Manganese(II,III) oxide

Manganese(II,III) oxide
IUPAC name manganese(II) dimanganese(III) oxide
Other names hausmannite, manganous manganic oxide
Identifiers
CAS number	1317-35-7 Y
PubChem	14825
RTECS number	OP0895000
Properties
Molecular formula	Mn3O4 MnO.Mn2O3
Molar mass	228.812 g/mol
Appearance	red or brown
Density	4.86 g/cm3
Melting point	1567 °C
Boiling point	2847 °C
Solubility in water	insoluble
Solubility	soluble in HCl
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Infobox references

Manganese(II,III) oxide is the chemical compound with formula Mn₃O₄. Manganese is present in two oxidation states +2 and +3 and the formula is sometimes written as MnO.Mn₂O₃. Mn₃O₄ is found in nature as the mineral hausmannite.

Preparation

Mn₃O₄ formed when any manganese oxide is heated in air above 1000°C.^[1] Considerable research has centred on producing nano-crystalline Mn₃O₄ and various syntheses that involve oxidation of Mn^II or reduction of Mn^VI.^[2][3][4]

Reactions

Mn₃O₄ has been found to act as a catalyst for a range of reactions e.g. the oxidation of methane and carbon monoxide ^[5][6]; the decomposition of NO,^[7] the reduction of nitrobenzene^[8] and the catalytic combustion of organic compounds ^[9]

Structure

Mn₃O₄ has the spinel structure, where the oxide ions are cubic close packed and the Mn^II occupy octahedral sites and the Mn^III tetrahedral sites.^[1] The structure is distorted due to a Jahn-Teller effect.^[1] At room temperature Mn₃O₄ is paramagnetic, below 41-43 K, it is ferrimagnetic.^[10] although this has been reported as reducing in nano-crystalline samples to around 39 K^[11]

Uses

Mn₃O₄ is sometimes used as a starting material in the production of soft ferrites e.g. manganese zinc ferrite, ^[12] and lithium manganese oxide, used in lithium batteries. ^[13]

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0080379419. 
2. ^ Hausmannite Mn₃O₄ nanorods: synthesis, characterization and magnetic properties Jin Du et al. Nanotechnology, (2006),17 4923-4928, doi: 10.1088/0957-4484/17/19/024
3. ^ One-step synthesis of Mn₃O₄ nanoparticles: Structural and magnetic study Vázquez-Olmos A., Redón R, Rodríguez-Gattorno G., Mata-Zamora M.E., Morales-Leal F, Fernández-Osorio A.L, Saniger J.M. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 291, 1, (2005), 175-180 doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2005.05.005
4. ^ Use of Carbonaceous Polysaccharide Microspheres as Templates for Fabricating Metal Oxide Hollow Spheres Xiaoming Sun, Junfeng Liu , Yadong Li, Chemistry - A European Journal ,(2005), 12, 7 , 2039 – 2047 , doi:10.1002/chem.200500660
5. ^ The reduction and oxidation behaviour of manganese oxides Stobhe E.R, de Boer A.D., Geus J.W., Catalysis Today. (1999), 47, 161–167. doi:10.1016/S0920-5861(98)00296-X
6. ^ An in situ XRD investigation of singly and doubly promoted manganese oxide methane coupling catalysts.Moggridge G.D, Rayment T, Lambert R.M. Journal of Catalysis, (1992), 134, 242–252, doi:10.1016/0021-9517(92)90225-7
7. ^ NO Decomposition over Mn₂O₃ and Mn₃O₄. Yamashita T, Vannice A., Journal of Catalysis (1996),163, 158–168, doi:10.1006/jcat.1996.0315
8. ^ Selective reduction of nitrobenzene to nitrosobenzene over different kinds of trimanganese tetroxide catalysts.Wang W.M., Yang Y.N., Zhang J.Y., Applied Catalysis A. (1995), 133, 1, 81–93 doi:10.1016/0926-860X(95)00186-7
9. ^ Catalytic combustion of C3 hydrocarbons and oxygenates over Mn₃O₄. Baldi M, Finocchio E, Milella F, Busca G., Applied Catalysis B. (1998), 16, 1, 43–51, doi:10.1016/S0926-3373(97)00061-1
10. ^ Magnetic Structure of Mn₃O₄ by Neutron Diffraction Boucher B., Buhl R., Perrin M., J. Appl. Phys. 42, 1615 (1971); doi:10.1063/1.1660364
11. ^ Synthesis of superparamagnetic Mn₃O₄ nanocrystallites by ultrasonic irradiation I.K. Gopalakrishnan, N. Bagkar, R. Ganguly and S.K. Kulshreshtha Journal of Crystal Growth 280, 3-4, (2005), 436-441, doi:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.03.060
12. ^ Method of making manganese-zinc ferrite U.S Patent number: 4093688 (1978) Arthur Withop, Roger Emil Travagli
13. ^ Process for preparing lithium manganese oxides,U.S Patent number: 6706443,(2004), Horst Krampitz, Gerhard Wohner