Lesser wax moth

Lesser wax moth
Adult specimen
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Division:	Ditrysia
Family:	Pyralidae
Tribe:	Galleriini
Genus:	Achroia
Species:	A. grisella
Binomial name
Achroia grisella (Fabricius, 1794)
Synonyms
[1] Achroia alvearia (lapsus) Achroia major (Dufrane, 1930) Achroia obscurevittella Ragonot, 1901 Acroia major (lapsus) Bombyx cinereola Hübner, 1802 Galleria aluearia Fabricius, 1798 Galleria alvea Haworth, 1811 (unjustified emendation) Galleria alvearia (lapsus) Meliphora alveariella Guenée, 1845 (unjustified emendation) Tinea anticella Walker, 1863 Tinea grisella Fabricius, 1794

Achroia grisella, the Lesser Wax Moth, is a small moth of the snout moth family (Pyralidae), wherein it belongs to the subfamily Galleriinae. It is the only unequivocally recognized species of genus Achroia. The Greater Wax Moth (Galleria mellonella) is a quite close relative; though placed in a distinct genus, it still belongs to the same tribe – the Galleriini – within the Galleriinae.^[1]

Their caterpillars larvae are among the best-known "waxworms", as they are widely bred as food for pets such as lizards or fish.

Lesser Wax Moths are very common in most parts of the world, except the colder regions, aided in their spread by humans who have involuntarily introduced them to many countries. They are known or suspected to inhabit most of Africa (including Madagascar), Australia, Europe (expect perhaps some more remote regions, particularly in Greece) and North America, as well as parts of the Neotropics (at least Colombia, Jamaica, Puerto Rico and Trinidad), the Bengal region, Japan, Sri Lanka, and the Marquesas Islands and Tahiti in French Polynesia.^[2]

Ecology

The Lesser Wax Moth typically resides in milder climates, but can be prevalent in areas such as Florida because of the year-round warm climate. These moths live around 7 months, from egg to senile adult. They go through four stages in their life cycle – egg, larva (caterpillar), pupa and imago – like all holometabolous insects.

The larvae are the only ones that eat, the adults will not eat. Their diet typically consists of honey, beeswax, stored pollen, bee shell casings, and in some cases bee brood. Tunneling through honeycombs will not only provide food, but also protect the larvae from the defending worker bees. Less usual foods that have been reported^[3] are dried vegetable remains, dried fruits (especially apples and raisins), horn shavings (an organic fertilizer), cork and even refined sugar.

Populations of these moths take over the honeycombs of bee colonies, usually when the bees are in a weakened state. Lesser Wax Moths can often be seen in bee colonies trying to lay their eggs, but in most cases the worker bees will eliminate them and keep the moths from over-running the colony. When the colony is going through a period of stress, such as after the loss of its queen bee or under starvation conditions, the moths may completely take over the honeycombs.

The reproduction of these moths begins with ultrasonic signals sent out by the males in order to attract their female partners. The typical mating spot for these moths is in honeybee colonies, and the males can be seen there anywhere between six and ten hours in just a single night. Females are attracted to these ultrasonic signals in any one of three ways; peak amplitude, signal rate, and the asynchrony interval. Studies have been conducted that show these moths increase their signal rate when having to compete with others for the right to a local female, but due to the physical demands of an increased signal rate, its duration typically lasts only five to ten minutes. It has been concluded that these are the most prevalent few minutes of the entire six to ten hours spent out each night.^[4]

Control

The caterpillars of the Lesser Wax Moth can be very destructive to the honeycomb. They were first seen in North America in 1806, and are believed to have been imported there with honeybees from Europe. It has been estimated that annually^{[verification needed]}, beekeepers lose nearly 5 million US dollars in damages due to these pests. There are many methods of control that beekeepers have adopted to ensure that these moths do not ruin the combs.

The bees themselves are the best form of control for these moths. They keep the populations at very low numbers and it is only when they are not strong enough that the moth populations will drastically increase. Beekeepers must make sure that the hives have active, populated colonies that are clean and free of debris. This will help to ensure the survival and strength of the bees who can then control the populations of the moths.

In the colder climates, storing the beeswax combs in freezing winter temperatures will stop there from being any chance of a moth infestation. Lesser wax moths need warm climates to thrive. There is also a fumigant known as paradichlorobenzene (PDB) that is used to destroy these moths. This can only be used on combs that are in storage. They are not successful on combs that currently are filled with honey. Carbon dioxide can be used to fumigate combs that are filled with honey. It ensures that the honey is still acceptable to be sold.

Heating or freezing combs filled with honey also allow the honey to still be sold. The hotter or colder the temperature is, the less time that is required to make sure that the comb has been protected.

So far no traps have been found that completely protect honeycombs from the invasion of lesser wax moth larva.

See also

• Colony Collapse Disorder

Footnotes

1. ^ ^{a b} See references in Savela (2010)
2. ^ Clarke (1986), FE (2009), and see references in Savela (2010)
3. ^ Grabe (1942), Clarke (1986)
4. ^ Jia et al. (2001)

References

• Clarke, John Frederick Gates (1986): Pyralidae and Microlepidoptera of the Marquesas Archipelago. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 416: 1-485. PDF fulltext (214 MB!)
• Fauna Europaea (FE) (2009): Achroia grisella. Version 2.4, 2011-JAN-27. Retrieved 2011-MAY-29.
• Grabe, Albert (1942): Eigenartige Geschmacksrichtungen bei Kleinschmetterlingsraupen ["Strange tastes among micromoth caterpillars"]. Zeitschrift des Wiener Entomologen-Vereins 27: 105-109 [in German]. PDF fulltext
• Jia, Feng-You; Greenfield, Michael D. & Collins, Robert D. (2001): Ultrasonic Signal Competition Between Male Wax Moths. Journal of Insect Behavior 14(1): 19-33. doi:10.1023/A:1007893411662 PDF fulltext
• Savela, Markku (2010): Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms – Achroia grisella. Version of 2010-Jul-02. Retrieved 2011-MAY-29.

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• Zhou, Yihong; Kuster, Heidi K.; Pettis, Jeffrey S.; Danka, Robert G.; Gleason, Jennifer M. & Greenfield, Michael D. (2008): Reaction Norm Variants for Male Calling Song in Natural Populations of Achroia grisella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): towards a Resolution of the Lek Paradox. Evolution 62(6): 1317-1334. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00371.x PDF fulltext Supporting Information
• "Wax Moth." 2001. Blessed Bee Apiaries Incorporated. 07 Oct. 2006
• http://www.blessedbee.ca/encyclopedia/honeybees/diseases/waxmoths.php
• "Wax Moth". MAAREC. 2000-02. http://maarec.cas.psu.edu/PDFs/Wax_Moth_pm.pdf#search=%22lesser%20wax%20moth%20control%22. 
• M. T. Sanford. "Wax Moth Control". University of Florida IFAS extension. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/AA141.