- Corruption in Ukraine
-
Political corruption 
Corruption Perceptions Index, 2010Concepts Electoral fraud · Economics of corruption
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· United StatesCorruption in Ukraine is a widespread and growing problem in Ukrainian society.[1][2] In 2010's Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index (a lower score means more perceived corruption) Ukraine slipped to 2.4 and at place 134 of 200 countries investigated.[3] Ukraine has slipped from the 118th place in 2007.[4] United States diplomats have described Ukraine under Presidents Kuchma and Yushchenko as a kleptocracy in Wikileaks cables.[5]
Contents
Overview
Bribes are given to ensure that public services are delivered either in time or at all.[6] Ukrainians stated they give bribes because they think it is customary and expected.[6][7] Some of the biggest bribes involve more than 1 billion US$.[8] According to a 2008 Management Systems International (MSI) sociological survey, the most corruption were found in vehicle inspection (57.5%), the police (54.2%), health care (54%), the courts (49%) and higher education (43.6%).[9]
According to the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the main causes of corruption in Ukraine are a weak justice system and an over-controlling non-transparent government combined with business-political ties and a weak civil society.[10] Corruption is regularly discussed in the Ukrainian media.[11][12]
Individual involvement in corruption
In the late 2000s and early 2010s, around 67% of Ukrainians who had dealt with government said that they had been directly involved in corrupt transactions.[6][13] In a survey in 2010, 30–49.9% of respondents admitted paying a bribe to a service provider during the past year;[14] in a similar survey in 2007, 18–32% of respondents admitted paying a bribe.[14] A comparable figure for Great Britain for 2011 was 1.9%.[15] However, in a different survey in late 2008, only 21% responded that they or anyone living in their household had paid a bribe in any form in the previous 12 months; comparable figures for the US and UK were 2% and 3% respectively.[16] In a Gfk survey held in the summer of 2001 43% stated they never personally had given bribes.[7]
Political corruption
See also: Politics of UkraineIn the years after Ukrainian independence, election fraud was widespread, mainly through the use of administrative resources.[17] Outright vote rigging diminished after the 2004 presidential election. After this election, the Supreme Court of Ukraine ruled that due to the scale of the electoral fraud, it became impossible to establish the election results and ordered a revote.[18][19] Although politicians still claim(ed) election fraud and administrative tricks to get more votes for a particular party have not vanished.[20] The Ukrainian electorate remains highly skeptical about the honesty of the election process.[21] Any voter who engages in election fraud faces a maximum sentence of two years in jail.[22]
United States diplomats have seen the privatization of several Ukrainian state enterprises as rigged in favor of political friends.[5] On a regional level, corruption has been discovered in connection with land allocation.[23]
Ukrainian politicians have regularly accused each other of corruption while claiming to fight it themselves.[24]
Since July 1, 2011, the President, Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada, Prime Minister, Prosecutor General, ministers and other Ukrainian top officials have been liable for prosecution for corruption.[25] Kost Bondarenko (chairman of the board of the Institute of Ukrainian Politics), claims that before 2010, there was an unwritten rule in Ukrainian politics, "No charges were brought against members of the outgoing government, and their successors never had to worry about what tomorrow might bring";[26] but in 2010 and 2011, "criminal charges were brought against 78 members of the former government; and more than 500 criminal cases have been opened against sitting officials."[26]
Juridical corruption
"There could even be cases of the revocation of investment, because legal uncertainty is very deep, and the actions of regional authorities are willful."
German Ambassador to Ukraine Hans-Jurgen Heimsoeth, late September 2011[27]See also: Judicial system of UkraineAlthough judicial independence exist in principle, in practise there is little separation of juridical and political powers. Judges are subjected to pressure by political and business interests.[28] Ukraine's court system is widely regarded as corrupt.[29] A Ukrainian Justice Ministry 2009 survey revealed that only 10% of respondents trusted the nation’s court system. Less than 30% believed that it was still possible to get a fair trial.[30] Ukrainian politicians and analyst have described the system of justice in Ukraine as "rotten to the core"[30][31] and have complained about political pressure put on judges and corruption.[32] Ukrainian judges have been arrested while taking bribes.[33]
Corruption in higher education
Higher education in Ukraine is plagued with bribery. 33% of all students claim they have encountered corruption in their school, 29% heard about cases of corruption from other students, while 38% have not encountered corruption.[34] According to 2008 Transparency International research, 47.3% of university students stated that a bribe had been demanded from them; of those, 29% had paid this bribe freely.[9] Students can buy a college entry, exam results, marking doctoral and/or master’s theses.[9] Bribes range from US$10 to US$50 for an exam pass to several thousand for entry to a university.[9] According to government sources, bribes vary from US$80 to US$21,500.[9] Salaries of teachers and professors is low in Ukraine compared with other professions; this may cause them to be tempted to demand bribes.[9]
Officials have been caught with fake university diplomas.[35]
Corruption and business
Companies encounter corruption mainly in business licensing, taxation and customs.[36]
Cost to society
Transparency International estimates that 30 till 50 percent of all Ukrainians have faced government corruption.[9] Juhani Grossmann (working for an a.o. Management Systems International project)[37] claimed in 2009 that that "Ukrainians pay roughly Hr 3.5 billion, or more than US$400 million, in bribes annually."[12] The previous year, he claimed that the figure was US$700 million.[38]
Government actions
"Corruption has become an immediate threat to constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens."
President Yanukovych (April 7, 2011)[39]Over the years, several anti-corruption laws have been passed by the Ukrainian parliament.[25][40][41] In September 2011 the National Anti-Corruption Committee was introduced.[42]
After his election late 2004 President Viktor Yushchenko promised a "War on Corruption".[43] Several officials where indeed arrested and/or questioned early 2005 (among them later ministers in the Azarov Government Borys Kolesnikov[44][45][46] and Yuri Boyko[47][48]). According to former Security Service of Ukraine Chairman Oleksandr Turchynov Yushchenko prevented in the summer of 2005 an investigation into allegedly fraudulent practices in the transport of Turkmen natural gas to Ukraine and the arrest of Boyko for abuse of office while heading Naftogaz.[47][48] Turchynov claims that Yushchenko told him in mid-August 2005 to stop “persecuting my men”.[48] A survey conducted in November 2008 showed that 73% of people in Ukraine considered the second Tymoshenko Government's actions against corruption to be ineffective; comparable figures for the US and the UK were 73% and 39%.[16] In a survey in 2001, when Kuchma was President, 80% of Ukrainians "totally/fairly agreed" with the statement: "The present government has no real interest in punishing corruption".[7]
Ukraine joined Group of States Against Corruption in 2006.[49]
Just like his predecessor Yushchenko,[43] President Viktor Yanukovych (and his Azarov Government[50]) made the fight against corruption a spearhead in his domestic policies.[42][51][52] In December 2010, former Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko and former Minister of Internal Affairs Yuriy Lutsenko were charged with corruption;[53] Tymoshenko and Lutsenko both claimed the charges were politically motivated.[53] In the same period, Yanukovych was accused (by Ukrayinska Pravda) of corrupt schemes himself.[54][55] Tymoshenko's trial started in August 2011;[53] among national and international protest Tymoshenko was sentenced to seven years in prison on October 11, 2011 (an appeal is currently pending[56]).[57][58][59] Kost Bondarenko, chairman of the board of the Institute of Ukrainian Politics, claims the main sponsors of President Yanukovych's Party of Regions are unhappy about Tymoshenko being criminal charged "because they no longer feel above the law".[26] Many Ukrainian people believe that that though Tymoshenko is guilty, her prosecution was political persecution.[60]
The International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities spoke of "remarkable successes in fighting corruption in 2010" in April 2011.[61]
Corruption perceptions
Corruption Perceptions Index ratings
Transparency International produces an annual report listing each country's Corruption Perceptions Index score. This "score relates to perceptions of the degree of corruption as seen by business people and country analysts, and ranges between 10 (highly clean) and 0 (highly corrupt)."[62] In the 2010 report, the least corrupt country listed was Denmark with a score of 9.3, and the most corrupt of the 178 countries listed was Somalia with a score of 1.1.[63] The following table lists Ukraine's place in the Corruption Perceptions Index table, based on Transparency International's annual reports from 1999 onward. The methods used in assessing the Index change from year to year, so comparisons between years are difficult.
Year Ranking Corruption Perception Index Score Confidence Range[64] Standard Deviation Surveys Used[65] Source 1998 69 of 85 2.8 1.6 6 [66] 1999 75 of 99 2.6 1.4 10 [67] 2001 83 of 91 2.1 1.1 6 [68] 2002 85 of 102 2.4 0.7 6 [69] 2003 106 of 133 2.3 0.6 10 [70] 2004 122 of 146 2.2 2.0–2.4 10 [71] 2005 107 of 158 2.6 2.4–2.8 8 [72] 2006 99 of 163 2.8 2.5–3.0 6 [73][62] 2007 118 of 179 2.7 2.4–3.0 7 [74][4] 2008 134 of 180 2.5 2.0–2.8 8 [75][76] 2009 146 of 180 2.2 2.0–2.6 8 [77][78] 2010 134 of 178 2.4 2.1–2.6 8 [63][3] Note: For 1999 and 2000, the data were listed as 1998 and 1999 respectively. From 2001, the data listed were stated to be for the year of the annual report. Up to 2005, the annual report included some measures of the uncertainty of the index scores; these data were omitted from the annual reports from 2006 onwards, but were contained in the CPI report.
Public Perception of Corruption in Institutions of Ukraine
The following table shows average scores from a survey of public perception of corruption in Ukraine's institutions. Comparable figures for the United Kingdom and the USA for 2009 are shown at the bottom of the table.
Year Political Parties Parliament Police Business/ Private Sector Media Public Officials/ Civil Servants Judiciary NGOs Religious Bodies Military Education System Source 2007 4.1 4.1 4.1 3.9 3.2 – 4.2 3.2 2.3 3.1 3.8 [14] 2009 4.4 4.5 – 4.3 3.8 4.5 4.5 – – – – [14][79] 2010 4.0 4.1 4.3 3.7 3.2 4.1 4.4 3.2 2.3 3.5 4.0 [14] 2009 UK 3.6 3.3 – 3.5 3.5 3.2 2.8 – – – – [79] 2009 USA 4.0 3.9 – 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.2 – – – – [79] Question: To what extent do you perceive the following institutions in this country to be affected by corruption? (1: not at all corrupt, 5: extremely corrupt). [14] References
- ^ UAH 1.5 b in budget funds embezzled since year-start, interior minister says, Interfax-Ukraine (June 18, 2009)
- ^ Ukrainians Pessimistic about Country’s Future; Confidence in Political Leaders Falling, International Foundation for Electoral Systems (September 13, 2011)
- ^ a b Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index 2010 pdf p7.
- ^ a b Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index 2007 Table.
- ^ a b Clearer Picture Kyiv Post (September 2, 2011)
- ^ a b c Corruption, Democracy, and Investment in Ukraine, Atlantic Council (October 2007)
- ^ a b c Press release, 10th International Anti-Corruption Conference (2001)
- ^ Top- 100 biggest bribes in Ukraine, UNIAN (October 6, 2009)
- ^ a b c d e f g Global Corruption Report 2008, Transparency International, Chapter 7.4, p. 280.
- ^ CORRUPTION ASSESSMENT: UKRAINE, USAID (February 10, 2006)
- ^ Shuster Live – How to fight with corruption in Ukraine. Consequences of corruption in an army – 2, UkrainaTV.com
- ^ a b Corruption Plague Kyiv Post (June 25, 2009).
Since Ukraine has a population of about 45 million, $400 million a year paid in bribes would equate to $9 per person on average. - ^ Fighting Corruption In Ukraine: Ukrainian Style, Gorshenin Institute (July 3, 2011)
- ^ a b c d e f National Integrity System Assessment, Ukraine 2011, TORO Creative Union – Transparency International Contact in Ukraine. pdf page 36.
- ^ Corruption in the UK: Overview & Policy Recommendations, Transparency International UK, June 2011, ISBN 978-0-9566194-4-0 summary page 2.
- ^ a b Transparency International Global Corruption Barometer 2009 Report, June 2, 2009, ISBN: 978-3-935711-28-9 pdf Abs1:22, 32, 33.
In Ukraine, 1200 people were interviewed fact to face in a national survey November 4–12, 2008. The survey in the UK was of 1018 people interviewed online November 27, – December 1, 2008. The survey in the US was of 1017 people interviewed online October 30, – November 4, 2008. (pdf ABs1:22). - ^ Andrew Wilson, Virtual Politics – Faking Democracy in the Post-Soviet World, Yale University Press (2005), ISBN 0-300-09545-7
- ^ Supreme Court of Ukraine decision regarding the annulment of November 21 vote. Full text in Ukrainian and Summary in English
- ^ Understanding Ukrainian Politics:Power, Politics, And Institutional Design by Paul D'Anieri, M.E.Sharpe, 2006, ISBN 978-0765618115 (page 63)
Committee of Electors of Ukraine registers no major violations at elections to Ternopil regional council, Interfax-Ukraine (March 16, 2009)
EU endorses Ukraine election result, euobserver (February 8, 2010)
International observers say Ukrainian election was free and fair The Washington Post (February 9, 2010)
European Parliament president greets Ukraine on conducting free and fair presidential election Kyiv Post (February 9, 2010) - ^ Opposition pushes for immediate meeting with Yanukovych Kyiv Post (September 22, 2011)
BYT: International observers were physically unable to record mass irregularities in run-off vote Kyiv Post (February 11, 2009)
Yanukovych sure Tymoshenko will try to rig results of presidential election Kyiv Post (December 17, 2009)
Tymoshenko says she will prevent Yanukovych from rigging presidential election Kyiv Post (December 17, 2009)
President's office ex-official blows Yushchenko-Yanukovych secret deal Zik.com (January 8, 2010)
Taras Kuzio, Yushchenko and Yanukovych Forge an Electoral Alliance Kyiv Post (January 8, 2010)
Yanukovych's Party Looks To Victory Amid Claims Of Election Fraud, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (November 1, 2010)
(Ukrainian) ПР отримала мерів майже в половині областей BBC Ukrainian (November 8, 2010)
(Ukrainian) У Криму комуністи і партія «Союз» вимагають перерахунку голосів, Дзеркало тижня (November 3, 2010)
Westerners, local observers rip Oct. 31 elections as undemocratic Kyiv Post (November 5, 2010) - ^ Poll: Less than 5% Ukrainians believe presidential election will be fair Kyiv Post (January 12, 2010)
Poll: Most Ukrainians not planning to sell their votes in presidential election Kyiv Post (January 12, 2010)
Survey Shows Every Fifth Ukrainian Ready To Sell Vote, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (October 22, 2010) - ^ Ukraine presidential candidates trade warnings, promises – Summary Earth Times (January 13, 2010)[dead link]
- ^ Heads of two towns in Khmelnytsky, Ternopil regions charged with bribery Interfax-Ukraine (April 13, 2009)
- ^ Regions Party declares current government corrupt Kyiv Post (January 10, 2010)
Tymoshenko Accuses Yanukovych Of Involvement In Land Machinations In Crimea, Financial (January 4, 2010)
“I’m the only politician without land ownership in Crimea,” says Yulia Tymoshenko ZIK.com (January 3, 2010)
Court dismisses Yanukovych's suit against Tymoshenko concerning unsanctioned election funds Kyiv Post (Decembeer 31, 2009)
Tymoshenko accuses Chernovetsky of corrupt use of funds of Kyiv residents Interfax-Ukraine (December 12, 2008)
Tymoshenko blames Firtash and Presidential Secretariat for hryvnia’s collapse UNIAN (December 18, 2008)
Presidential secretariat says about misuse of funds from sale of government domestic loan bonds for Euro 2012 Interfax-Ukraine (November 27, 2009)
Lutsenko accuses Yanukovych of giving false data in his income declaration, Interfax-Ukraine (December 8, 2009
Tymoshenko proposes creating independent anti-corruption bureaus in Ukraine, Kyiv Post (December 8, 2009)
Lutsenko removed Yushchenko's portrait from his office, Kyiv Post (December 9, 2009)
Yuschenko accuses Tymoshenko of corruption Kyiv Post (December 9, 2009)
Yushchenko calls nation's law-enforcement chiefs mediocre and corrupt Kyiv Post (December 9, 2009)
Yushchenko: Open list of candidates for parliamentary elections a condition for eradicating corruption Kyiv Post (December 12, 2009)
Yatseniuk submits draft law on state committee for fighting corruption Kyiv Post (December 16, 2009)
Parliamentary majority responsible for failures in fight against corruption, says president Interfax-Ukraine (December 12, 2009) - ^ a b Ukraine Advances on Anti-Corruption Practices Reuters {Reuters is not responsible for the content in this press release} (June 10, 2011)
- ^ a b c RIA Novosti, Ukraine without Tymoshenko, by Kost Bondarenko, 12 October 2011. Kost Bondarenko is chairman of the board of the Institute of Ukrainian Politics, which is based in Kiev.
- ^ German ambassador: No progress in fight against corruption in Ukraine Kyiv Post (September 28, 2011)
- ^ Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz and Thierry Geiger, The Ukraine Competitiveness Report 2008 World Economic Forum, 2008, ISBN 139789295044050 (page 50)
- ^ Battle looming over new law on judiciary and judge status Kyiv Post (July 4, 2010)
A top prosecutor, accused of corruption and incompetence, forced out in political struggle Kyiv Post (December 18, 2009) - ^ a b Jackpot Kyiv Post (March 25, 2010)
- ^ Moskal: ‘Rotten to the core’ Kyiv Post (March 25, 2010)
- ^ Yanukovych notes political pressure on Ukraine's judicial system Kyiv Post (March 25, 2010)
Tymoshenko: Yanukovych entourage aims at recognizing legitimacy of coalition before president's trip to U.S. Kyiv Post (March 29, 2010)
Anders Åslund, How Ukraine Became a Market Economy and Democracy Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2009, ISBN 9780881324273 (page 219)
Yanukovych allies: Tymoshenko trying to pressure court Kyiv Post (March 30, 2010)
Anders Åslund and Marek Dabrowski (Eds.), Europe after Enlargement Cambridge University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0521872867 (page 149)
Adrian Karatnycky, Alexander Motyl and Amanda Schnetzer (Eds.), Nations in Transit 2000–2001 Transaction Publishers, 2001, ISBN 978-0765808974 (page 400) - ^ Kyiv district court judge arrested while taking bribe Kyiv Post (February 8, 2011)
Ex-judge Zvarych sentenced to ten years in prison Kyiv Post (September 20, 2011) - ^ One third of students have encountered cases of corruption in higher educational institutions, International Renaissance Foundation (April 20, 2011)
- ^ Cheating nation Kyiv Post (November 19, 2009)
- ^ Ukraine adopts new anti-corruption bill Press TV (March 18, 2011)
- ^ INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES, DONORS, PROJECTS, ANTI-CORRUPTION PORTAL
- ^ Ukrainians shrug off corruption despite damaging effects Kyiv Post (March 6, 2008).
See also blog post Kiev Ukraine News Blog, (March 5, 2008). - ^ Ukraine's parliament passes president's anti-corruption law RIA Novosti (April 7, 2011)
- ^ Rada passes bill to impose life imprisonment on judges and prosecutors who take large bribes Interfax-Ukraine (May 21, 2009)
- ^ Yanukovych approves postponement of introduction of two anti-corruption laws until January Kyiv Post (March 30, 2010)
- ^ a b Yanukovych vows to put an end to corruption Kyiv Post (September 15, 2011)
- ^ a b Viktor Yushchenko Attracts Investments with the War on Corruption Kommersant (February 16, 2005)
- ^ Yanukovych’s inner circle, Kyiv Post (January 24, 2009)
- ^ Countries at the crossroads: a survey of democratic governance by Sanja Tatic & Christopher Walker, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2006, ISBN 978-0742558014 (page 580)
- ^ Corruption Watch: October 3, 2005, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (October 3, 2005)
- ^ a b Gas Lobby Takes Control of Ukrains Secret Service by Taras Kuzio (18 March 2010)
- ^ a b c Ukraine: Battle Against Corruption Grinds To A Halt, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (September 26, 2005)
- ^ GRECO publishes report on fight against corruption in Ukraine, Kyiv Post (18 November 2011)
- ^ Ukraine's prime minister says budget problem hardest, Kyiv Post (March 11, 2010)
- ^ Yanukovych: Over 400 officials of current government stand trial Kyiv Post (Augustus 25, 2011)
- ^ Yanukovych: 'Some misinform international community about Ukraine' Kyiv Post (February 7, 2011)
- ^ a b c Ukraine timeline BBC News
- ^ Probe needed Kyiv Post (July 22, 2011)
- ^ Ukrainska Pravda exposes presidential estate scandal Kyiv Post (November 26, 2010)
- ^ Tymoshenko files appeal against court ruling in gas case, Kyiv Post (24 October 2011)
- ^ Euronews, Putin calls Tymoshenko jail term unfair, 11 October 2011.
- ^ RFI English Tymoshenko supporters protest at jail sentence, by Jan van der Made, 12 October 2011.
- ^ Amnesty International: Jailed former Ukraine prime minister must be released, Kyiv Post (11 October 2011)
Putin: Tymoshenko verdict unfair, Kyiv Post (11 October 2011)
EU feels let down by Ukraine over Tymoshenko, Euronews (11 October 2011)
Russia and West condemn Tymoshenko verdict, RIA Novosti (11 October 2011)
[1], RIA Novosti (12 October 2011)
Council of Europe concerned about Tymoshenko trial, Kyiv Post (12 October 2011) - ^ The Rating Group undertook a survey of Ukrainian voter's opinions on the Tymoshenko case:
46% believed her guilty, 34% not guilty, and 20% were undecided.
26% believed that the case was brought as observance of the law, 54% that it was political persecution, and 20% were undecided.
28% believed that in signing the gas contracts Tymoshenko acted for the benefit of Ukraine, 4% for the benefit of Russia, 44% for her own benefit, and 24% were undecided.
The Rating Group, Tymoshenko case through eyes of voters, 29 September 2011.
The Rating Group, Справа Тчмощенко Очима Виборцїв (Voters' Opinions on the Tymoshenko case), September 2011 - ^ Ukraine successfully fighting corruption, group says Kyiv Post (April 13, 2011)
- ^ a b Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index 2006 Table.
- ^ a b Annual Report Transparency International 2010 , pdf p79-80.
- ^ The confidence range is a measure of the degree of certainty about the Corruption Perception Index score. Nominally, the true score has a 1 in 20 probability of being above the upper range, and a 1 in 20 probability of being below the lower range. If the number of surveys available was low, then these 1 in 20 probabilities might really only be 1 in 10.
- ^ Ideally 12 surveys should be used for a country. If less than 3 surveys were available, then that country was not included in the Corruption Perceptions Index.
- ^ Annual Report Transparency International 1999 , pdf p13
- ^ Annual Report Transparency International 2000 , pdf p14
- ^ Annual Report Transparency International 2001 , pdf p13
- ^ Annual Report Transparency International 2002 , Portuguese, Spanish, pdf p30
- ^ Annual Report Transparency International 2003 , pdf p21
- ^ Annual Report Transparency International 2004 , pdf p11
- ^ Annual Report Transparency International 2005 , pdf p21
- ^ Annual Report Transparency International 2006 , pdf p23
- ^ Annual Report Transparency International 2007 , pdf Abs1:27
- ^ Annual Report Transparency International 2008 , pdf Sec1:21
- ^ Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index 2008 Table, and the same table in newsroom section.
- ^ Annual Report Transparency International 2009 , pdf p53
- ^ Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index 2009 Table.
- ^ a b c Transparency International Global Corruption Barometer 2009 Report, June 2, 2009, ISBN: 978-3-935711-28-9 pdf Abs1:28–29.
External links
- Ukraine corruption law 'not enough', Today (July 6, 2011)
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