CAC Woomera

CA-4/CA-11 Woomera
A side view of the Woomera CA-4 prototype, A23-1001.
Role	light bomber reconnaissance dive bomber torpedo bomber
Manufacturer	Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation
First flight	19 September 1941
Primary user	Royal Australian Air Force
Number built	2

The CAC Woomera, also known as the CAC CA-4 and CAC CA-11, was an Australian bomber aircraft, which was designed and manufactured by the Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation during World War II. The order for the Woomera was cancelled before it became operational with the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF).

Design and development

In early 1939, the Australian Government ordered large numbers of Bristol Beaufort bombers, to be built in railway workshops, and in doing so, by-passed the local aircraft company, Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation.

CAC, under Sir Lawrence Wackett, began work on its own design, hoping to out-perform the Beaufort by building a machine that could serve as both a torpedo bomber and dive bomber.^[1] To keep down weight, Wackett dispensed with traditional self sealing fuel tanks and opted to make the wing cavities liquid-tight, and thus serve as fuel storage. The Australian Government was initially uninterested in the CAC design. However, in mid-1940, cut off from the supply of British-made components for the Beaufort program (thanks to a British embargo on the export of aviation products, due to the need to maximise British production during the Battle of Britain), the Australian Government ordered a prototype of the CAC design, even before the Royal Australian Air Force had expressed a view about the machine.^[2] This prototype CA-4 took to the air on 19 September 1941. The CA-4 was a low wing, twin-engined, multi-role bomber with a crew of three. It was armed with four nose-mounted .303 calibre machine guns and two remote-controlled twin machine-gun barbettes mounted at the rear of the engine nacelles. It could carry either 500 lb (230 kg) bombs, 250 lb (110 kg) bombs or two torpedoes. It was originally powered by two Pratt & Whitney Twin Wasp R-1830-S3C3-G radials. Unfortunately, the novel fuel tanks never proved reliable, and in January 1943 the CA-4 prototype was completely destroyed in a mid-air explosion, probably due to a fuel leak.

With a re-designed tail and rudder, and an improved nose armament of two 20 mm cannon and two .303 calibre machine guns, the CA-4 became the CA-11 Woomera.

Production

Faced with the crisis caused by the Japanese entry into the war in December 1941, the RAAF accepted the design even before testing was complete, and ordered 105 examples of the CAC bomber on 8 March 1942. However, after the loss of the first CA4 prototype, the redesigned CA-11 did not fly until June 1944. By the time production was due to commence, the dive-bombing concept had fallen into disrepute, the RAAF was filling the light bomber/reconnaissance/strike role with British-designed Bristol Beaufighters (which were being made in Australia by the Department of Aircraft Production); US-made B-24 Liberator heavy bombers had also become available. Consequently, the original Woomera order was reduced from 105 to 20. After the first CA11 flew, the whole program was cancelled and the production capacity set aside for Woomeras at CAC was switched to P-51 Mustang fighters.

Loss of CA-4

On 15 January 1943, the prototype CA-4, A23-1001, crashed on a test flight to assess powerplant performance and evaluate aerodynamic effects of a new fixed leading edge slat. During the return to the CAC airfield at Fisherman's Bend, the pilot, Squadron Leader Jim Harper, had detected a fuel leak in the port Pratt & Whitney R-1830 engine. As the problem worsened he attempted to shut-down the engine, feathering the propeller; however, the actuation of the feathering switch caused an explosion and uncontrollable fire. The three man crew subsequently attempted evacuation at 1,000 feet (300 m), yet only Harper succeeded in parachuting free, while the CAC test pilot Jim Carter and power plant group engineer Lionel Dudgeon were both killed. The airframe subsequently impacted 3 miles (4.8 km) south-west of Kilmore, Victoria. The wreckage was recovered and used for components.^[3]

Operators

 Australia

• Royal Australian Air Force

Specifications

Orthographic projection of the CA-4 Woomera - the first prototype.

Data from ^[4]

General characteristics

• Crew: 3 (pilot, bomb aimer/navigator, rear gunner)
• Length: 39 ft 7 in (12.07 m)
• Wingspan: 59 ft 2½ in (18.05 m)
• Height: 18 ft 2 in (5.53 m)
• Wing area: 440 ft² (40.9 m²)
• Empty weight: 12,756 lb (5,798 kg)
• Max takeoff weight: 22,885 lb (10,402 kg)
• Powerplant: 2 × Pratt & Whitney R-1830-S3C3-G Twin Wasp 14-cylinder two-row radial engine, 1,200 hp (895 kW) each

Performance

• Maximum speed: 282 mph (454 km/h, 247 knots)
• Range: 2,225 mi (3,580 km, 1,950 nm) (with external tank and one torpedo)
• Service ceiling: 23,500 ft (7,165 m)
• Rate of climb: 2,090 ft/min (10.6 m/s)

Armament

• Guns:
  
  • 2 × .303 Browning machine guns in nose
  • 2 × 20 mm Hispano MkII cannons in nose
  • 4 × .303 Browning machine guns in two rear firing remotely-controlled barbettes
  • 1 x .303 Vickers K machine gun in ventral position
• Bombs:
  
  • 4× 250 lb (113 kg) bombs internally in engine nacelle bays
  • and 4× 500 lb (224 kg) bombs
  • or 2× GB Mk XII or Mk XV or US Mk13-2 torpedoes ventrally
  • or 1× torpedo and 1× 293 imp gal (352 USG) external tank ventrally

See also

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

• Junkers Ju-88
• Petlyakov Pe-2
• Savoia-Marchetti SM.85
• Tupolev Tu-2
• Yokosuka P1Y
  

References

Notes

1. ^ Ewer 2009 Chapter 6
2. ^ Ewer, 2009, p169
3. ^ Isaacs, Grp. Capt. Keith, "Wackett's Wonder", Air Enthusiast Quarterly, Number One, Bromley, Kent, UK, 1976, p. 58.
4. ^ Green, 1967, p. 16.

Bibliography

• Ewer, Peter. Wounded Eagle: the bombing of Darwin and Australi's air defence scandal. Sydney: New Holland, 2009. ISBN 9781741108255
• Green, William. War Planes of the Second World War: Bombers and Reconnaissance Aircraft, Volume Seven. London: Macdonald, 1967. ISBN 0-356-01477-0.

External links

• adf-serials.com, 2003, "ADF Aircraft Serial Numbers RAAF A23 CAC CA-4/CA-11 Woomera"