Corruption in Colombia

Political corruption
Corruption Perceptions Index, 2010
Concepts
Bribery · Cronyism · Economics of corruption Electoral fraud · Nepotism · Slush fund
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Corruption in Colombia is a pervasive problem at all levels of government. Colombia currently ranks 78 in the Corruption Perceptions Index.

Different factors have contributed to political corruption in Colombia including drug trafficking, guerrilla and paramilitary conflict, weak surveillance and regulation from institutions, threats and harassment to whistle-blowers and a widespread apathy from society to address unethical behavior.

Impact of corruption

Between 1989 and 1999 corruption in Colombia summed 3.5 billion USD in frauds. This is equivalent to the Colombian society losing 1% of its GDP. In addition to the economic cost of corruption, other aspects of the Colombian society have been affected such as the loss of credibility in politicians, loss of credibility in the Colombian government, discouragement and demoralization of society to participate in anything related to politics.

In 2005 a study published by Transparency for Colombia (Transparencia por Colombia) assessed the index of integrity of governments, assemblies and comptroller at the department level and concluded that none of those dependencies scored an appropriate level of integrity and that 51% were prone to high or very high levels of corruption. ^[1]

Colombia's modern corruption takes place mostly at the level of business between politicians and officials with private contractors and companies. The lack of ethical behavior on both sides, private individuals or organizations and politicians have resulted in a culture known in Colombia as "serrucho" (jigsaw). In which it is almost the norm for individuals to bribe politicians in order to be granted contracts and where politicians add commissions and extra costs for their own benefit.Other sources of corruption come from the result of privatization of government owned institutions in which the profits are used by individuals for their own wealth. ^[2]

According to Transparency for Colombia, the country ranks 70 in the Perception of Corruption index. However the problem of corruption is a priority to only 2.9% of the people interviewed versus violence which is a priority to 31.49% and unemployment with 20.7%

According to a study by the University of Externado, it was revealed that corruption is one of the main factors that renders doing business a difficult issue in Colombia. 91% of entrepreneurs considers that there are business owners that pay bribes. 16.92% considers that a businessperson will offer a bribe and out of 28.4% of entrepreneurs that were asked for money or favors by a government official, only 8.52% denounced it to the authorities in an effective way.^[3][4]

Current levels of corruption have increased steadily since 2009 and they continue getting worse as the General attorney and the comptroller discovers corruption at almost every level of government from local to national. In September 2009 48.000 government officials including 800 mayors and 30 governors were being investigated for corruption. The issue of corruption have not been isolated to one political party with accusations of corruption across the political spectrum from right-wing conservatives in the Party of National Unity, to the left-wing Democratic Pole.

The discouragement of the society to address the many cases of corruption in Colombia also stem from the well known immunity. Only a small percentage of officials investigated for corruption are likely to suffer legal consequences. In addition it is difficult for the judicial system to handle many investigations at lower levels. At the top, politicians avoid prosecution by political maneuvers and loopholes, sometimes under the protection of their own political party. Example of this is the attempt of the Party of the U to pass a bill that would protect its politicians involved in the parapolitics scandal.^[5]

Colombia's corruption is also the result of a long coexistence between the narco trafficking and a rush of society to achieve easy wealth, thus rendering every aspect of society vulnerable to corruption, from politics, to agriculture and sports.

The concept of bribery is embedded in Colombia's society and the culture of "bite" (mordida) or "saw" (serrucho) are part of a subculture with its own language and expressions that are so widespread to almost make it the norm.

Many institutions in Colombia have been the subject of administrative corruption. Large institutions that span across industries are example of major cases of corruption including: Ferrovias (National railroad administration), Caprecom (health care), Foncolpuertos (ports authority), Termorrio (energy), Dragacol (civil engineering), Chivor reservoir (water supply) and contracts with foreign companies such as Mexican ICA for the pavement of streets in Bogota are just some of them.

A study made by the UN revealed that globally the cost of corruption by official employees is ten times the cost of illegal acts by common felony.This can be proven in Colombia where the problem is so big and widespread that "nobody knows what to do about it". Recent studies of criminal behavior in the country indicates that while the rate of crime grew annually in about 39.7%, the criminal behavior by officials at the government local and national grew 164.1% and despite such increase there are few convictions. The levels of administrative corruption are so high that as of 2011 the media reports of such felonies overshadow the number of stories on terrorism or armed conflict. ^[6]

Politic scandals

Colombian corruption scandals are often related to the conflict that has affected Colombia for 50 years.

• The Proceso 8000, the legal investigation to the events that happened in the middle-1990s, when the president of Colombia, Ernesto Samper, was accused of receiving money from drug lords for his electoral campaign.
• The Colombian parapolitics scandal, the recent discovery of many links between politicians and paramilitaries. Many supporters of Álvaro Uribe's government are involved in this scandal.
• The Farcpolitics Scandal, the discovery of links between politicians and the FARC. This scandal does not only involve Colombian opposition politicians, but also involves Venezuela and Ecuador governments, as well as a senator of the United States.
• The Yidispolitics Scandal, caused by declarations of the Colombian ex-representantive, Yidis Medina, in which she claims that Colombian government offered her important jobs and money if she voted for the approval of Uribe's reelection.
• The DIAN [1] (Office of taxation and customs) scandal in which the administrative staff plotted ways to steal millions of dollars from the Colombian taxpayers through a complex system of fake companies and legal loopholes.^[7]
• In 2011 a number of mayors in different departments misused money that was supposed to help Colombians that were affected by floods. Instead of using this money for the victims this officials used the funds for political campaigns and personal matters.^[8]
• In September 2011 former mayor of Bogota Samuel Moreno was convicted for irregularities in contracts with private businesses, under a scandal named "contract carousel" by the media.^[9]

See also

• Corruption by country
• Colombian parapolitics scandal
• Yidispolitics Scandal
• Proceso 8000

References

1. ^ http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:K3OwHNxxINEJ:ocasa.org.co/apc-aa-files/6162636465666768696a6b6c6d6e6f70/Seminario___transparencia_en_la_gesti_n_pbca.ppt+corrupcion+en+colombia+historia&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiDPqql1yIw-LjkJqH02zTkfR420oK_ePUTIIK3CIp6KLjMya8Ug9dwDSwqIvTj6c30OFYQ_EQenOfzeqGUURaa9AZ7KA-75b7P2-Pc4CJLklzpTn-ItfxRv-froFxSi3lCyLqm&sig=AHIEtbRX2-TY50ukRxPXoxSurLB4noIV2A
2. ^ http://colombia.indymedia.org/news/2007/12/75930.php
3. ^ http://www.transparenciacolombia.org.co/LACORRUPCION/EnColombia/tabid/101/language/es-ES/Default.aspx
4. ^ http://www.transparenciacolombia.org.co/Portals/0/descargas/publicaciones/Cuaderno15%20web.pdf
5. ^ http://colombiareports.com/opinion/the-colombiamerican/5976-corruption-colombias-biggest-problem-is-only-getting-worse.html
6. ^ http://html.rincondelvago.com/corrupcion-en-colombia.html
7. ^ "Procuraduría citó a audiencia pública a ex directores de la Dian" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 15 July 2011. http://www.eltiempo.com/justicia/procuraduria-cito-a-audiencia-publica-a-ex-directores-de-la-dian_9915785-4. Retrieved 23 September 2011. 
8. ^ "Investigan a 17 alcaldes por mal uso de recursos para invierno" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 7 September 2011. http://www.eltiempo.com/justicia/investigan-a-17-alcaldes-por-mal-uso-de-recursos-para-invierno_10311287-4. Retrieved 23 September 2011. 
9. ^ "Samuel Moreno, a la cárcel por el carrusel de la contratación" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 23 September 2011. http://www.eltiempo.com/justicia/detencion-de-samuel-moreno_10420384-4. Retrieved 23 September 2011.