My Lai Massacre

This article is about the massacre. For the hamlet, see My Lai, Vietnam.

Coordinates: 15°10′42″N 108°52′10″E / 15.17833°N 108.86944°E / 15.17833; 108.86944

Mỹ Lai Massacre
Location	Sơn Mỹ village, Sơn Tịnh district of South Vietnam
Date	March 16, 1968
Target	Mỹ Lai 4 and Mỹ Khe 4 hamlets
Attack type	Massacre
Death(s)	347 according to the U.S Army (not including Mỹ Khe killings), others estimate more than 400 killed and injuries are unknown, Vietnamese government lists 504 killed in total from both Mỹ Lai and Mỹ Khe
Perpetrator(s)	Task force from the United States Army Americal Division 2LT. William Calley (convicted)

The My Lai Massacre (Vietnamese: thảm sát Mỹ Lai [tʰɐ̃ːm ʂɐ̌ːt mǐˀ lɐːj], [mǐˀlɐːj] ( listen); English pronunciation: /ˌmiːˈlaɪ/, also /ˌmiːˈleɪ, ˌmaɪˈlaɪ/)^[1] was the Vietnam War mass murder of 347–504 unarmed civilians in South Vietnam on March 16, 1968, by United States Army soldiers of "Charlie" Company of 1st Battalion, 20th Infantry Regiment, 11th Brigade of the Americal Division. Most of the victims were women, children (including babies), and elderly people. Many were raped, beaten, and tortured, and some of the bodies were later found to be mutilated.^[2] While 26 US soldiers were initially charged with criminal offenses for their actions at Mỹ Lai, only Second Lieutenant William Calley, a platoon leader in Charlie Company, was convicted. Found guilty of killing 22 villagers, he was originally given a life sentence, but only served three and a half years under house arrest.

The massacre took place in the hamlets of Mỹ Lai and My Khe of Sơn Mỹ village.^[3][4] The event is also known as the Sơn Mỹ Massacre (Vietnamese: thảm sát Sơn Mỹ) or sometimes as the Song Mỹ Massacre.^[5] The US military codeword for the "Viet Gong (sic) stronghold" was "Pinkville".^[6]

When the incident became public knowledge in 1969, it prompted widespread outrage around the world. The massacre also increased domestic opposition to the US involvement in the Vietnam War. Three US servicemen who had tried to halt the massacre and protect the wounded were later denounced by US Congressmen. They received hate mail and death threats and found mutilated animals on their doorsteps.^[7] It was 30 years before they were honored for their efforts.^[8]

Incident

Background

Charlie Company of 1st Battalion, 20th Infantry Regiment, 11th Brigade, 23rd Infantry Division (the Americal Division), arrived in South Vietnam in December 1967. Though their first month in Vietnam passed without any direct enemy contact, by mid-March the company had suffered 28 incidents involving mines or booby-traps which caused injuries and five deaths.

Vietnamese women and children in Mỹ Lai before being killed in the massacre, March 16, 1968.^[9] They were killed seconds after the photo was taken.^[10] Photo by Ronald L. Haeberle

During the Tet Offensive of January 1968, attacks were carried out in Quảng Ngãi by the 48th Battalion of the NLF (National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam, commonly referred to by the Americans as the Vietcong or Victor Charlie [from the initials corresponding with the NATO phonetic alphabet]). US military intelligence postulated that the 48th NLF Battalion, having retreated, was taking refuge in the village of Sơn Mỹ, in Quang Ngai Province. A number of specific hamlets within that village—designated Mỹ Lai 1, 2, 3, and 4—were suspected of harboring the 48th. (In February, the Phong Nhi and Phong Nhat massacre and Ha My massacre were perpetrated by South Korean Marines in Quang Nam, a neighboring province of Quang Ngai.)

US forces planned a major offensive against those hamlets utilizing Task Force Barker, a battalion-size unit made up of three rifle companies of the Americal Division and led by Lieutenant Colonel Frank A. Barker. Colonel Oran K. Henderson urged his officers to "go in there aggressively, close with the enemy and wipe them out for good."^[11] Barker ordered the 1st Battalion commanders to burn the houses, kill the livestock, destroy foodstuffs, and perhaps to close the wells.^[12]

On the eve of the attack, at the Charlie Company briefing, Captain Ernest Medina informed his men that nearly all the civilian residents of the hamlets in Sơn Mỹ village would have left for the market by 07:00 and that any who remained would be NLF or NLF sympathizers.^[13] He was also asked whether the order included the killing of women and children; those present at the briefing later gave different accounts of Medina's response. Some, including platoon leaders, later testified that the orders as they understood them were to kill all guerrilla and North Vietnamese combatants and "suspects" (including women and children, as well as all animals), to burn the village, and pollute the wells.^[14] He was also quoted as saying "They're all V.C. now go and get them" and was heard saying "Who is my enemy?" and added "Anybody that was running from us, hiding from us, or appeared to be the enemy. If a man was running, shoot him, sometimes even if a woman with a rifle was running, shoot her."^[15]

Charlie Company was to enter the hamlet, spearheaded by its 1st Platoon. The other two companies that made up the task force were to cordon off the village.

Killings

Dead man and child. Photo by Ronald L. Haeberle

On the morning of March 16, Charlie Company landed following a short artillery and helicopter gunship preparation. Though the Americans found no enemy fighters in the village, many soldiers suspected there were NLF troops hiding underground in the homes of their wives or elderly parents. The US soldiers, including a platoon led by Second Lieutenant William Calley, went in shooting at what they deemed to be an enemy position.

Once the first civilians were wounded or killed by indiscriminate fire, the soldiers began attacking humans and animals alike, with firearms, grenades and bayonets. The scale of the massacre grew, the brutality only increasing with each killing. BBC News described the scene: "Dozens of people, herded into an irrigation ditch and other locations, were killed with automatic weapons."^[16]

A large group of about 70–80 villagers, rounded up by the 1st Platoon in the center of the village, were killed on an order given by Calley who also participated. Calley also shot^{[clarification needed]} two other large groups of civilians with a weapon taken from a soldier who had refused to do any further killing.

Members of the 2nd Platoon killed at least 60–70 Vietnamese, as they swept through the northern half of Mỹ Lai 4 and through Binh Tay, a small subhamlet about 400 metres (1,300 ft) north of Mỹ Lai 4.^[3] The platoon suffered one dead and seven wounded by mines and booby traps.^[3]

After the initial "sweeps" by the 1st and 2nd Platoons, the 3rd Platoon was dispatched to deal with any "remaining resistance." They immediately began killing every living person and animal they could find. This included Vietnamese who had emerged from their hiding places as well as the wounded, found moaning in the heaps of bodies. The 3rd Platoon also rounded up and killed a group of seven to twelve women and children.^[3]

Since Charlie Company had encountered no enemy opposition, the 4th Battalion, 3rd Infantry Regiment, was transported by air to its landing zone at between 08:15 and 08:30 and attacked the subhamlet of Mỹ Khe 4, killing as many as 90 people.

Over the following two days, both battalions were involved in additional burning and destruction of dwellings, as well as mistreatment of Vietnamese detainees. While most of the soldiers did not participate in the crimes, they neither protested nor complained to their superiors.^[17]

Helicopter intervention

Warrant Officer One Hugh Thompson, Jr., a helicopter pilot from an aero-scout team, saw a large number of dead and dying civilians as he began flying over the village—all of them infants, children, women and old men, with no signs of draft-age men or weapons anywhere. Thompson and his crew witnessed an unarmed passive woman being kicked and shot at point-blank range by Captain Medina (Medina later claimed that he thought she had a grenade).^[18] The crew made several attempts to radio for help for the wounded. They landed their helicopter by a ditch, which they noted was full of bodies and in which there was movement. Thompson asked a sergeant he encountered there (David Mitchell of the 1st Platoon) if he could help get the people out of the ditch, and the sergeant replied that he would "help them out of their misery". Thompson, shocked and confused, then spoke with Second Lieutenant Calley, who claimed to be "just following orders". As the helicopter took off, they saw Mitchell firing into the ditch.

Thompson then saw a group of civilians (again consisting of children, women and old men) at a bunker being approached by ground personnel. Thompson landed and told his crew that if the soldiers shot at the Vietnamese while he was trying to get them out of the bunker that they were to open fire at these soldiers. Thompson later testified that he spoke with a lieutenant (identified as Stephen Brooks of the 2nd Platoon) and told him there were women and children in the bunker, and asked if the lieutenant would help get them out. According to Thompson, "he [the lieutenant] said the only way to get them out was with a hand grenade". Thompson testified that he then told Brooks to "just hold your men right where they are, and I'll get the kids out". He found 12–16 people in the bunker, coaxed them out and led them to the helicopter, standing with them while they were flown out in two groups.

Returning to Mỹ Lai, Thompson and other air crew members noticed several large groups of bodies. Spotting some survivors in the ditch, Thompson landed again. A crew member entered the ditch and returned with a bloodied but apparently unharmed child who was flown to safety. The child was thought to be a girl, but later turned out to be a four-year-old boy. Thompson then reported what he had seen to his company commander, Major Frederic W. Watke, using terms such as "murder" and "needless and unnecessary killings". Thompson's reports were confirmed by other pilots and air crew.^[19]

For their actions, Thompson was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) and his crew were awarded Bronze Star medals. Andreotta received his medal posthumously, as he was killed in action on April 8, 1968.^[20] As the DFC citation included a fabricated account of rescuing a young girl from My Lai from "intense crossfire"^[21] Thompson threw his medal away.^[22][23] He later received a Purple Heart for other services in Vietnam.^[24] In 1998, the helicopter crew's medals were replaced by the Soldier's Medal, "the highest the US Army can award for bravery not involving direct conflict with the enemy." The medal citations state they were "for heroism above and beyond the call of duty while saving the lives of at least 10 Vietnamese civilians during the unlawful massacre of non-combatants by American forces at My Lai".^[25] Thompson initially refused the medal when the US Army wanted to award it quietly. He demanded it be done publicly and that his crew also be honored in the same way.^[26][27] The veterans also made contact with the survivors of Mỹ Lai.^{[clarification needed]}

Aftermath

Dead bodies outside a burning dwelling. Photo by Ronald L. Haeberle

Owing to the chaotic circumstances and the Army's decision not to undertake a definitive body count, the number of civilians killed at Mỹ Lai cannot be stated with certainty. Estimates vary from source to source, with 347 and 504 being the most commonly cited figures. The memorial at the site of the massacre lists 504 names, with ages ranging from one to 82. A later investigation by the US Army arrived at a lower figure of 347 deaths,^[28] the official US estimate.

Cover-up and investigations

The first reports claimed that "128 Viet Cong and 22 civilians" were killed in the village during a "fierce fire fight". General William C. Westmoreland, the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam commander, congratulated the unit on the "outstanding job". As related at the time by the Army's Stars and Stripes magazine, "U.S. infantrymen had killed 128 Communists in a bloody day-long battle."^{[citation needed]}

Initial investigations of the Mỹ Lai operation were undertaken by the 11th Light Infantry Brigade's commanding officer, Colonel Henderson, under orders from the Americal Division's executive officer, Brigadier General George H. Young. Henderson interviewed several soldiers involved in the incident, then issued a written report in late April claiming that some 20 civilians were inadvertently killed during the operation. The Army at this time was still describing the event as a military victory that had resulted in the deaths of 128 enemy combatants.

Six months later, Tom Glen, a 21-year-old soldier of the 11th Light Infantry Brigade, wrote a letter to General Creighton Abrams, the new overall commander of US forces in Vietnam, accusing the American Division (and other units of the US military) of routine and pervasive brutality against Vietnamese civilians. The letter was detailed and its contents echoed complaints received from other soldiers.

Colin Powell, then a 31-year-old Army major, was charged with investigating the letter, which did not specifically reference Mỹ Lai (Glen had limited knowledge of the events there). In his report, Powell wrote, "In direct refutation of this portrayal is the fact that relations between Americal Division^[29] soldiers and the Vietnamese people are excellent." Powell's handling of the assignment was later characterized by some observers as "whitewashing" the atrocities of Mỹ Lai.^[30] In May 2004, Powell, then United States Secretary of State, told CNN's Larry King, "I mean, I was in a unit that was responsible for My Lai. I got there after My Lai happened. So, in war, these sorts of horrible things happen every now and again, but they are still to be deplored."^[31]

Independently of Glen, a former member of Charlie Company,^{[clarification needed]} Ronald Ridenhour, sent a letter in March 1969 detailing the events at Mỹ Lai to President Richard M. Nixon, the Pentagon, the State Department, the Joint Chiefs of Staff and numerous members of Congress.^[32] Most recipients of Ridenhour's letter ignored it, with the exception of Congressman Morris Udall^[33] and Senators Barry Goldwater and Edward Brooke.^[34] Ridenhour had learned about the events at Mỹ Lai secondhand, by talking to members of Charlie Company while he was still in the Army.

Eventually, Calley was charged with several counts of premeditated murder in September 1969, and 25 other officers and enlisted men were later charged with related crimes. It was another two months before the American public learned about the massacre and trials.

Independent investigative journalist Seymour Hersh, after extensive conversations with Calley, broke the Mỹ Lai story on November 12, 1969, on the Associated Press wire service;^[35] on November 20, Time, Life and Newsweek magazines all covered the story, and CBS televised an interview with Paul Meadlo, a soldier in Calley's unit during the massacre. The Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio) published explicit photographs of dead villagers killed at Mỹ Lai.

In November 1969, General William R. Peers was appointed to conduct a thorough investigation into the Mỹ Lai incident and its subsequent cover-up. Peers' final report, published in March 1970, was highly critical of top officers for participating in the cover-up and the Charlie Company officers for their actions at Mỹ Lai 4.^[36] According to Peers's findings:

[The 1st Battalion] members had killed at least 175–200 Vietnamese men, women, and children. The evidence indicates that only 3 or 4 were confirmed as Viet Cong although there were undoubtedly several unarmed VC (men, women, and children) among them and many more active supporters and sympathizers. One man from the company was reported as wounded from the accidental discharge of his weapon.^[3]

However, critics of the Peers Commission pointed out that it sought to place the real blame on four officers who were already dead, foremost among them the commander of Task Force Barker, Lieutenant Colonel Frank Barker, who was killed in a mid-air collision on June 13, 1968.

Court martial

On November 17, 1970, the United States Army charged 14 officers, including Major General Samuel W. Koster, the Americal Division's commanding officer, with suppressing information related to the incident. Most of those charges were later dropped. Brigade commander Henderson was the only officer who stood trial on charges relating to the cover-up; he was acquitted on December 17, 1971.^[37]

In a four-month-long trial, despite claims that he was following orders from his commanding officer, Captain Medina, Calley was convicted on March 29, 1971, of premeditated murder for ordering the shootings. He was initially sentenced to life in prison. Two days later, however, President Richard Nixon made the controversial decision to have Calley released, pending appeal of his sentence. Calley's sentence was later adjusted, so that he would eventually serve three and one-half years under house arrest at Fort Benning.

In a separate trial, Captain Medina denied giving the orders that led to the massacre, and was acquitted of all charges, effectively negating the prosecution's theory of "command responsibility", now referred to as the "Medina standard". Several months after his acquittal, however, Medina admitted that he had suppressed evidence and had lied to Colonel Henderson about the number of civilian deaths.^[38]

Most of the enlisted men who were involved in the events at Mỹ Lai had already left military service, and were thus legally exempt from prosecution. In the end, of the 26 men initially charged, Calley was the only one convicted.

Some have argued that the outcome of the Mỹ Lai courts-martial was a reversal of the laws of war that were set forth in the Nuremberg and Tokyo War Crimes Tribunals.^[39] Secretary of the Army Howard Callaway was quoted in the New York Times as stating that Calley's sentence was reduced because Calley honestly believed that what he did was a part of his orders—a rationale that stands in direct contradiction of the standards set at Nuremberg and Tokyo, where German and Japanese soldiers were executed for similar acts.

Survivors

In the spring of 1972, the camp (at Mỹ Lai 2) where the survivors of the Mỹ Lai Massacre had been relocated was largely destroyed by Army of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) artillery and aerial bombardment. The destruction was officially attributed to "Viet Cong terrorists". However, the truth was revealed by Quaker service workers in the area through testimony (in May 1972) by Martin Teitel at hearings before the Congressional Subcommittee to Investigate Problems Connected with Refugees and Escapees. In June 1972, Teitel's account of the events was published in the New York Times.^[40]

More than a thousand people turned out March 16, 2008, forty years after the massacre, to remember the victims of one of the most notorious chapters of the Vietnam War. The memorial drew the families of the victims and returning US war veterans alike.^[41]

On August 19, 2009, Calley made his first public apology for the massacre in a speech to the Kiwanis club of Greater Columbus Georgia:^[42]

There is not a day that goes by that I do not feel remorse for what happened that day in My Lai", he told members of the Kiwanis club. "I feel remorse for the Vietnamese who were killed, for their families, for the American soldiers involved and their families. I am very sorry."^[43][44]

Effects and analysis

Some military observers concluded that Mỹ Lai showed the need for more and better volunteers to provide stronger leadership for the troops. As the Vietnam War dragged on, the number of well-trained and experienced career soldiers on the front lines dropped sharply as casualties and combat rotation took their toll. These observers claimed the absence of the many bright young men who avoided military service through college attendance or homeland service caused the talent pool for new officers to become very shallow.^[45] They pointed to Calley, a young, unemployed college dropout, as an example of the raw and inexperienced recruits being rushed through officer training. Others pointed out problems with the military's insistence on unconditional obedience to orders while at the same time limiting the doctrine of "command responsibility" to the lowest ranks. Others saw Mỹ Lai and related war crimes as a direct result of the military's attrition strategy, with its emphasis on "body counts" and "kill ratios". The fact that the massacre was successfully covered up for 18 months was seen as a prime example of the Pentagon's "Culture of Concealment"^[46] and of the lack of integrity that permeated the Defense establishment. South Korean Vietnam Expeditionary Forces Commanding Officer General Chae Myung Shin remarked, "Calley tried to get revenge for the deaths of his troops. In a war, this is natural."^[47]

Participants

Commanders

• Lieutenant Colonel Frank A. Barker – , commander of Task Force Barker who ordered the destruction of the village, controlled the artillery preparation and combat assault from his helicopter; he was killed in Vietnam on June 13, 1968, before the investigation had begun.^[3][48]
• Lieutenant Stephen Brooks - platoon leader of 2nd Platoon, Charlie Company.
• Second Lieutenant William L. Calley – platoon leader of 1st Platoon, Charlie Company.
• Colonel Oran K. Henderson – brigade commander who ordered the attack; he had been in a helicopter over Mỹ Lai.^[3]
• Major General Samuel W. Koster – commander of the Americal Division.
• Captain Eugene Kotouc – military intelligence officer who provided some of the information on which the Mỹ Lai combat assault was based; together with Medina and a South Vietnamese police officer, he tortured and executed suspects later that day.^[17]
• Captain Ernest Medina – company commander of Charlie Company who planned, ordered, and supervised the execution of the operation in Sơn Mỹ village.^[49]

1st Platoon, Charlie Company

• Sergeant Michael Bernhardt – refused to participate in the killing of civilians. He was threatened by Medina to not attempt to expose the massacre by writing to his congressman, and as a result, was allegedly given more dangerous duties such as point duty on patrol.^[50] Later he would help expose and detail the massacre in numerous interviews with the press, and also served as a prosecution witness in the trial of Medina, where he was subjected to intense cross examination by defense counsel F. Lee Bailey. Recipient of the New York Society for Ethical Culture's 1970 Ethical Humanist Award.^[51]
• Herbert Carter – platoon "tunnel rat". He claimed he shot himself in the foot in order to be MEDEVACed out of the village.^{[citation needed]}
• Dennis Conti – testified he initially refused to shoot, but later fired some M79 grenade launcher rounds at a group of fleeing people with unknown effect.
• James Dursi – killed a mother and child, then refused to kill anyone else even when ordered.
• Ronald Grzesik – a team leader. He claimed he followed orders to round up civilians but refused to kill them.
• Robert Maples – stated to have refused to participate.^{[clarification needed]}
• Paul Meadlo – said he was afraid of being shot if he did not participate. Lost his foot to a land mine the next day. Later, he publicly admitted his part in the massacre.
• Sergeant David Mitchell – accused by witnesses of shooting people at the ditch site; pleaded not guilty. Mitchell was acquitted. His attorney was Ossie Brown of Baton Rouge, thereafter the district attorney of East Baton Rouge Parish.^[52]
• Varnado Simpson – committed suicide in 1997, citing guilt over several murders committed in Mỹ Lai.
• Charles Sledge – radio operator, later prosecution witness.
• Harry Stanley – claimed to have refused to participate.
• Esequiel Torres – previously had tortured and hanged an old man because Torres found his bandaged leg suspicious. He and Roschevitz (described below) were involved in the shooting of a group of ten women and five children in a hut. Later he was ordered by Calley to shoot a number of people with a M60 machine gun; he fired a burst before refusing to fire again, after which Calley took his weapon and opened fire himself.
• Frederick Widmer – Widmer, who has been the subject of pointed blame, is quoted as saying, "The most disturbing thing I saw was one boy—and this was something that, you know, this what haunts me from the whole, the whole ordeal down there. And there was a boy with his arm shot off, shot up half, half hanging on and he just had this bewildered look in his face and like, What did I do, what's wrong? He was just, you know, it's, it's hard to describe, couldn't comprehend. I, I shot the boy, killed him and it's—I'd like to think of it more or less as a mercy killing because somebody else would have killed him in the end, but it wasn't right."^[53]

Other soldiers

• William Doherty and Michael Terry – soldiers in the 3rd Platoon who killed the wounded in the ditch.^[32]
• Ronald L. Haeberle – photographer attached to the 11th Brigade information office who accompanied C Company.
• Nicholas Capezza – chief medic in Charlie Company. He insisted he saw nothing unusual.
• Sergeant Minh – ARVN interpreter who confronted Captain Medina when he^[who?] entered the hamlet on why so many civilians had been killed. Medina replied, "Sergeant Minh, don't ask anything – those were the orders."^[54]
• Gary Roschevitz – grabbed an M16 rifle from Varnado Simpson to kill five Vietnamese prisoners.^[55] According to various witnesses, he later forced seven women to undress with the intention of raping them. When the women refused, he reportedly shot them.^[56]

Rescue helicopter crew

• Warrant Officer One Hugh Thompson, Jr. – helicopter pilot who confronted the ground forces personally.
• Specialist Four Glenn Andreotta – crew chief.
• Specialist Four Lawrence Colburn – door gunner.

Photographs

The massacre, like many other operations in Vietnam, was captured in photographs by US Army personnel. The most published and graphic ones were taken by Ronald Haeberle, a U.S Army 'Public Information Detachment' photographer who accompanied the men of Charlie Company that day. Some of the black-and-white photographs he took were with an Army camera and were either subject to censorship or did not depict any Vietnamese casualties when published in an Army newspaper. Haeberle also took color photographs with his own camera while on duty the same day, which he kept and later sold to the media.

The derision "baby killers" was often used by anti-war activists against American soldiers, largely as a result of the Mỹ Lai Massacre.^[57] Although Vietnam soldiers had been so taunted since at least 1966, Mỹ Lai and the Haeberle photographs further solidified the stereotype of drug-addled soldiers who killed babies—according to M. Paul Holsinger, the And babies poster, which used a Haeberle photo, was "easily the most successful poster to vent the outrage that so many felt about the conflict in Southeast Asia. Copies are still frequently seen in retrospectives dealing with the popular culture of the Vietnam War era or in collections of art from the period."^[58]

Another soldier, John Henry Smail of the 3rd Platoon, took at least 16 color photographs depicting US Army personnel, helicopters, and aerial views of Mỹ Lai.^[59] These, along with Haeberle's photographs, were included in the 'Report of the Department of the Army review of the Preliminary Investigations into the My Lai Incident'. Roger Louis Alaux, an artillery lieutenant who was with Captain Medina during the massacre, also took some photographs that day, including aerial views of Mỹ Lai from a helicopter and of the landing zone.

• 

  Mrs. Nguyễn Thị Tẩu (chín Tẩu), killed by US soldiers

• 

  Unidentified dead Vietnamese man

• 

  Unidentified dead body thrown down a well

• 

  SP5 Capezza burning a dwelling

• 

  PFC Mauro, PFC Carter, and SP4 Widmer (Carter shot himself in the foot with a .45 pistol during the My Lai Massacre)

• 

  SP4 Dustin setting fire to a dwelling

• 

  Unidentifed Vietnamese man

• 

  More victims at My Lai. Photo by Ronald L. Haeberle

Media

In 1989, the British television station Yorkshire Television broadcast the documentary Four Hours in My Lai as part of the ITV networked series First Tuesday. Using eyewitness statements from both Vietnamese and Americans, the programme revealed new evidence about the massacre.

On March 15, 2008, the British Broadcasting Corporation broadcast the documentary The My Lai Tapes^[60] on Radio 4, and subsequently on the BBC World Service in both English^[61] and Vietnamese^[62] that used never before heard audio recordings of testimony taken at The Pentagon during the 1969–1970 Peers Inquiry.

On April 26, 2010, the American Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) broadcasted a documentary as part of its The American Experience series entitled The American Experience: My Lai.

On December 10, 2010, Italian producer Gianni Paolucci released a movie entitled My Lay Four^[63], directed by Paolo Bertola, starring American actor Beau Ballinger as Calley and adapted from the Pulitzer Prize-winning book by Seymour Hersh.^[64][65]

See also

	Vietnam portal
	United States portal
	Military history portal

• List of massacres in Vietnam
• Russell Tribunal
• Operation Wheeler/Wallowa
• Human Rights Record of the United States
• Massacre at Huế
• Dak Son Massacre
• Tay Vinh massacre
• Phong Nhi and Phong Nhat massacre
• Binh Tai massacre
• Phoenix Program
• Operation Speedy Express
• Vietnam War Crimes Working Group Files
• United States war crimes
• Oradour-sur-Glane
• Lidice

References

1. ^ At the time of the original revelations of the massacre, Mỹ Lai was pronounced like the English words "my lay".^{[this pronunciation is not included]} Later, the pronunciation "me lie" became commonly used.
2. ^ "Murder in the name of war — My Lai". BBC. July 20, 1998.
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Summary report from the report of General Peers.
4. ^ Department of the Army. Report of the Department of the Army Review of the Preliminary Investigations into the My Lai Incident (The Peers Report), Volumes I-III (1970).
5. ^ My Lai was one of four hamlets associated with the village of "Son My". Americal Division Veterans Association.
6. ^ "The My Lai Massacre: Seymour Hersh's Complete and Unabridged Reporting for the St. Louis Post Dispatch, November 1969 /Candide's Notebooks". Pierretristam.com. http://www.pierretristam.com/Bobst/library/wf-200.htm. Retrieved 2011-06-18. 
7. ^ "Moral Courage In Combat: The My Lai Story" (PDF). USNA Lecture. 2003. http://www.usna.edu/Ethics/Publications/ThompsonPg1-28_Final.pdf 
8. ^ http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5133444
9. ^ "Report of the Department of Army review of the preliminary investigations into the Mỹ Lai incident. Volume III, Exhibits, Book 6 — Photographs, 14 March 1970". From the Library of Congress, Military Legal Resources.[1]
10. ^ The American Experience: My Lai Original broadcast PBS, 9 pm, April 26, 2010 Time Index 00:35' into the first hour (no commercials)
11. ^ "My Lai: A Question of Orders". Jan. 25, 1971. [[Time (magazine)|]] magazine.
12. ^ Summary of Peers Report. Significantly, he gave no instructions for segregating and safeguarding non-combatants. My Lai: An American Tragedy. © William George Eckhardt 2000.
13. ^ Peers Report: The Omissions and Commissions Of Cpt. Ernest L. Medina.
14. ^ "American soldiers testify in My Lai court martial". By Karen D. Smith. Dec. 6, 2000. Amarillo Globe-News.
15. ^ Michael Walzer: Just and Unjust Wars, New York: Basic Books Publishing, p. 310.
16. ^ Laurence Rogerson & Sue Powell (1999). "Exploring Vietnam — My Lai". http://travel.hubcom.net/vietnam/mylai.html. Retrieved 2006-03-16. ^{[dead link]}
17. ^ ^{a b} http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/mylai/ecktragedy.html
18. ^ "Hugh Thompson". The Times (London). January 11, 2006. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article787066.ece. Retrieved May 2, 2010. 
19. ^ Thompson's own testimony before a conference at the University of Tulane in 1994 [2] and from the Peers Report summary.
20. ^ Robert Fowler (August 4, 2010). "Glenn Urban Andreotta". Find A Grave. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=55856728. Retrieved April 19, 2011. 
21. ^ Bilton, M., & Sim, K. (1992). Four hours of My Lai: The Hugh Thompson Story. LA Acadian House. pp. 204–205. ISBN 978-0-9254-1733-6. 
22. ^ Rhoda Koenig (1992). "Books: Enemies of the People". New York Magazine (New York Media, LLC) 25 (11): 86. ISSN 0028-7369. http://books.google.com/?id=R-QCAAAAMBAJ&dq=thompson+my+lai+distinguished+flying+cross. Retrieved April 19, 2011. 
23. ^ Adam Jones (2010). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. Taylor & Francis. p. 408. ISBN 9780415486187. http://books.google.com/books?id=BqdVudSuTRIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
24. ^ Claudia D. Johnson & Vernon Elso Johnson (2003). Understanding the Odyssey: a student casebook to issues, sources, and historic documents. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 206. ISBN 9780313308819. 
25. ^ Heroes of My Lai honoured. March 7, 1998. BBC News.
26. ^ John Zutz (1998). "My Lai". The Veteran (Vietnam Veterans Against the War) 28 (1). http://www.vvaw.org/veteran/article/?id=244. Retrieved April 19, 2011. 
27. ^ "Hugh Thompson: Helicopter pilot who intervened to save lives during the US Army massacre of Vietnamese civilians at My Lai". The Times. January 11, 2006. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article787066.ece. Retrieved April 19, 2011. 
28. ^ "My Lai Massacre". Free Legal Encyclopedia (law.jrank.org). http://law.jrank.org/pages/8694/My-Lai-Massacre.html. 
29. ^ "The 23rd Infantry Division (United States), more commonly known as the 'Americal' Division of the United States Army was formed in May 1949 on the island of New Caledonia."
30. ^ "Behind Colin Powell's Legend -- My Lai" by Robert Parry and Norman Solomon, The Consortium for Independent Journalism, July 22, 1996.
31. ^ "Interview on CNN's Larry King Live with Secretary Colin L. Powell". May 4 2004. Archived from the original on 2006-03-09. http://web.archive.org/web/20060309054110/http://www.state.gov/secretary/former/powell/remarks/32160.htm. Retrieved March 16, 2006. 
32. ^ ^{a b} "Text of Ron Ridenhour's 1969 letter". Law.umkc.edu. 1969-03-29. http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/mylai/ridenhour_ltr.html. Retrieved 2011-06-18. 
33. ^ "Mo Udall, The Education of a Congressman". Udall.gov. http://www.udall.gov/AboutMKUdall/EducationOfACongressman.aspx. Retrieved 2011-06-18. 
34. ^ Brooke, Edward William (2007). Bridging the Divide: My Life. Rutgers University Press. p. 166. ISBN 0813539056. http://books.google.com/books?id=_h38FRqVQ0QC&pg=PA166. 
35. ^ Friday, Dec. 05, 1969 (1969-12-05). ""The Press: Miscue on the Massacre"". Time.com. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901651,00.html. Retrieved 2011-06-18. 
36. ^ linderd. "Biography of General William R. Peers". Law.umkc.edu. http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/mylai/myl_bpeers.htm. Retrieved 2011-06-18. 
37. ^ linderd. ""Biography of Oran Henderson"". Law.umkc.edu. http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/mylai/myl_bhender.html. Retrieved 2011-06-18. 
38. ^ Doug Linder. ""An Introduction to the My Lai Courts-Martial"". Law.umkc.edu. http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/mylai/Myl_intro.html. Retrieved 2011-06-18. 
39. ^ Marshall, Burke; Goldstein, Joseph (April 2, 1976). "Learning From My Lai: A Proposal on War Crimes". The New York Times. p. 26. 
40. ^ Teitel, Martin (1972-06-06). "Again, the Suffering of Mylai". New York Times. p. 45. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70716F93959107B93C5A9178DD85F468785F9&scp=1&sq=Martin+Teitel&st=p. Retrieved 2008-03-19. 
41. ^ My Lai survivors gather to pray for victims^{[dead link]}
42. ^ Siegel, R. "My Lai Officer Apologizes for Massacre" All Things Considered, NPR, Aug 21, 2009
43. ^ "Ex-Vietnam lieutenant apologizes for massacre". The Seattle Times. August 21, 2009. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2009709373_apusmylaimassacre.html. 
44. ^ "Calley expresses remorse for role in My Lai massacre in Vietnam". Los Angeles Times. August 22, 2009. http://articles.latimes.com/2009/aug/22/nation/na-my-lai22. Retrieved May 2, 2010. 
45. ^ PBS/The American Experience. The My Lai Massacre^{[dead link]}
46. ^ The "culture of concealment" was often referred to as the "second war" during the Vietnam War, one fought between the media and the government. Huffington, Arianna (21 April 1999) "Washington's culture of concealment" The San Diego Union-Tribune page B-8
47. ^ "The Cold Warrior". Newsweek. April 10, 2000. http://www.newsweek.com/2000/04/09/the-cold-warrior.html. Retrieved 17 July 2011. 
48. ^ "Ltc Frank Akeley Barker". Thewall-usa.com. 1967-11-26. http://thewall-usa.com/info.asp?recid=2428. Retrieved 2011-06-18. 
49. ^ "Peers Report: Captain Ernset Medina". Law.umkc.edu. http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/mylai/medina.html. Retrieved 2011-06-18. 
50. ^ "The My Lai massacre in American ... - Google Books". Books.google.ca. http://books.google.ca/books?id=1wisoI-wP5MC&pg=PA34&lpg=PA34&dq=michael+bernhardt+medina&source=web&ots=CnXD8WToZF&sig=zwCitz8NCEzd9erflJROVcDqESg&hl=en. Retrieved 2011-06-18. 
51. ^ "The Ethical Humanist Award: New York Society for Ethical Culture". Nysec.org. http://www.nysec.org/ethical-humanist. Retrieved 2011-06-18. 
52. ^ "Armed Forces: The My Lai Trials Begin". Time. November 2, 1970. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909677,00.html?promoid=googlep. Retrieved May 2, 2010. 
53. ^ "Remember My Lai". WGBH Educational Foundation, May 23, 1989. Retrieved on June 28, 2009.
54. ^ "Four Hours in Mỹ Lai: A Case Study". Fsa.ulaval.ca. http://www.fsa.ulaval.ca/personnel/vernag/EH/F/cause/lectures/my-lai.htm. Retrieved 2011-06-18. 
55. ^ Star.Vietnam.Edu^{[dead link]}
56. ^ Trin Yarborough book: Surviving Twice: Amerasian Children of the Vietnam War. 2005. Page 19. ISBN 1-57488-864-1.
57. ^ Myra MacPherson. Long time passing: Vietnam and the haunted generation, pg. 497, "...veterans were stamped "baby killers" largely as a result of the My Lai Massacre..."
58. ^ M. Paul Holsinger, "And Babies" in War and American Popular Culture, Greenwood Press, 1999, pg. 363
59. ^ "LHCMA Catalogue: FOUR HOURS IN MY LAI television documentary archive, 1964-1992". Kcl.ac.uk. http://www.kcl.ac.uk/lhcma/cats/mylai/xf60-01-.htm. Retrieved 2011-06-18. 
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61. ^ "''The My Lai Tapes'', audio file in English". Bbc.co.uk. http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/documentaries/2008/04/080327_mylai_partone.shtml. Retrieved 2011-06-18. 
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63. ^ My Lai Four ©2009 on YouTube
64. ^ http://www.cineblog.it/post/25943/my-lai-four-foto-trailer-e-locandina-del-film-di-paolo-bertola
65. ^ Trailer of the movie^{[dead link]}

Further reading

• Vietnamese Wikipedia; Thảm sát Sơn Mỹ, cited June 7, 2006. (Vietnamese Wikipedia article on the subject)
• 161st Assault Helicopter Company. Unit History of the 161st Assault Helicopter Company (who intervened in the massacre)
• Americal Division Veterans Association; Americal Locations in Vietnam, cited June 3, 2006.
• Anderson, David L. (1998) Facing My Lai: Moving Beyond the Massacre University Press of Kansas: Lawrence, Kansas — extensive interviews with trial participants and soldiers.
• Becker, Elizabeth. Kissinger Tapes Describe Crises, War and Stark Photos of Abuse., The New York Times, May 27, 2004 (mirrored)
• Belknap, Michal R. (2002) The Vietnam War on Trial: The My Lai Massacre and the Court-Martial of Lieutenant Calley. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-1211-4.
  • Beidler, Philip D., "Calley's Ghost", Virginia Quarterly Review, Winter 2003.
• Bilton, Michael and Sim, Kevin. (1992) Four Hours in My Lai New York: Viking, 1992 — a recent re-examination, draws extensively on interviews with participants and contains detailed bibliographic references.
• Chomsky, Noam. After Pinkville, Bertrand Russell War Crimes Tribunal on Vietnam, 1971
• Chomsky, Noam and Edward S. Herman. Counter-Revolutionary Violence: Bloodbaths in Fact & Propaganda, 1973 and 2004
• Colburn, Lawrence and Paula Brock. The Choices Made — Lessons from My Lai on Drawing the Line, Seattle Times, March 10, 2002
• Gershen, Martin. (1971) Destroy or Die: The True Story of My Lai New York: Arlington House.
• Goldstein, Joseph. (1976) The My Lai Massacre and its Cover-Up New York: Free Press.
• Greiner, Bernd. (2009) War without Fronts: The USA in Vietnam New Haven: Yale University Press.
• Greiner, Bernd. (2009) The March 1968 Massacre in My Lai 4 and My Khe 4, Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence, [online], published on 5 October 2009, URL, ISSN 1961-9898
• Hammer, Richard. (1971) The Court-Martial of Lt. Calley New York: Coward.
• Hersh, Seymour M. (1972). Cover-up: the Army's secret investigation of the massacre at My Lai 4. Random House. ISBN 0-394-47460-0.
• Hersh, Seymour M. (1970). My Lai 4: A Report on the Massacre and Its Aftermath. Random House. ISBN 0-394-43737-3.
• Hersh, Seymour M. The original, Pulitzer-Prize winning articles about the My Lai Massacre for the St. Louis Post Dispatch, November 13, November 20 and November 25, 1969.
• My Lai and Why It Matters: Review of Ron Ridenhour's Videotaped Lecture
• O'Brien, Tim. (1994) In the Lake of the Woods, McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 1-895246-31-8 — a haunting work of historical fiction about a Vietnam Vet who can't escape his own experience of My Lai.
• Olson, James S. and Roberts, Randy (eds.) (1998) My Lai: A Brief History with Documents, Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 0-312-17767-4
• Peers, William. (1979) The My Lai Inquiry New York: Norton.
• Raimondo, Maj. Tony, JA. The My Lai Massacre: A Case Study, Human Rights Program, School of the Americas, Fort Benning, Georgia
• Ridenhour, Ron. "Jesus Was a Gook"
• Sack, John. (1971) Lieutenant Calley: His Own Story New York: Viking.
• "My Lai: An American Tragedy". Time. Dec. 05, 1969. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901621,00.html. 
• University of Missouri-Kansas City Law School. The My Lai Courts-Martial, 1970
• Teitel, Martin. Again, the Suffering of Mylai, article preview, New York Times, June 7, 1972, pg. 45.
• Texas Tech University. The Vietnam Oral History Project
• The Toledo Blade. Special Report: Tiger Force
• Valentine, Douglas (1990). "The Phoenix Program". iUniverse. ISBN 9780595007387. http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0595007384. Retrieved 2011-06-18. </ref> Chapter 24, "Transgressions" (deals with the My Lai Massacre)

External links

• Hugh Thompson Foundation web site (501(c)(3) nonprofit founded by Lawrence Colburn in honor of Hugh Thompson): http://www.hughthompson.org

• The My Lai Courts-Martial 1970
• Into the Dark: The My Lai Massacre
• 1969 TIME article
• 'Blood and fire' of My Lai remembered 30 years later
• My Lai Peace Park Project
• BBC World Service: The My Lai Tapes
• Calley Apologizes for 1968 My Lai Massacre - video report by Democracy Now!