-murray-trial-20111005. Retrieved October 6, 2011. 
23. ^ "Court Hears Dramatic Tape Of Slurring Jackson". Sky News. http://news.sky.com/home/world-news/article/16083375. Retrieved October 6, 2011. 
24. ^ "Coroner's Investigator to Continue Testimony". http://www.myfoxla.com/dpp/jackson_dr_trial/case_file/coroners-investigator-to-continue-testimony-20111006. Retrieved October 6, 2011. 
25. ^ "lidocaine-injection (local), Xylocaine". http://www.medicinenet.com/lidocaine-injection_local/article.htm. Retrieved October 6, 2011. 
26. ^ "midazolam-injection, Versed". http://www.medicinenet.com/midazolam-injection/article.htm. Retrieved October 6, 2011. 
27. ^ "Court Hears Of Jackson Investigator Mistakes". Sky News. http://news.sky.com/home/world-news/article/16084403. Retrieved October 7, 2011. 
28. ^ "Dr. Conrad Murray Found Guilty of Involuntary Manslaughter of Michael Jackson". Fox News. November 7, 2011. http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2011/11/07/dr-conrad-murray-found-guilty-manslaughter-michael-jackson/. Retrieved November 7, 2011. 
29. ^ "Verdict video"". CNN. November 7, 2011. http://www.newsy.com/videos/reaction-conrad-murray-guilty-of-involuntary-manslaughter. Retrieved November 7, 2011. 

External links

• Trial coverage at the Los Angeles Times
• Trial coverage at CNN
• Trial coverage at The Guardian
• Trial coverage at The Daily Telegraph

Video of trial proceedings

• List of all videos of trial proceedings
• Final Day YouTube playlist of the events of the closing arguments