Pancake tortoise

Pancake tortoise
Conservation status
Vulnerable (IUCN 2.3)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Testudines
Family:	Testudinidae
Genus:	Malacochersus
Species:	M. tornieri
Binomial name
Malacochersus tornieri (Siebenrock, 1903)

The pancake tortoise (Malacochersus tornieri) is a flat-shelled tortoise native to Tanzania and Kenya. Its name is derived from the flat shape of its shell. It is the only member of the genus Malacochersus.^{[citation needed]}

Description

The pancake tortoise has an unusually thin, flat, flexible shell, which is up to 17.8 centimetres (7.0 in) long.^[1][2] While the shell bones of most other tortoises are solid, the pancake tortoise has shell bones with many openings, making it lighter and more agile than other tortoises.^[3] The carapace (top shell) is brown, frequently with a variable pattern of radiating dark lines on each scute (shell plate), helping to camouflage the tortoise in its natural dry habitat.^[1][3][4] The plastron (bottom shell) is pale yellow with dark brown seams and light yellow rays,^[4] and the head, limbs and tail are yellow-brown.^[1] Its bizarre, flattened, pancake-like profile makes this tortoise a sought-after animal in zoological and private collections, leading to its over-exploitation in the wild.^[5]

Distribution and habitat

This East African species is native to southern Kenya and northern and eastern Tanzania,^[4] and an introduced population may also occur in Zimbabwe.^[6] The species has also been reported in Zambia.^[7] It is found on hillsides with rocky outcrops (known as kopjes) in arid thorn scrub and savanna, from 100 to 6,000 feet (30 to 1800 metres) above sea level.^[2][4][8] The species inhabits the Somalia-Masai floristic region, an arid semi-desert characterized by Acacia-Commiphora bushland and Brachystegia woodland in upland localities.^[9][10] It occurs in dry savannah of low altitude at small rocky hills of the crystalline basement.

Ecology and behavior

Pancake tortoises live in isolated colonies, with many individuals sharing the same kopje, or even crevice.^[4] Males fight for access to females during the mating season, in January and February, with large males tending to get the most chances to mate.^[1][4] Nesting in the wild seems to occur in July and August, although clutches are produced year-round in captivity. The female digs a nest cavity about 7.5 to 10 cm deep in loose, sandy soil.^[1] Usually only one egg is laid at a time, but a female can lay multiple eggs over the course of a single season, with eggs appearing every four to eight weeks.^[1][3] In captivity, the incubation of the eggs lasts from four to six months,^[4] and young are independent as soon as they hatch.^[11] Wild and captive specimens often bask and, although they do not appear to hibernate, there are reports that they may aestivate beneath flat rocks during the hottest months.^[1][3]

Most activity occurs during the morning hours or in the late afternoon and early evening. The diet primarily consists of dry grasses and vegetation. The pancake tortoise is a fast and agile climber, and is rarely found far from its rocky home so that, if disturbed, it can make a dash for the nearest rock crevice.^[1] Since this tortoise could easily be torn apart by predators, it must rely on its speed and flexibility to escape from dangerous situations, rather than withdrawing into its shell.^[4] The flexibility of its shell allows the pancake tortoise to crawl into narrow rock crevices to avoid potential predators,^[1] thus exploiting an environment that no other tortoise is capable of using.^[5]

Threats and conservation

The greatest threats facing the pancake tortoise are habitat destruction and over-harvesting for trade. The peculiar appearance and behaviour of this species has heightened its appeal for both zoological and private collections, leading to its over-exploitation.^[8] Given the low reproductive rate of this tortoise, populations that have been harvested may take a long time to recover. Suitable habitat for pancake tortoises is not common or extensive when found, and habitat destruction is exacerbating the problem.^[5] Populations in Kenya are threatened by clearance of thorn scrub for conversion to agriculture and, in Tanzania, over-grazing by goats and cattle may be having a negative impact on this tortoise.^[8]

The pancake tortoise is classified as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List and listed on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).^[6][8] In 1981, Kenya banned the export of the pancake tortoise unless given written permission by the Minister for the Environment and Natural Resources. Tanzania protects this species under the Wildlife Conservation (National Game) Order, 1974,^[8] and it is protected within the Serengeti National Park.^[3] CITES quotas also limit the number of these animals that can be exported from Tanzania, although violations of these quotas are thought to occur. The European Union banned the import of the pancake tortoise in 1988, but trade with EU members continues, with several countries having reported importing the species.^[8] The pancake tortoise has been bred in captivity and is now the subject of a coordinated breeding programme in European zoos.^[11] However, there are no commercial breeding operations to supply the market demand.^[8]

References

This article incorporates text from the ARKive fact-file "Pancake tortoise" under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License and the GFDL.

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Turtles of the World (CD-ROM), by Ernst, C.H., Altenburg, R.G.M. and Barbour, R.W. (February 2007).
2. ^ ^{a b} Connor, M.J. (1992) Pancake Tortoise, Malacochersus tornieri. Tortuga Gazette, 28(11): 1-3.
3. ^ ^{a b c d e} Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens (February 2007).
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} WhoZoo: Animals of the Fort Worth Zoo (February 2007).
5. ^ ^{a b c} Kirkpatrick, D.T. An Overview of the Natural History of the Pancake Tortoise, Malacochersus tornieri (February 2007).
6. ^ ^{a b} IUCN Red List (September 2008).
7. ^ Chansa and Wagner (2006).
8. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} CITES: Consideration of Proposals for Amendment of Appendices I and II (PDF), Prop. 11.39 (February 2007).
9. ^ White 1983.
10. ^ Broadley & Howell 1991.
11. ^ ^{a b} Bristol Zoo Gardens (February 2007).

External links

• Pancake Tortoise by Reptile Amphibian Information
• Pancake tortoise media at ARKive