Kleinmann's tortoise

Kleinmann's Tortoise
Egyptian Tortoise
Conservation status
Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Sauropsida
Order:	Testudines
Suborder:	Cryptodira
Family:	Testudinidae
Genus:	Testudo
Species:	T. kleinmanni
Binomial name
Testudo kleinmanni Lortet, 1883
Synonyms
Testudo leithii Günther, 1869 (preoccupied) Chersus kleinmanni Testudo werneri Perälä, 2001

Kleinmann's Tortoise (Testudo kleinmanni), often called Egyptian Tortoise and occasionally Leith's Tortoise. It is a critically endangered neck-hiding tortoise. Once more widespread, its numbers are now dwindling. The species is extinct in Egypt, and global extinction is a looming threat unless more actions are taken to protect this species.

Description

Belly of the Egyptian tortoise

Kleinmann's Tortoise is the smallest tortoise in the northern hemisphere.^{[verification needed]} Female tortoises are larger than the males; males are more slender and have a longer tail.

Their shells have high domes, and range in colour from ivory to pale gold to dark brown or dull yellow. This colouring strongly follows Gloger's Rule as it helps to regulate the impact of sunlight. This allows the paler tortoise to stay in the desert heat for longer. It is also an effective camouflage in the desert. The bottom of the shell is light yellow, often with two dark triangles on each abdominal scute. The tortoise's scutes have dark sidings that fade with age.

The head and limbs are a very pale ivory-yellow to yellowish-brown colour.

Systematics

The proposed subgenus Pseudotestudo is invald, based on immature characters.^[1] It has been proposed to unite this species with the Marginated Tortoise in the genus Chersus. These clearly share a common ancestor with the Greek Tortoise. The former two are somewhat more similar to each other than to the Greek Tortoise regarding DNA sequence data.^[2] Considering biogeography however, this is either due to (rather unlikely) dispersal across the Mediterranean, or the supposed "clade" is invalid and the similarity due to convergent evolution.

The Negev subpopulation has been separated as a distinct species, Negev Tortoise (Testudo werneri). It does not appear to have distinct or strongly reduced haplotype diversity, consistent with the recent extinction of the Egyptian population (see below) and slow DNA sequence evolution rates in Testudo.^[3] It constitutes a locally-adapted form however and is of distinct appearance. Arguably, it can be considered a subspecies and, as gene flow has ceased, the western and eastern populations must now be managed separately for conservation purposes.^[4]

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  Characteristic specimens of the Libyan Tortoise (left) and Egyptian Tortoise (right), dorsal view

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  Ditto, ventral view. Differences are slight and unreliable (see also above).

Habitat and ecology

Kleinmann's Tortoises live in deserts and semi-arid habitats, usually with compact sand and gravel plains, scattered rocks, shallow, sandy wadis, dry woodlands, shrubby areas, and coastal salt marsh habitats. In captivity, they eat grasses, fruits, and vegetables, but the diet of wild tortoises is unknown.

They are least active when it is very cold or very hot. During the colder months, they are out most during midday. During the warm season, they are active in the morning and evening. The rest of the day is spent under brushes or in rodent burrows.

Reproduction

Kleinmann's Tortoise becomes sexually mature when about 10–20 years old. In the wild, mating has only been observed in March, but in captivity, they mate in April and August to November. During courtship, the male will ram the female, sometimes chasing after her. Unlike any other Mediterranean tortoise, the T. kleinmanni may make a mating call similar to the call of the Mourning Dove. Eggs are laid in shallow bowls beneath bushes, or in vacant burrows. Each clutch contains 1-5 eggs, which hatch in the summer or early autumn.

Status and conservation

Once found in Egypt and Libya, their habitat in Egypt has been all but destroyed, and Egyptian Tortoises are now completely extinct there. Two populations can still be found in Libya, but much of the coastline habitat has been destroyed because of human activity. Habitat loss and the illegal pet trade are huge issues facing the species; it is also hunted locally for use in folk medicine.^[5] Their population is still on the decline, and the risk of extinction is very real if habitat degradation and illegal trade continue at their present rate.

On the IUCN Redlist, Kleinmann's Tortoise is classified as CR A2abcd+3d. It is estimated that less than three Testudo generations ago, there were 55-56,000 adult Kleinmann's tortoises. Today, there are about 7,500 remaining, and decline due to habitat destruction and unsustainable exploitation appears to be ongoing. While it believed that the former threat is being alleviated, it is feared that illegal pet trade will have reduced to maybe 1,000 adult tortoises in the two or three remaining subpopulations. Given that T. kleinmanni is a slowly-maturing long-lived species with few offspring (see K-strategist), it is well possible that this is less than the minimum viable population, eventually dooming the species to extinction in the wild.^[1]

Mixing individuals from the subpopulations for reintroduction purposes should be avoided, as the ecological parameters of habitat differ.^[6] DNA fingerprinting of individuals to help maintain heterozygosity in captive and reintroduction populations can be performed during routine stool analyses. In this context it is notable that there may be a haplotype uniquely found in the Egyptian Tortoise.^[7]

Captive breeding requires more care than in other Testudo as the species is more delicate and the clutch is very small, but is not highly difficult for experienced Testudo breeders. T. kleinmanni is not generally available for hobbyists and even if legal to keep should be avoided without valid documentation. Smuggling continues to be a problem, but confiscated individuals are used to establish a captive safeguard population.

On May 21, 2007, Rome's main zoo, Bioparco, reported that it has successfully bred the species whose parents were rescued from a smuggler's suitcase in 2005.^[8]

Whipsnade Zoo have also saved them from the brink of extinction.^{[citation needed]}

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  Intercepted shipment of Libyan Tortoises for the illegal pet market. Port of Genoa, 2005.

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  Ditto. Now in Bioparco. Smuggling conditions are typically worse.

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  Ditto.

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  Ditto. Carapace fractured during smuggling.

Footnotes

1. ^ ^{a b} Perälä (2003)
2. ^ van der Kuyl et al. (2002), Fritz et al. (2005)
3. ^ van der Kuyl (2002)
4. ^ Perälä (2001), Široký & Fritz (2007)
5. ^ da Nóbrega Alves et al. (2008)
6. ^ See Perälä (2001) and above for identification
7. ^ Široký & Fritz (2007)
8. ^ "Day in photos 23/05". The New Zealand Herald. 23 May 2007. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/feature/story.cfm?c_id=1501182&objectid=10441315. Retrieved 13 October 2011. 

References

• Perälä, Jarmo (2001): A New Species of Testudo (Testudines: Testudinidae) from the Middle East, with Implications for Conservation. Journal of Herpetology 35(4): 567-582.doi:10.2307/1565894 (HTML abstract & first page image)
• Perälä, Jarmo (2003). Testudo marginata. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 12 May 2006. Listed as Critically Endangered (CR A2abcd+3d v3.1)
• da Nóbrega Alves, Rômulo Romeu; da Silva Vieira; Washington Luiz & Gomes Santana, Gindomar (2008): Reptiles used in traditional folk medicine: conservation implications. Biodiversity and Conservation 17(8): 2037–2049.doi:10.1007/s10531-007-9305-0 (HTML abstract, PDF first page)
• Široký, Pavel & Fritz, Uwe (2007): Is Testudo werneri a distinct species? Biologia 62(2): 228-231.doi:10.2478/s11756-007-0036-1
• van der Kuyl, Antoinette C.; Ballasina, Donato L. Ph.; Dekker, John T.; Maas, Jolanda; Willemsen, Ronald E. & Goudsmit, Jaap (2002): Phylogenetic Relationships among the Species of the Genus Testudo (Testudines: Testudinidae) Inferred from Mitochondrial 12S rRNA Gene Sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 22(2): 174–183.doi:10.1006/mpev.2001.1052 PMID 11820839 (HTML abstract)

External links

• ARKive species information
• Bristol Zoo species information
• Rome zoo breeds rare Egyptian tortoises