Madtsoiidae

Madtsoiidae Temporal range: Early Cenomanian to Late Pleistocene
Madtsoia bai
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Sauropsida
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Scleroglossa
Infraorder:	Serpentes
Family:	†Madtsoiidae (Hoffstetter, 1961) Scanlon & Lee, 2000
Genera
See text

Madtsoiidae are an extinct group of mostly Gondwanan snakes with a fossil record extending from early Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) to late Pleistocene strata located in South America, Africa, India, Australia and Southern Europe. Madtsoiid snakes include very primitive snakes, which like extant boas and pythons would likely dispatch their prey by constriction, such as Gigantophis, one of the longest snakes known at an estimated 10.7 meters, and the Australian Aboriginal mythology-named Wonambi and Yurlunggur. As a grouping of basal forms the composition and even the validity of Madtsoiidae is in a state of flux as new pertinent finds are described.

Description

Diagram of the fossil of Sanajeh

Madtsoiidae was first classified as a subfamily of Boidae, Madtsoiinae, in Hoffstetter (1961a). Further study and new finds allowed ranking the group as a distinct family in Linnaean systems. With the recent use of cladistics to unravel phylogeny, various analyses have posited Madtsoiidae as a likely clade within Serpentes, or possible paraphyletic stem group outside Serpentes and within a more inclusive Ophidia. Madtsoiid snakes ranged in size from less than 1 m (estimated total length) to over 9 m, and are thought to have been constrictors analogous to modern pythons and boas, but with more primitive jaw structures less highly adapted for swallowing large prey. There are specific anatomical features that diagnose members of this family, such as the presence of hypapophyses only in anterior trunk, that the middle and posterior trunk vertebrae possess a moderately or well-developed haemal keel, except for a few near the cloacal region, often with short laterally paired projections on the posterior part of the keel. Also, all trunk and caudal vertebrae have at least a parazygantral foramen, sometimes several of them, located in a more or less distinct fossa that is lateral to each zygantral facet. Addition features are the prezygapophyseal processes' absence while the paracotylar foramina are present and that the diapophyses are relatively wide, exceeding width across prezygapophyses at least in the posterior trunk vertebrae. (Scanlon 2005)

Like most fossil snakes the majority of madtsoiids are known only from isolated vertebrae, but several (Madtsoia bai, M. camposi, Wonambi naracoortensis, Nanowana spp., unnamed Yurlunggur spp., Najash rionegrina) have associated or articulated parts of skeletons. Of the genera listed below, all have been referred to Madtsoiidae in all recent classifications except Najash rionegrina, which is included here based on diagnostic vertebral characters described by Apesteguía and Zaher (2006). These authors didn't include Najash among madtsoiids because they consider that madtsoiids are a paraphyletic assemblage of basal macrostomatans related to Madtsoia bai and consequently, not related to the Cretaceous alethinophidians from southern continents.

Rieppel et al. (2002) classified Wonambi naracoortensis within the extant radiation, (crown group), of snakes as Macrostomata incertae sedis, but many of their character state attributions for this species have been criticised or refuted by Scanlon (2005a) and the better-preserved skulls of Yurlunggur sp./spp. have numerous characters apparently more plesiomorphic than any macrostomatans (Scanlon 2006). The partial skull attributed to Najash rionegrina (Apesteguía and Zaher 2006) resembles that of the non-madtsoiid Dinilysia patagonica, and vertebrae support that they are related. The type material of Najash is the only possible madtsoiid specimen retaining evidence of pelvic and hindlimb elements, which are claimed to be more plesiomorphic than other Cretaceous limbed snakes, such as Pachyrhachis, Haasiophis or Eupodophis, in retaining a sacro-iliac contact and well-developed limbs, with a huge and well-defined trochanter. The sacro iliac contact is perhaps misleadingly described by Apesteguía and Zaher as unique possession of a sacrum, whereas it has rarely been questioned that the cloacal vertebrae in snakes are homologous to the sacrals of limbed squamates (i.e. the sacrum is present but has lost contact with the reduced ilia in other taxa). It would be unsurprising if other madtsoiids also possessed hindlimbs as complete as those of Najash.

Wonambi naracoortensis and Thylacoleo

Several madtsoiid genera have been named using indigenous words for legendary Rainbow Serpents or dragons, including Wonambi (Pitjantjatjara), Yurlunggur (Yolngu) and Nanowana (Ancient Greek nano-, 'dwarf' + Warlpiri Wana) in Australia, and Herensugea (Basque) in Europe. G.G. Simpson (1933) apparently started this trend by compounding Madtsoia from indigenous roots. In this particular case these originated from the Tehuelche language, although the reference made was geographic rather than mythological, the derivation being from that language's terms mad, "valley" and tsoi, "cow" as a rough translation from Spanish name of the type locality, Cañadón Vaca.

Classification

• Gigantophis Andrews, 1901
  • Gigantophis garstini Andrews, 1901 (Andrews 1906, Hoffstetter 1961b; Paleogene, Late Eocene; Egypt, Libya)

• Madtsoia Simpson, 1933
  • Madtsoia bai Simpson, 1933 (Paleogene, Early Eocene; Argentina)
  • Madtsoia cf. M. bai (Simpson 1935, Hoffstetter 1960; Paleogene, Late Paleocene; Argentina)
  • Madtsoia madagascariensis Hoffstetter, 1961a (Piveteau 1933; Cretaceous, Santonian or Campanian; Madagascar)
  • Madtsoia aff. madagascariensis (de Broin et al. 1974; Cretaceous, Coniacian or Santonian, Niger)
  • Madtsoia laurasiae Rage, 1996 (Astibia et al. 1990; Cretaceous, Campanian or Maastrichtian; Spain)
  • Madtsoia camposi Rage, 1998 (Paleogene, middle Paleocene; Brazil)

• Wonambi Smith, 1976
  • Wonambi naracoortensis Smith, 1976 (Scanlon and Lee 2000, Scanlon 2005; Neogene, Pliocene to Pleistocene; Australia)
  • Wonambi barriei Scanlon in Scanlon and Lee, 2000 (Neogene, early Miocene; Australia)

• Patagoniophis Albino, 1986
  • Patagoniophis parvus Albino, 1986 (Cretaceous, Campanian or Maastrichtian; Argentina)
  • Patagoniophis australiensis Scanlon, 2005 (Scanlon 1993; Paleogene, early Eocene; Australia)

• Alamitophis Albino, 1986
  • Alamitophis argentinus Albino, 1986 (Cretaceous, Campanian or Maastrichtian; Argentina)
  • Alamitophis elongatus Albino, 1994 (Cretaceous, Campanian or Maastrichtian; Argentina)
  • Alamitophis tingamarra Scanlon, 2005 (Scanlon 1993; Paleogene, early Eocene; Australia)

• Rionegrophis Albino, 1986
  • Rionegrophis madtsoioides Albino, 1986 (Cretaceous, Campanian or Maastrichtian; Argentina)

• Yurlunggur Scanlon, 1992
  • Yurlunggur camfieldensis Scanlon, 1992 (Neogene, middle Miocene; Australia)
  • Yurlunggur spp. (Scanlon 2004, 2006; Paleogene-Neogene, late Oligocene to late Pleistocene; Australia)

• Herensugea Rage, 1996
  • Herensugea caristiorum Rage, 1996 (Cretaceous, Campanian or Maastrichtian; Spain)

• Nanowana Scanlon, 1997
  • Nanowana godthelpi Scanlon, 1997 (Neogene, early to middle Miocene; Australia)
  • Nanowana schrenki Scanlon, 1997 (Neogene, early to middle Miocene; Australia)

• Najash Apesteguía and Zaher, 2006
  • Najash rionegrina Apesteguía and Zaher, 2006 (Cretaceous, Cenomanian; Argentina)

• Sanajeh Wilson et al., 2010
  • Sanajeh indicus Wilson et al., 2010 (Cretaceous, Maastrichtian; India)^[1]

• Kelyophis Laduke et al., 2010
  • Kelyophis hechti Laduke et al., 2010 (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian; Madagascar)^[2]

• Menarana Laduke et al., 2010
  • Menarana nosymena Laduke et al., 2010 (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian; Madagascar)^[2]

Unnamed specimens

• Madtsoiidae indet. (Rage 1987; Paleogene, Paleocene; Morocco)
• Madtsoiidae indet. (Werner and Rage 1994, Rage and Werner 1999; Cretaceous, Cenomanian; Sudan)
• ?Madtsoiid (Rage and Prasad 1992; Cretaceous, Maastrichtian; India)
• ?Madtsoiid (Rage 1991; Paleogene, early Paleocene; Bolivia)
• ?Madtsoiidae indet. cf. Madtsoia sp. (Scanlon 2005; Paleogene, early Eocene; Australia)
• Madtsoiidae indet. (Folie and Codrea 2005; Cretaceous, Maastrichtian; Romania)
• Madtsoiidae nov. (Gomez and Baez 2006; Cretaceous, late Campanian or early Maastrichtian; Argentina)

Phylogeny

According to a cladistic analysis by Scanlon (2006), Wonambi and Yurlunggur as representative genera of Madtsoiidae form a monophyletic assembly. However, as Madtsoia is not included, its grouping in the same family is questionable.

unnamed	Pachyrhachis† unnamed Haasiophis† unnamed unnamed Wonambi† Yurlunggur† unnamed Dinilysia† unnamed Scolecophidia Alethinophidia

Notes

1. ^ Wilson, J.A.; Mohabey, D.M.; Peters, S.E.; and Head, J.J. (2010). "Predation upon hatchling dinosaurs by a new snake from the Late Cretaceous of India". PLoS Biology 8 (3): e1000322. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000322. PMC 2830453. PMID 20209142. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2830453. 
2. ^ ^{a b} Laduke, T.C., Krause, D.W., Scanlon, J.D. and Kley, N.J. (2010). "A Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) snake assemblage from the Maevarano Formation, Mahjanga Basin, Madagascar". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30 (1): 109–138. doi:10.1080/02724630903409188. 

References

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