Maize streak virus

Maize streak virus (MSV) is an insect-transmitted maize pathogen in the genus Mastrevirus of the family Geminiviridae that is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa. The A-strain of MSV (MSV-A) causes sporadic maize streak disease epidemics throughout the maize growing regions of Africa ^[1][2][3]. The development of conventionally resistant maize varieties has been a priority since the 1950s in Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa and elsewhere, with a good deal of success: however, there are several genes associated with resistance, and breeding is complex. Transgenically resistant or genetically modified maize varieties are currently under development in South Africa ^[4]. MSV was first observed by the South African entomologist Claude Fuller and described in his 1901 report as “mealie variegation”. ^[5]

MSV is mainly transmitted by Cicadulina mbila, but other leafhopper species, such as C. storeyi, C. arachidis and C. dabrowski, are also able to transmit the virus.

Typical of all mastreviruses, MSV's circular, ~2.7-Kb monopartite single-stranded (ss) DNA genome encodes only four proteins. Bidirectional transcription from a long intergenic region (LIR) results in the virion-sense expression of a movement protein (MP) and a coat protein (CP), and the complementary-sense expression of the replication-associated proteins, Rep and RepA. Whereas the MP and CP are involved in virus movement and encapsidation ^[6], Rep is an essential initiator of virus replication, and RepA is a regulator of host and viral gene transcription ^{[7][8][9][10]}. Due to genome size restrictions, MSV usurps host DNA replication and double-stranded DNA break repair proteins to replicate its genome via, respectively, rolling-circle ^[11] and recombination-dependent mechanisms ^[12].

References

1. ^ Dionne N Shepherd, Darren P Martin, Eric Van Der Walt, Kyle Dent, Arvind Varsani, Ed Rybicki (2009), "Maize streak virus: an old and complex ‘emerging’ pathogen", Molecular Plant Pathology 11: 1–12, doi:10.1111/j.1364-3703.2009.00568.x 
2. ^ Darren P. Martin and Dionne N. Shepherd (2009), "The epidemiology, economic impact and control of maize streak disease", Food Security 1: 305–315, doi:10.1007/s12571-009-0023-1 
3. ^ Nilsa A. Bosque-Pérez (2000), "Eight decades of maize streak virus research", Virus Research 71: 107–121, doi:10.1016/S0168-1702(00)00192-1 
4. ^ Dionne N. Shepherd, Tichaona Mangwende, Darren P. Martin, Marion Bezuidenhout, Frederik J. Kloppers, Charlene H. Carolissen, Adérito L. Monjane, Edward P. Rybicki, and Jennifer A. Thomson (2007), "Maize streak virus-resistant transgenic maize: a first for Africa", Plant Biotechnology Journal 5: 759–767, doi:10.1111/j.1467-7652.2007.00279.x, PMID 17924935 
5. ^ http://www.mediaclubsouthafrica.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2027:gmo-271010&catid=48:innovationnews&Itemid=115
6. ^ Sondra G. Lazarowitz, Allison J. Pinder, Vernon D. Damsteegt, and Stephen G. Rogers (1989), "Maize streak virus genes essential for systemic spread and symptom development", EMBO J 8: 1023–1032, PMID 400910 
7. ^ Xiangcan Zhan, Kim A. Richardson, Ann Haley and Bret A. M. Morris (1993), "The Activity of the Coat Protein Promoter of Chloris Striate Mosaic Virus Is Enhanced by Its Own and C1-C2 Gene Products", Virology 193: 498–502, doi:10.1006/viro.1993.1153, PMID 8438584 
8. ^ JMI Hofer, EL Dekker, HV Reynolds, CJ Woolston, BS Cox and PM Mullineaux (1992), "Coordinate Regulation of Replication and Virion Sense Gene Expression in Wheat Dwarf Virus", The Plant Cell 4: 213–223, PMID 1633494 
9. ^ Kathleen L. Hefferon, Yong-Sun Moon, Ying Fan (2006), "Multi-tasking of nonstructural gene products is required for bean yellow dwarf geminivirus transcriptional regulation", The FEBS Journal 273: 4482–4494, doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05454.x, PMID 16972938 
10. ^ S Collin, M Fernández-Lobato, P S Gooding, P M Mullineaux, and C Fenoll (1996), "The two nonstructural proteins from wheat dwarf virus involved in viral gene expression and replication are retinoblastoma-binding proteins", Virology 219: 324–329, doi:10.1006/viro.1996.0256, PMID 8623550 
11. ^ Keith Saunders, Andrew Lucy and John Stanley (1991), "DNA forms of the geminivirus African cassava mosaic virus consistent with a rolling circle mechanism of replication", Nucleic Acids Research 19: 2325–2330, doi:10.1093/nar/19.9.2325, PMID 2041773 
12. ^ Julia B. Erdmann, Dionne N. Shepherd, Darren P. Martin, Arvind Varsani, Edward P. Rybicki, and Holger Jeske (2010), "Replicative intermediates of maize streak virus found during leaf development.", Journal of General Virology 91: 1077–1081, doi:10.1099/vir.0.017574-0, PMID 20032206 

External links

• http://www.mcb.uct.ac.za//msv/mastrevirus.htm
• http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/315/5809/182

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