Historical capitals of China

Historical capitals of China

The Chinese phrase Four Great Ancient Capitals of China (simplified Chinese: 中国四大古都; traditional Chinese: 中國四大古都; pinyin: Zhōngguó Gǔdū) traditionally refers to Beijing (the current capital of the People's Republic), Nanjing, Luoyang, and Chang'an (Xi'an).

Due to additional evidence discovered since the 1930s, other historical capitals have been included in the list. The later phrase Seven Ancient Capitals of China includes Kaifeng (added in the 1920s as the fifth ancient capital), Hangzhou (the sixth, added in the 1930s), and Anyang (a proposal by numerous archaeologists in 1988, after which it finally became the seventh ancient capital). In 2004, the China Ancient Capital Society officially added Zhengzhou as an eighth due to archaeological finds from the early Shang Dynasty there.

Contents

List of historical capitals of China

Historical capitals in use prior to the 20th century.
Historical capitals in use from the 20th century onwards.

In alphabetical order:

  • Anyang was the capital during the Yin period of the Shang Dynasty (estimated between 1600 BC and 1046 BC): called Yin (, pinyin: Yīn).
State of Yan (Yen in WG) in Spring and Autumn Period (722-481 BC): called Ji (, pinyin: ).
Liao Dynasty (907-1125), as a secondary capital: called Yanjing (燕京, pinyin: Yānjīng, "capital of Yan").
Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) from Emperor Shizong until 1215: called Zhongdu (中都, pinyin: Zhōngdū, "central capital").
Yuan Dynasty (1271 to 1368): called Dadu (大都, pinyin: Dàdū, "great capital") in Chinese, Daidu (a direct transliteration from Chinese[1]) in Mongolian and Khanbaliq ("city of the Khan") in the Turkic languages. This was reported as "Cambuluc" by Marco Polo.
Ming Dynasty from the time of the Ming Yongle Emperor (r. 1402/1424) until 1644 called Jīngshī (京師,"capital").
Qing Dynasty from the fall of the Ming in 1644 to the end of the dynasty in 1912.
The Beiyang Government of the Republic of China.
The current capital of the People's Republic of China.
  • Datong (WG: Ta-t'ong) was the capital during Northern Wei Dynasty before moving to Luoyang in 493.
  • Guangzhou (formerly Romanized Canton from CPMR)
Republic of China: it was seat of the National Government before the Northern Expedition, and was briefly the seat of Chiang's ROC government during the Chinese civil war with the Communist Party of China.
  • Hangzhou (also Hangchou or Hangchow) was the capital of:
The Wuyue Kingdom (904-978), during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period.
China during the Southern Song Dynasty: called Lin'an (臨安 Lín'ān).
  • Fenghao was the capital during the Western Zhou Dynasty, located near present day Xi'an.
  • Kaifeng was the capital of various Chinese governments including (sorted chronologically):
Later Liang Dynasty during the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.
Later Jin Dynasty during the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.
Later Han Dynasty during the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.
Later Zhou Dynasty during the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.
Northern Song Dynasty: called Dongjing (東京 Dōngjīng).
  • Luoyang was the capital of various Chinese governments including (sorted chronologically):
Eastern Zhou Dynasty
Eastern Han Dynasty from 25 to 220
Kingdom of Wei during the Three Kingdoms.
Western Jin Dynasty
Northern Wei Dynasty since 493, moved its capital from Datong.
Later Tang Dynasty during the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.
  • Nanjing (formerly Romanized Nanking (CPMR) or Nanching in WG) was the capital of various Chinese governments including (sorted chronologically):
all of the Six Dynasties: called Jianye (建業 Jiànyè) or Jiankang (建康 Jiànkāng). The Six Dynasties are:
Kingdom of Wu during the Three Kingdoms.
Eastern Jin Dynasty
Liu Song Dynasty
Southern Qi Dynasty
Liang Dynasty
Chen Dynasty
Ming Dynasty before Yongle Emperor moved the capital to Beijing.
Taiping Tianguo (Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace and Prosperity) during the Taiping Rebellion. Known as Tianjing (天京literally 'Heavenly Capital') between 1853 and its fall in 1864.
Republic of China after the Northern Expedition until the Japanese invasion in 1937 of WWII, and after the war until Chiang Kai-Shek retreated to Taiwan in 1949.
Wang Jingwei's pro-Japanese collaborationist government.
  • Xi'an (WG: Hsi'an; called Chang'an in ancient times) was the capital of various Chinese governments including (sorted chronologically):
Western Zhou Dynasty, also see Fenghao.
State of Qin in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Qin Dynasty 221 BC-207 BC: Xi'an is located near the former Qin capital Xianyang (咸陽 Xiányáng).
Western Han Dynasty from 206 BC to AD 9
Xin Dynasty from 8 to 23
Eastern Han Dynasty
Western Jin Dynasty
State of Former Zhao, a state in the Sixteen Kingdoms period during the Jin Dynasty (265-420).
State of Former Qin from 351 to 394, during the Sixteen Kingdoms period.
State of Later Qin from 384 to 417, during the Sixteen Kingdoms period.
Western Wei Dynasty
Northern Zhou Dynasty
Sui Dynasty from 581 to 618
Tang Dynasty from 618 to 907
  • Ye was the capital of Eastern Wei Dynasty and Northern Qi Dynasty.

Chronology

Government Capital Period
Xia Song () Gun
Yangcheng (陽城) Yu[2]
Chu () Yi
Qiongshi (窮石) Yi, Hanzhuo
Zhen () Taikang
Diqiu (帝丘) Xiang
Yuan () Zhu
Laoqiu (老丘) Zhu
Xihe (西河) Yinjia
Zhen () Jie
Henan (河南) Jie[3]
Shang Bo () Shang Tang[3]
Fan () Xie
Dishi (砥石) Zhaoming
Shang () Zhaoming
Shangqiu (商邱) Xiangtu
Foot of Mount Tai ("泰山麓") Xiangtu
Shangqiu (商邱) Xiangtu
Yin () Shanghou
Shangqiu (商邱) Yinhou
Bo ("西") Tang
Xiao () Zhongding
Xiang () Hedanjia
Xing () Zuyi
Bi () Zuyi
Yan () Nan'geng
Yin () Pan'geng
Zhou (Western) Zongzhou (宗周, Western capital) 1046 BC771 BC
Chengzhou (成周, Eastern capital) 1046 BC771 BC
Zhou (Eastern) Chengzhou (成周) 770 BC367 BC
"Henan" (河南, capital of the Western Zhou State) 367 BC256 BC
Gong (, capital of the Eastern Zhou State) 367 BC249 BC
Qin Xiquanqiu (西犬丘)
Pingyang (平陽) 677 BC
Yong () 677 BC
Jingyang (涇陽) 383 BC
Liyang (櫟陽) 383 BC250 BC
Xianyang (咸陽) 350 BC207 BC
Han (Western) Luoyang (雒陽) 202 BC
Liyang (櫟陽) 202 BC200 BC
Chang'an (長安) 200 BC8 BC
Xin Chang'an (長安) 8 CE23 CE
Han (Eastern) Luoyang (雒陽) 25190
Chang'an (長安) 191195
Xu () 196220
Wei
(Three Kingdoms)
Luoyang (洛陽) 220265
Han
(Three Kingdoms)
Chengdu (成都) 221263
Wu
(Three Kingdoms)
Jianye (建業) 227279
Jin (Western) Luoyang (洛陽) 265313
Chang'an (長安) 313316
Jin (Eastern) Jiankang (建康) 317420
Wei
(Northern dynasties)
Pingcheng (平城) 386493
Luoyang (洛陽) 493534
Ye (, capital of the Eastern Wei State) 534550
Chang'an (長安, capital of the Western Wei State) 535557
Qi
(Northern dynasties)
Ye () 550577
Zhou
(Northern dynasties)
Chang'an (長安) 557581
Song
(Southern dynasties)
Jiankang (建康) 420479
Qi
(Southern dynasties)
Jiankang (建康) 479502
Liang
(Southern dynasties)
Jiankang (建康) 502557
Chen
(Southern dynasties)
Jiankang (建康) 557589
Sui Dongdu (東都) 581618
Daxing (大興, auxiliary capital) 581618
Tang Chang'an (長安) 618690
Zhou Chang'an (長安) 690705
Tang Chang'an (長安) 705904
Luoyang (洛陽) 904907
Liang
(Five dynasties)
Dongdu (東都) 907923
Tang
(Five dynasties)
Dongdu (東都) 923936
Jin
(Five dynasties)
Dongjing (東京) 936947
Han
(Five dynasties)
Dongjing (東京) 947950
Zhou
(Five dynasties)
Dongjing (東京) 951960
Song (Northern) Dongjing (東京) 9601127
Song (Southern) Lin'an (臨安) 11271279
Liao,
Empire of the Khitan
Shangjing (上京) 9071120
Nanjing (南京) 11221123
Tokmok (虎思斡耳朵) 11341218
Jin Shangjing (上京) 11151153
Zhongdu (中都) 11531214
Nanjing (南京) 12141234
Western Xia Xingqing 10381227
Yuan
Shangdu (上都) May 12641276
Dadu (大都) 1276August 1368
Shangdu (上都) August 13681369
Ming Nanjing (南京) 23 January 13682 February 1421
Beijing (北京) 2 February 142125 April 1644
Nanjing (南京) 16441645
Fuzhou (福州) 16451646
Zhaoqing (肇慶) 164625 April 1662
Later Jin Feiala (費阿拉) 15871603
Hetuala (赫圖阿拉) 16031619
Jiefan (界凡) 1619September 1620
Sarhu (薩爾滸) September 1620April 1621
Dongjing (東京) April 162111 April 1625
Shengjing (盛京) 11 April 16251636
Qing Shengjing (盛京) 163620 September 1644
Beijing (北京) 20 September 164412 February 1912[4]
Republic of China Nanjing (南京) 1 January 19122 April 1912
(Provisional Government)
Beijing (北京) 2 April 191230 May 1928
(Beiyang Government)[4]
Fengtian (奉天) 30 May 192829 December 1928
(Beiyang Government)
Guangzhou (廣州) 1 July 192521 February 1927
(Guangzhou Nationalist Government)
Wuhan (武漢) 21 February 192719 August 1927
(Wuhan Nationalist Government)[5]
Nanjing (南京) 18 April 192720 November 1937
(the Nanjing decade)[4]
Beiping (北平) 9 September 193023 September 1930
(Beiping Nationalist Government)
Taiyuan (太原) 23 September 19304 November 1930
(Beiping Nationalist Government)
Guangzhou (廣州) 28 May 193122 December 1931
(Guangzhou Nationalist Government)
Chongqing (重慶) 21 November 19375 May 1946
(during the Second Sino-Japanese War)[4]
Nanjing (南京) 30 March 194010 August 1945
(Wang Jingwei Government)
Nanjing (南京) 5 May 194623 April 1949[4]
Guangzhou (廣州) 23 April 194914 October 1949
(during the Chinese Civil War)
Chongqing (重慶) 14 October 194930 November 1949
(during the Chinese Civil War)
Chengdu (成都) 30 November 194927 December 1949
(during the Chinese Civil War)
Xichang (西昌) 27 December 194927 March 1950
(during the Chinese Civil War)
Taipei (臺北) 10 December 1949Present
People's Republic of China Beijing (北京) 10 October 1949Present

See also

References

  1. ^ Denis Twitchett, Herbert Franke, John K. Fairbank, in The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p 454.
  2. ^ 李玉潔. [2003] (2003). 中國早期國家性質. 知書房出版集團. ISBN 9867938178, 9789867938176.
  3. ^ a b Bamboo annals Xia chapter on Xia Jie under the name Gui ().
  4. ^ a b c d e Esherick, Joseph. [2000] (2000). Remaking the Chinese City: Modernity and National Identity, 1900-1950. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0824825187.
  5. ^ Clark, Anne Biller. Clark, Anne Bolling. Klein, Donald. Klein, Donald Walker. [1971] (1971). Harvard Univ. Biographic Dictionary of Chinese communism. Original from the University of Michigan v.1. Digitized Dec 21, 2006. p 134.


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