Kaifeng

Infobox Settlement
name =Kaifeng
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settlement_type =Prefecture-level city
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translit_lang1=Chinese
translit_lang1_type=Chinese
translit_lang1_info=开封
translit_lang1_type1=Pinyin
translit_lang1_info1=Kāifēng


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image_caption = The Iron Pagoda, or Youguo Pagoda of Kaifeng, built in 1049 AD during the Song Dynasty


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map_caption = Kaifeng in Henan


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pushpin_map_caption =Location in China
pushpin_mapsize =220
subdivision_type = Country
subdivision_name = China
subdivision_type1 = Province
subdivision_name1 = Henan
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area_total_km2 =6444
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population_total =4800000
population_density_km2 =auto
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timezone = China Standard
utc_offset = +8
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latd=34 |latm=47 |lats=28 |latNS=N
longd=114 |longm=20 |longs=53 |longEW=E
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area_code =378
blank_name =GDP
blank_info =¥7,250 per capita (2004)
blank1_name =Major Nationalities
blank1_info =Han, Hui
blank2_name =County-level divisions
blank2_info =10
blank3_name =Township-level divisions
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website =http://www.kaifeng.gov.cn
footnotes = Kaifeng (zh-stpw|s=wd|开wd|封|t=wd|開wd|封|p=Kāifēng|w=K'ai-feng), formerly known as Bianliang (zh-cp|c=汴梁 or 汴樑|p=Biànliáng), Bianjing (zh-cp|c=汴京|p=Biànjīng), Daliang (zh-cp|c=大梁 or 大樑|p=Dàliáng), or simply Liang (zh-cp|c=梁 or 樑|p=Liáng), is a prefecture-level city in eastern Henan province, People's Republic of China. Located along the southern bank of the Yellow River, it borders the provincial capital of Zhengzhou to the west, Xinxiang to the northwest, Shangqiu to the east, Zhoukou to the southeast, Xuchang to the southwest, and the province of Shandong to the northeast.

Administration

The prefecture-level city of Kaifeng administers 5 districts and 5 counties.

*Gulou District (鼓楼区)
*Longting District (龙亭区)
*Nanguan District (南关区)
*Jiao District (郊区)
*Shunhe Hui District (顺河回族区)
*Weishi County (尉氏县)
*Qi County (杞县)
*Tongxu County (通许县)
*Lankao County (兰考县)
*Kaifeng County (开封县)

History

Kaifeng is one of the Seven Ancient Capitals of China.

In 364 BC, the state of Wei during the Warring States Period founded a city called Daliang as its capital in this area. During this period, the first of many canals in the area was constructed; it linked a local river to the Huang He. When the State of Wei was conquered by the Qin, Kaifeng was destroyed and abandoned except for a mid-sized market town, which remained in its place.

Early in the 7th century, Kaifeng was transformed into a major commercial hub when it was connected to the Grand Canal as well as a canal running to western Shandong Province.

In 781 (Tang Dynasty), a new city was reconstructed and named Bian (汴). Bian was the capital of the Later Jin (936-946), Later Han (947-950), and Later Zhou (951-960) of the Five Dynasties Period. The Song Dynasty made Bian its capital when it overthrew the Later Zhou in 960, and shortly afterward, they further expanded the city.

During the Song Dynasty, called Dongjing or Bianjing then, Kaifeng was the capital with a population of over 400,000, living both inside and outside the city wall. Typhus was an acute problem of the city.

In 1049, Youguosi Pagoda (佑國寺塔), or Iron Pagoda (鐵塔) as it is called today, was constructed, which measures 54.7 m in height. It has survived the destruction of wars and floodings and become the oldest landmark in this ancient city. Another Song Dynasty pagoda, Bo Ta (繁塔), from 974, has been partially destroyed.

Another well-known sight was the astronomical clock tower of the engineer, scientist, and statesman Su Song (1020-1101 AD). It was crowned with a rotating armillary sphere that was hydraulic-powered (i.e. by waterwheel and clepsydra clock), yet it incorporated an escapement mechanism two hundred years before they were found in clockworks of Europe, and featured the first known endless power-transmitting chain drive.

Kaifeng reached its peak of importance in the 11th century, when it was a commercial and industrial center at the intersection of four major canals. During this time, the city was surrounded by three rings of city walls and probably had a population of 600,000 to 700,000.

It is believed that Kaifeng was the largest city in the world from 1013 to 1127. [http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm]

This period ended in 1127, when the city fell to Jurchen invaders (see Jingkang Incident) and came subsequently under the rule of the Jin Dynasty. While it remained an important administrative center, only the city area inside the inner city wall of the early Song Dynasty remained settled and the two outer rings were abandoned.

One major problem associated with Kaifeng as the Imperial capital of the Song Dynasty was its location. While it was conveniently situated along the Grand Canal for logistic supply, Kaifeng was militarily vulnerable due to its position on the flood plains of the Yellow River.

Kaifeng served as the Jurchen's "southern capital" from 1157 (other sources say 1161) and was reconstructed during this time. [http://www.san.beck.org/AB3-China.html#9] [http://www.upkorea.net/news/photo/7345-2-7037.pdf] But they kept their main capital further north, until 1214, when they were forced to move the imperial court southwards to Kaifeng in order to flee the Mongol onslaught. In 1234 they succumbed to combined Mongol and Song Dynasty forces. Mongols took control, and in 1279 they conquered all of China.

At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty in 1368, Kaifeng was made the capital of Henan Province.

In 1642, Kaifeng was flooded by the Ming army with water from Yellow River to prevent the peasant rebel Li Zicheng from taking over. After this disaster, the city was abandoned again.

Under the celebrated Qing emperor Kangxi (1662), Kaifeng was rebuilt. However, another flooding occurred in 1841, followed by another reconstruction in 1843, which produced the contemporary Kaifeng as we know it.

Kaifeng is also known for having the oldest extant Jewish community in China, the Kaifeng Jews. In 1163, when China was Islamised by the Persian Caliph, a Jewish prince of the line of David called Rosh-ha-golah was sent by the Jewish Exilarch (a distant relative of the Caliph) to Kaifeng, to marry a princess of the old Wei kingdom and establish a synagogue there. In 1840 a descendant of this line was called Rosenfeld (from Rosh-ha-golah) and was a textile merchant in Berdychiv, Russia which was then called "the Jerusalem of the Volhynia". Rosenfeld headed a movement called Haskalah of which he was the chief maskil and he had Yiddish theatre produced as part of this movement in the Rosenfeld textile factories both in Berdychiv and in Lodz, Poland "the second city of the Haskalah". Rosenfeld purchased the Astor House Hotel (now called the Pujiang Fandian) across the street from the Russian Embassy in Shanghai about 1840. Rosenfeld exported cotton from Kaifeng to Berdychiv and Lodz until 1900 when he removed to Russian Hill in San Francisco where the Rosenfeld daughter married Albert Less, a member of the Levi-Strauss family. The jeans brand now known as "Levis" may have originally been produced from Rosenfeld cotton imported from Kaifeng.

It was here, too, that in 1969, the former Chairman of the People's Republic of China Liu Shaoqi, died in prison from medical neglect. There is a photograph of Jacob Rosenfeld http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

This Jacob Rosenfeld, known as General Luo, was an Austrian cousin of the wealthy textile manufacturing family who owned the Astor House Hotel in Shanghai (1840-1900). He was a medical doctor and there is a hospital in China named after this Jacob Rosenfeld, General Luo. It is also extremely important to note, concerning the history of the Jews of Kaifeng, that China was Islamised when conquered by the Persian Caliph from Bagdad circa 1163 AD. This was the whole reason that the Resh Galuta, the Jewish Exilarch in Bagdad, was allowed to establish a synagogue and a Jewish community in Kaifeng. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resh_Galuta [NB "Character of the Exilarchate in the Arabic era"] He sent a descendant of the house of David http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David who was considered a prophet (Dawood) by the Muslims, who married a Wei princess who converted to Judaism, thus establishing a dynasty within the Jewish community of Kaifeng. This is very important to understand, in order to understand why the Muslim community in Kaifeng is still very protective of Kaifeng's Jews to this day.

Culture

Kaifeng offers a wide range of food specialities such as steaming pie and Chinese dumpling. In the evening, Kaifeng's streets turn into restaurants while hundreds open their stands and begin selling their food in the famous night market. Often people from the nearby Zhengzhou come to Kaifeng to spend an evening with their family as the atmosphere is very appealing. Less adventurous Western tourists may prefer to eat inside the restaurants and just have their drinks outside because they might not want to try chicken feet, pork feet or bucks. Particularly famous is Kaifeng's five-spice bread (wǔxiāng shāobǐng), which, like pita, can be opened and filled.

Tourism

DaXiangGuo Temple (大相国寺) Famous Buddhist temple first built in 555 A.D..

BaoGong Ancestral Hall (包公祠) An ancestral hall built in remembrance of a respectable official from the Song Dynasty.

ister cities

*flagicon|USA Wichita, Kansas, United States
*flagicon|Israel Kiryat Motzkin, Israel
*flagicon|Japan Toda, Saitama, Japan
*flagicon|Russia Omsk, Siberia, Russia

Colleges and universities

Public

*Henan University (河南大学) (founded 1912)
*Kaifeng University (开封大学) (founded 1980)
*Kaifeng High School (开封高中) (founded 1902)
*Ma Si Guang University (马思光大学) (founded 1988)

ee also

*1642 Kaifeng Flood
*Kaifeng Jews

External links

* [http://www.kaifeng.gov.cn Government website of Kaifeng] (in Simplified Chinese)

s-ttl|title=Capital of China (as Kaifeng)
years=960-1127|row=1