African Spurred Tortoise

Taxobox
name = African Spurred Tortoise
status = VU
status_system = iucn2.3

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image_width = 240px
image_caption = African Spurred Tortoise, "Geochelone sulcata"
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Sauropsida
ordo = Testudines
subordo = Cryptodira
familia = Testudinidae
genus = "Geochelone"
species = "G. sulcata"
binomial = "Geochelone sulcata"
binomial_authority = (Miller, 1779)

The African Spurred Tortoise ("Geochelone sulcata"), also called the African Spur Thigh Tortoise, is a species of tortoise which inhabits the southern edge of the Sahara desert, in northern Africa. It is the third largest species of tortoise in the world and the largest species of mainland tortoise (not found on an island).

Taxonomy and etymology

It's generic name is a combination of two Greek words:"Geo"(γαια) meaning "earth" or "land" and "Chelone"(Χελωνη) meaning "tortoise". Its specific name "sulcata" is from the Latin word "sulcus" meaning "furrow" and refers to the furrows on the tortoise's scales.

Range and habitat

The African Spurred Tortoise is native to the Sahara Desert and the Sahel, a transitional ecoregion of semi-arid grasslands, savannas, and thorn shrublands found in the countries of Chad, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Mali, Mauritania, Nigeria, Senegal and Sudan [IUCN2006|assessors=Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group|year=1996|id=9015|title=Geochelone sulcata|downloaded=11 May 2006] In these arid regions the tortoise excavates burrows in the ground to get to areas with higher moisture levels spending the hottest part of the day in these burrows.Kaplan, Melissa. (1996)"African Spurred Tortoises".Reptile and Amphibian Magazine, Sept/Oct 1996, pp. 32-45] Burrows may average 30 inches in depth; some dig tunnel systems extending 10 feet or more underground.

ize and lifespan

The Sulcata is the third largest species of tortoise in the world after the Galapagos tortoise, and Aldabra Giant Tortoise; and the largest of the mainland tortoises.cite book | last = Branch| first = Bill | authorlink = Bill Branch | title = Tortoises, Terrapins & Turtles of Africa | publisher = Struik Publishers| date = 2008| location = South Africa | pages = 128| isbn = 1770074635 ] Adults are usually 18 inches (45 cm) in shell length, and weigh 70 to 100 pounds. Specimens with 24 to 36 inch long (60-90 cm) shells weighing 150 pounds (70 kg) are not unknown. They grow from hatchling size (2-3 inches) very quickly, reaching 6-10 inches (15-25 cm) within the first few years of their lives. The oldest known of this species was 56 years old although it is believed they can live up to about 80 years.

Breeding

Copulation takes place right after the rainy season, during the months from September through November. Males combat each other for breeding rights with the females and are vocal during copulation.

Sixty days after mating,the female begins to roam looking for suitable nesting sites. For five to fifteen days, four or five nests may be excavated before she selects the perfect location in which the eggs will be laid.

Loose dirt is kicked out of the depression, and the female may frequently urinate into the depression. Once it reaches approximately 2 feet (.6 m) in diameter and approximately 3-6 inches (7-14 cm) deep, a further depression, measuring some eight inches (20 cm) across and in depth, will be dug out towards the back of the original depression. The work of digging the nest may take up to five hours; the speed with which it is dug seems to be dependent upon the relative hardness of the ground. It usually takes place when the ambient air temperature is around 78 F (27 C). Once the nest is dug, the female begins to lay an egg every three minutes. Clutches may contain 15-30 or more eggs. After the eggs are laid, the female fills in the nest, taking an hour or more to fully cover them all.

References

External links

*ARKive - [http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/reptiles/Geochelone_sulcata/ images and movies of the African spurred tortoise "(Geochelone sulcata)"]
* [http://www.reptilesweb.com/reptiles-section/tortoise-world/sulcata-tortoise.html Sulcata Tortoise] - also known as African Spurred Tortoise. Care Sheet and Pictures