Science Museum (London)

Coordinates: 51°29′51″N 0°10′29″W / 51.4975°N 0.174722°W / 51.4975; -0.174722

Science Museum
Entrance to the Science Museum
Location within Central London
Established	1857 (Separate status formalised 1909)
Location	Exhibition Road, London SW7
Visitor figures	2,793,930 (2009)[1] Ranked 5th nationally
Director	Chris Rapley
Public transit access	South Kensington
Website	www.sciencemuseum.org.uk
National Museum of Science and Industry
National Media Museum · National Railway Museum (Shildon Locomotion Museum) · Science Museum (Dana Centre, Science Museum Swindon)

The Science Museum is one of the three major museums on Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. It is part of the National Museum of Science and Industry. The museum is a major London tourist attraction.

Like other publicly funded national museums in the United Kingdom, the Science Museum does not levy an admission charge. Temporary exhibitions, however, do usually incur an admission fee.

Origin and history

A museum was founded in 1857 under Bennet Woodcroft from the collection of the Royal Society of Arts and surplus items from the Great Exhibition as part of the South Kensington Museum, together with what is now the Victoria and Albert Museum. It included a collection of machinery which became the Museum of Patents in 1858, and the Patent Office Museum in 1863. This collection contained many of the most famous exhibits of what is now the Science Museum. In 1883, the contents of the Patent Office Museum were transferred to the South Kensington Museum. In 1885, the Science Collections were renamed the Science Museum and in 1893 a separate director was appointed.^[2] The Art Collections were renamed the Art Museum, which eventually became the Victoria and Albert Museum.

When Queen Victoria laid the foundation stone for the new building for the Art Museum, she stipulated that the museum be renamed after herself and her late husband. This was initially applied to the whole museum, but when that new building finally opened ten years later, the title was confined to the Art Collections and the Science Collections had to be divorced from it.^[3] On June 26, 1909 the Science Museum, as an independent entity, came into existence.^[3] The Science Museum’s present quarters, designed by Sir Richard Allison, were opened to the public in stages over the period 1919–28.^[4] This building was known as the East Block, construction of which began in 1913 and temporarily halted by World War I. As the name suggests it was intended to be the first building of a much larger project, which was never realised.^[5]

Collections

DNA reconstruction model built by Crick and Watson in 1953.

Stephenson's Rocket

The Science Museum now holds a collection of over 300,000 items, including such famous items as Stephenson's Rocket, Puffing Billy (the oldest surviving steam locomotive), the first jet engine, a reconstruction of Francis Crick and James Watson's model of DNA, some of the earliest remaining steam engines, a working example of Charles Babbage's Difference engine (and the latter, preserved half brain), the first prototype of the 10,000-year Clock of the Long Now, and documentation of the first typewriter. It also contains hundreds of interactive exhibits. A recent addition is the IMAX 3D Cinema showing science and nature documentaries, most of them in 3-D, and the Wellcome Wing which focuses on digital technology.^[6] Entrance has been free since 1 December 2001.

The museum houses some of the many objects collected by Henry Wellcome around a medical theme. The fourth floor exhibit is called "Glimpses of Medical History", with reconstructions and dioramas of the history of practiced medicine. The fifth floor gallery is called "Science and the Art of Medicine", with exhibits of medical instruments and practices from ancient days and from many countries. The collection is strong in clinical medicine, biosciences and public health. The museum is a member of the London Museums of Health & Medicine.

The Science Museum has a dedicated library, and until the 1960s was Britain's National Library for Science, Medicine and Technology. It holds runs of periodicals, early books and manuscripts, and is used by scholars worldwide. It has for a number of years been run in conjunction with the Library of Imperial College, but in 2007 the Library was divided over two sites. Histories of science and biographies of scientists are still kept at the Imperial College in London. The rest of the collection which includes original scientific works and archives are now located in Wroughton, Wiltshire.^[7]

The Science Museum's medical collections have a global scope and coverage probably not bettered in the world. Strengths include Clinical Medicine, Biosciences and Public Health. The new Wellcome Wing, with its focus on Bioscience, makes the Museum the world's leading centre for the presentation of contemporary science to the public.

Some 170,000 items which are not on current display are stored at Blythe House in West Kensington. Blythe House also houses facilities including a conservation laboratory, a photographic studio, and a quarantine area where newly-arrived items are examined. ^[8]

See also Collections of the Science Museum.

The Dana Centre

In November 2003, the Science Museum opened the Dana Centre. The centre is an urban bar and café annexed to the museum. It was designed by MJP Architects.^[9]

In October 2007 the Science Museum cancelled a talk by the co-discoverer of the structure of DNA, James D. Watson, because he claimed that IQ test results showed blacks to have lower intelligence than whites. The decision was criticised by some scientists, including Richard Dawkins,^[10] as well as supported by other scientists, including Steven Rose.^[11]

Science Night

The Science Museum also organises "Science Night", "all night extravaganza with a scientific twist". Up to 380 children aged between 8 and 11, accompanied by adults, are invited to spend an evening performing fun "science based" activities and then spend the night sleeping in the museum galleries amongst the exhibits. In the morning, they're woken to breakfast and more science, watching an IMAX film before the end of the event. ^[12]

Floor Directory

5th floor	4th floor	3rd floor	2nd floor
1 The Science and Art of Medicine 2 Veterinary History	1 Glimpses of Medical History 2 Psychology - Mind Your Head	1 Flight 2 Health Matters 3 In Future 4 Launchpad 5 Motionride Simulator 6 Science in the 18th Century	1 Computing 2 Dan Dare & The Birth of Hi-Tech Britain 3 Energy 4 Mathematics 5 Ships 6 Atmosphere
1st floor	Ground floor	Lower Ground floor	Basement floor
1 Agriculture 2 Challenge of Materials 3 Cosmos & Culture 4 Listening Post 5 Measuring Time 6 Plasticity 7 Telecommunications 8 Who Am I?	1 Antenna - What's New in Science? 2 Energy Hall 3 Exploring Space 4 Fast Forward 5 Force Field 6 IMAX 3D Cinema 7 Making the Modern World 8 Pattern Pod 9 The Theatre	Cloakroom	1 The Garden 2 The Secret Life of the Home 3 Things

Galleries

The Science Museum is made up of a number of galleries, some of which are permanent, and some of which are temporary.

Power: The East Hall

Video of a Corliss steam engine in the Power Gallery in motion.

The East Hall is the first area that most visitors see as they enter the building, stretching up through three floors. On the ground, the area is mostly filled with iconic steam engines of various sorts, including the oldest surviving James Watt beam engine, which together tell the story of the British industrial revolution. Up in the air, suspended from the ceiling is a giant metallic ring, the inside of which is covered in white LEDs which form patterns and display messages typed into kiosks by visitors in the Energy gallery. From 30 April 2008 until 1 November 2010 the hall houses Dan Dare & the Birth of Hi-tech Britain, an exhibition which "explores the role played by technology in creating post-war Britain."^[13]

Exploring Space

Exploring Space is a historical gallery, filled with rockets and exhibits that tell the story of human space exploration and the benefits that space exploration has brought us (particularly in the world of telecommunications).

Making the Modern World

Apollo 10 Command Module in the Modern World Gallery

Making the Modern World is a relatively new gallery, in which some of the museum's most iconic objects, including Stephenson's Rocket and an Apollo spacecraft, are imaginatively displayed along a timeline chronicling man's technological achievements.

Flight

Flight is another longstanding gallery, up towards the western end of the third floor. Contained in the gallery are several full sized aeroplanes and helicopters, including Alcock and Brown's transatlantic Vickers Vimy (1919), Spitfire and Hurricane fighters, as well as numerous aero-engines and a cross-section of a Boeing 747.

Launchpad

One of the most popular galleries in the museum is the interactive Launchpad gallery. Redesigned and reopened in November 2007, the new look gallery houses over 50 interactive exhibits illustrating many different concepts in physical science. The gallery is staffed by Explainers who are available to demonstrate how exhibits work, conduct live experiments and perform shows to schools and the visiting public.

Touring exhibitions

The Science Museum has developed many touring exhibitions over the years. The Science Box contemporary science series toured various venues in the UK and Europe in the 1990s and from 1995 The Science of Sport appeared in various incarnations and venues around the World. In 2005 The Science Museum teamed up with Fleming Media to set up The Science of... who develop and tour exhibitions including The Science of Aliens, The Science of Spying and The Science of Survival .

In 2008, The Science of Survival exhibition opened to the public and allowed visitors to explore what the world might be like in 2050 and how humankind will meet the challenges of climate change and energy shortages.

Location

The museum is adjacent to the Natural History Museum and used to be connected to it by a public corridor, which is now closed. The closest London Underground station is South Kensington; a subway connects the museums to the station.

At the front of the museum to the east is Exhibition Road. Immediately to the south is Museum Lane and the Natural History Museum. To the rear is Queen's Gate and to the north is Imperial College.

Transport connections

Service	Station/Stop	Lines/Routes served
London Buses	Kensington Museums	360
	Victoria & Albert Museum	14, 74, 414, C1
London Underground	South Kensington

Refurbishment

The Science Museum underwent a series of refurbishments as part of a vision to update the museum. The East Hall has been finished and the renovated museum shop opened in October 2005.

Online

The Science Museum's website has a variety of features, including collections information and the award-winning Launchball game.^{[citation needed]}

Centennial volume: Science for the Nation

The leading academic publisher Palgrave Macmillan published the official centenary history of the Science Museum on 14 April 2010. The first complete history of the Science Museum since 1957, Science for the Nation: Perspectives on the History of the Science Museum is a series of individual views by Science Museum staff and external academic historians of different aspects of the Science Museum's history. While it is not a chronological history in the conventional sense, the first five chapters cover the history of the museum from the Brompton Boilers in the 1860s to the opening of the Wellcome Wing in 2000. The remaining eight chapters cover a variety of themes concerning the Museum's development.

Directors of the Science Museum

Making the Modern World gallery from above.

The Directors of the South Kensington Museum were:

• Henry Cole CB (1857–1873)
• Sir Philip Cunliffe-Owen KCB KCMG CIE (1873–1893)

The Directors of the Science Museum have been:

• Major-General Edward R. Festing CB FRS (1893–1904)
• William I. Last (1904–1911)
• Sir Francis Grant Ogilvie CB (1911–1920)
• Colonel Sir Henry Lyons FRS (1920–1934)
• Colonel E. E. B. Mackintosh DSO (1933–1945)
• Dr Herman Shaw (1945–1950)
• Dr F. Sherwood Taylor (1950–1956)
• Sir Terence Morrison-Scott DSc FMA (1956–1960)
• Sir David Follett FMA (1960–1973)
• Dame Margaret Weston DBE FMA (1973–1986)
• Sir Neil Cossons OBE FSA FMA (1986–2000)
• Dr Lindsay Sharp (2000–2002)

The following have been Head/Director of the Science Museum in London, not including its satellite museums:

• Jon Tucker^[14] (2002–2007, Head)
• Prof. Chris Rapley CBE (2007 – present, Director)

The following have been Directors of the National Museum of Science and Industry, which oversees the Science Museum and other related museums, from 2002:

• Dr Lindsay Sharp (2002–2005)
• Jon Tucker (2005–2006, Acting Director)
• Prof. Martin Earwicker FREng (2006–2009)
• Molly Jackson (2009)
• Andrew Scott CBE (2009–2010)
• Ian Blatchford (2010–)

References

1. ^ "Visits made in 2009 to Visitor Attractions in Membership with ALVA". Association of Leading Visitor Attractions. http://www.alva.org.uk/visitor_statistics/. Retrieved 21 May 2010. 
2. ^ Science Museum, Survey of London XXXVIII: The Museums area of South Kensington and Westminster, F.H.W. Sheppard Editor (1975), p. 252
3. ^ ^{a b} "About Us - History". Science Museum. 1919-05-09. http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/about_us/about_the_museum/history.aspx?page=2. Retrieved 2010-07-07. 
4. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. "Science Museum (museum, London, United Kingdom) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528865/Science-Museum. Retrieved 2010-07-07. 
5. ^ Science Museum, Construction RIBA, date accessed 16 December 2010
6. ^ Science Museum - About us - Wellcome Wing
7. ^ "Library and Archives - About us". Science Museum. 2010-02-03. http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/about_us/about_the_museum/science_library.aspx. Retrieved 2010-07-07. 
8. ^ "Blythe House - About us - Science Museum London". http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/ingenioustours. Retrieved 21 September 2011. 
9. ^ "Dana Centre, Wellcome Wolfson Building". www.mjparchitects.co.uk. http://www.mjparchitects.co.uk/Wellcome_Wolfson.php. Retrieved 2009-08-27. 
10. ^ McKie, Robin; Harris, Paul (21 October 2007). "Disgrace: How a giant of science was brought low". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2007/oct/21/race.research. Retrieved 29 September 2010. 
11. ^ Rose, Steven (21 October 2007). "Watson's bad science". The Guardian (London). http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/steven_rose/2007/10/watsons_bad_science.html. Retrieved 23 May 2010. 
12. ^ [1]^{[dead link]}
13. ^ "Dan Dare & the Birth of Hi-tech Britain". The Science Museum. 2008-04-30. http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/visitmuseum/galleries/dan_dare_and_the_birth_of_high-tech_britain.aspx. Retrieved 2010-07-07. 
14. ^ Jon Tucker, Head of Science Museum, Science & Society Picture Library, 2002.

External links

• Science Museum website
• Albertopolis: Science Museum — architecture and history of the Science Museum
• National Museum of Science and Industry (NMSI) — a collection of British museums that includes the Science Museum
• Mapping the World's Science Museums from Nature Publishing Group's team blog