45 Commando

45 Commando Royal Marines
Cap Badge of the Royal Marines
Active	1943–
Country	United Kingdom
Branch	Royal Marines
Type	Marine Infantry
Role	Commando
Size	One battalion
Part of	Naval Service
Garrison/HQ	RM Condor, Arbroath
Motto	Per Mare Per Terram (By Sea By Land) (Latin)
March	Quick — A Life on the Ocean Wave Slow — Preobrajensky
Commanders
Current commander	Lt Col O Lee MBE RM
Captain-General	HRH The Duke of Edinburgh (Captain-General, Royal Marines)
Insignia
Commando Flash

45 Commando Royal Marines (pronounced "four-five commando") is a battalion sized unit of the British Royal Marines and subordinate unit within 3 Commando Brigade Royal Marines, the principal Commando formation, under the Operational Command of Commander in Chief Fleet.

Tasked as a Commando amphibious unit, 45 Cdo RM is capable of a wide range of operational tasks. Based at RM Condor,^[1] their barracks in Arbroath, personnel regularly deploy outside the United Kingdom on operations or training. While 3 Cdo Bde RM are the principal cold weather warfare formation, personnel are capable of operating in a variety of theatres including tropical jungle, desert or mountainous terrain. The Commando is a regular participant in the annual Brigade cold weather warfare exercise in Norway having been the first UK unit to specialise in the mountain and arctic warfare role during the early 1970s and deployed to Norway on NATO’s northern flank most years until the end of the Cold War.

All personnel have completed the Commando course at the Commando Training Centre at Lympstone in Devon, entitling them to wear the green beret, with attached personnel having completed the All Arms Commando Course.

History

5th RM Battalion

The 5th RM Battalion was originally raised for a brief period at the end of World War I (September 1918-February 1919), and was again raised on 2 April 1940 following mass mobilisation and the influx of “hostilities only” (HO) marines. The battalion was raised at Cowshot Camp in Brookwood (now part of the Pirbright Camp complex), being incorporated into 101 RM Bde, along with the 1st RM Battalion. Between August and October 1940 the battalion took part in operations in Dakar. On return until August 1943 the battalion conducted extensive training in Wales, Scotland, the Isle of Wight and Burley, where the battalion reformed as 45 RM Commando on 1 August 1943.

45 RM Commando

After reforming and retitling the unit transitioned to the Commando role as a formed unit, by-passing the individual volunteer and selection process undertaken by Army Commando candidates. Personnel undertook, and completed, the Commando Basic Training Course at Achnacarry, Scotland.

As part of the 1st Special Service Brigade the Commando participated in Operation Overlord, the D-Day Normandy landings, going on to move through Europe into Germany, including Montforterbeek on 23 January 1945. The Commando returned to UK after a short period in Germany in June 1945.

Post-World War II reorganisation

Following the Second World War both 1 Commando Brigade (Nos 3, 4 and 6 Army Commandos and 45 RM Commando) and 2nd Commando Brigade (Nos 2 and 9 Army Cdos and 40 and 43 RM Cdos) disbanded leaving 3 Cdo Bde (then comprising 1 and 5 Army Cdos and 42 and 44 RM Cdos) in place in the far east. 3 Cdo Bde reorganised, disbanding 1 and 5 Army Cdos, and took on 45 RM Cdo, which joined the Bde in Hong Kong, from the UK, in January 1946. In order to preserve the heritage of a 2 Cdo Bde unit, as well as that of 1 Cdo Bde (45 RM Cdo), 44 RM Cdo was retitled 40 RM Cdo (which had been disbanded in UK in October 1945) and took on 40 RM Cdo’s colours, battle honours and traditions, albeit with 44 RM Cdo’s manpower. The three remaining commandos were restyled 40, 42 and 45 Commandos RM in March 1946.

1940s/1950s

The Commando was based in Hong Kong between January 1946 and May 1947, conducting internal security duties there as part of 3 Cdo Bde RM. Between May 1947 and December 1948 the Commando moved to Malta, during which time it deployed to Libya, Palestine, Suez and Jordan. The Commando returned to Hong Kong in December 1948 and from there deployed to Malaya between 1950 and 1952 taking part in operations during the Emergency. Between 1952 and 1959 the Commando was once again based in Malta, from where it took part in a number of tours of Cyprus as well as the Suez Crisis, conducting the first ever helicopter assault.

1960s

Between 1960 and 1967 the Commando was based in Aden, from where it conducted 10 operational tours in the Radfan during the Aden Emergency. The Commando also deployed briefly to Kuwait following an Iraqi threat to her Independence in 1961 and also to Tanganyika during the Zanzibar Revolution for internal security duties in 1964, returning to Aden after each deployment. The last elements of the Commando left Aden on 29 November 1967 to return to the UK for the first time since the end of World War II. They set up home in Stonehouse Barracks, Plymouth.

1970s/1980s

In 1970 the Commando began arctic training for the first time, taking on the role of the UK’s mountain and arctic warfare experts (joined later by the other Commandos). 45 Cdo RM deployed to Norway for the first of many winters in 1971, which coincided with a move of the unit from Stonehouse, Plymouth to the old Naval Air Station, RNAS Condor (now RM Condor) in Arbroath, Scotland, where the unit remains to this day. This period in the unit’s history is characterised by the alternation of Northern Ireland tours and winters in Norway, protecting NATO’s northern flank. The principal break in this routine came from the Falklands War in 1982.

Falklands War

Main article: Falklands War

Following the Argentinian invasion of 2 April 1982, 45 Cdo RM, under the command of Lt. Col Andrew F. Whitehead RM, had their Easter leave cancelled and hastily deployed to the Falklands, travelling in a mix of Royal Navy (RN) and Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA) ships. Having made a tactical landing at Red Beach, Ajax Bay on 21 May 1982, the men of 45 Cdo RM yomped across East Falkland,via New House, Douglas Settlement, Teal Inlet and Mount Kent to take part in the Battle for Stanley, conducting a night attack on the Two Sisters feature over the 11/12 June 1982, during which the Commando lost 8 men killed and 17 wounded. The Argentinians surrendered on 14 June 1982. Lt. Col Whitehead was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO).

1990s

The Commando deployed to Northern Iraq on Operation Haven at the end of the Gulf War, where it spent 2 months in the Zakho area, withdrawing at the end of June. In 1993 The Commando was deployed to Belize for the last operational jungle tour in that country. In a mirror image of its 1961 deployment to Kuwait, the Commando returned on Operation Driver [1] in 1994 in support of Kuwait following some threatening troop movements by the Iraqis on their side of the border. In 1998 the Commando was redirected from an exercise in Belize to assist Nicaragua and Honduras following the devastation caused by Hurricane Mitch – Operation Tellar [2].

2000s

At the turn of the Millennium, the Commando was deployed to Kosovo under KFOR as part of 3 Cdo Bde RM on Operation Agricola IV. In 2002 the unit deployed to Afghanistan on Operation Jacana (known more universally by its US name Operation Anaconda), and also took part on (Op Telic 1) the 2003 invasion of Iraq. X Company Group was attached to the SBS, Zulu Company Group attached to SAS.

In January 2004 the unit deployed to Northern Ireland for 6 months in support of peacekeeping operations, returning home in June. On return, it became the Spearhead Lead Commando, a role assumed on a rotational basis. The Lead Commando is at a high level of readiness, able to deploy at short notice on operations worldwide.

In September 2004, whilst still Lead Commando, the Group deployed to the United States on Exercise BLACKHORSE. This was split into two phases, the first of which took place with the United States Marines Corps Ground-Air Combat Centre at 29 Palms, California. This 900 hundred square miles of desert allowed realistic live firing, involving artillery and air strikes. The second phase took place at the Marine Corps Mountain Warfare Training Centre, high in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. An early snowfall meant the Commando was able to carry out cold weather warfare training, operating between 7000 and 11,000 feet (3,400 m). 2006 saw the Unit deploy to Norway for further arctic training which culminated with a NATO-led exercise.

The focus switched to preparation for deploying to Afghanistan on Op HERRICK 5 in late 2006. This deployment saw the Commando take on a number of different roles, the principal one being that of the Operational Mentoring and Liaison Team (OMLT). The OMLT task was to work alongside the Afghan National Army and develop it into a self-sufficient organisation. The Unit recovered from Afghanistan in April 2007 before reforming and assuming Lead Commando Group responsibility later that year.

October 2008 saw the Commando return to Afghanistan as Northern Battle Group in Helmand Province on Operation HERRICK 9. The operational area of responsibility was the Upper Sangin Valley which extended for 80 km along the length of the Helmand River. The Battle Group was in excess of 1200 strong, half of whom came from 45 Commando.

The Unit was split between five Forward Operating Bases. The main location was in the town of Sangin and consisted of the Commando HQ and Whisky Company. The town had a population of approximately 25,000. Whisky Company was responsible for the security of Sangin, mounting daily patrols to reassure the local population. Some parts of the town were friendlier than others, and the Company was involved in a number of battles with the Taliban in the suburbs.

The deployment was a hectic 6 months, but the successes were notable. Most progress was in Sangin, with schools being built and shops opening in the bazaar. Importantly, the Afghan Police are now almost exclusively responsible for security in the centre of the town. The influence of the district governor helped spread local governance with ten times more people than predicted, from all tribal backgrounds, registering for the national elections. The Afghan Government also delivered hundreds of tons of free wheat seed to local farmers, encouraging them to grow wheat instead of poppy.

This progress was possible because of the security that was provided by 45 Commando. The Unit made it harder for the enemy to intimidate local Afghans, and when attacked, the Unit responded quickly, and effectively. 45 Commando conducted a number of intelligence led, targeted operations against the Taliban. Operation GHARTSE PALANG found hidden stores of assault rifles, explosives and ammunition. Another, Operation DIESEL, was a night time raid by helicopter into one of the enemy’s safe havens, which included the destruction of their main heroin production factories. 45 Commando left the Upper Sangin Valley significantly safer and better developed than it had found it.

April 2009 saw the return of the Commando to Arbroath in Scotland for reorganisation ahead of a winter deployment to Norway where it will again hone its collective cold weather warfare and amphibious skills. Thereafter, it stands ready as always to fight and win operations around the globe.

2010s

45 Commando deployed to Afghanistan as part of 3 Commando Brigade in March 2011 on Operation Herrick 14, they will return after a 6 month deployment in October 2011.

Active service

List of 45 Commando's active service^{[citation needed]}

• Normandy Invasion (D-Day), 1944
• Advance through France and low countries to Germany, 1944–45
• Palestine, 1948
• Malayan Emergency, 1950–52
• Suez Crisis, 1956
• Aden Emergency, 1960–67
• Kuwait, 1961
• Tanganyika, 1964
• Cyprus, various tours 1955-58
• Northern Ireland
  • Belfast, June – August 1970
  • Belfast, August – September 1971
  • Belfast/Newry, October 1971 – February 1972
  • Belfast, July 1972
  • South Armagh, July – November 1974
  • Belfast, June – October 1977
  • Belfast, August 1978
  • Belfast, July – November 1981
  • Belfast, July-November 1986
  • South Armagh, October 1990 – March 1991
  • Fermanagh, April – November 1995
  • East Tyrone, December 2003 - May 2004
• Falklands War, Operation Corporate, 1982
• Northern Iraq, 1991
• Belize Tour 1993
• Kuwait – Op Driver, 1994
• Nicaragua/Honduras – Operation Tellar, 1998
• KFOR, 2000
• Afghanistan - Op Jacana, 2002
• Iraq - Telic 1, 2003
• Afghanistan – Operation Herrick 5, 2006/7
• Afghanistan – Operation Herrick 9, 2008/9
• Afghanistan – Operation Herrick 14, 2011

Commanding officers

As 5 RM Bn

• 1940–1942 Lt Col H E Reading RM
• 1942–1942 Lt Col S G Cutler RM (February – September)
• 1942–1943 Lt Col K Hunt RM

As 45 RM Commando

• 1943–1944 Lt Col N C Ries RM
• 1944–1945 Lt Col W N Gray DSO RM
• 1945–1945 Lt Col A L Blake MC RM (March – April)
• 1945–1945 Lt Col W N Gray DSO RM (April – July)
• 1945–1945 Lt Col I D De'ath DSO MBE RM (July – December)
• 1945–1946 Lt Col R D Houghton MC RM

As 45 Commando RM

• 1946–1948 Lt Col T M Gray DSO MC RM
• 1948–1948 Lt Col E C E Palmer DSO RM (January – July)
• 1948–1948 Lt Col P L Norcock RM (July – November)
• 1948–1950 Lt Col N C Ries OBE RM
• 1950–1952 Lt Col R C de M Leathes MVO OBE RM
• 1952–1954 Lt Col F A Eustace OBE RM
• 1954–1956 Lt Col N H Tailyour DSO RM
• 1956–1956 Lt Col R D Crombie RM (November – December)
• 1956–1957 Lt Col N H Tailour DSO RM
• 1957-1958 Lt Col J Richards OBE RM
• 1958–1958 Lt Col R D Crombie RM (July – September)
• 1958–1960 Lt Col F C Barton RM
• 1960–1962 Lt Col L G Marsh MC RM
• 1962–1963 Lt Col N S E Maude RM
• 1963–1964 Lt Col T M P Stevens MC RM
• 1964–1966 Lt Col R J McGarel Goves RM
• 1966–1967 Lt Col F C E Bye RM
• 1967–1968 Lt Col J I H Owen OBE RM
• 1968–1969 Lt Col J C C Richards RM
• 1969–1971 Lt Col R J Ephraums OBE RM
• 1971–1974 Lt Col Sir Steuart Pringle Bt RM
• 1974–1976 Lt Col L E Hudson RM
• 1976–1978 Lt Col J St J Grey RM
• 1978–1981 Lt Col B H B Learoyd RM
• 1981–1983 Lt Col A F Whitehead DSO RM
• 1983–1985 Lt Col I M H Moore RM
• 1985–1987 Lt Col A M Keeling RM
• 1987–1989 Lt Col S J Pack RM
• 1989–1991 Lt Col J J Thompson OBE RM
• 1991-1993 Lt Col D V Nicolls RM
• 1993-1995 Lt Col D Wilson OBE RM
• 1995–1997 Lt Col R A Fry MBE RM
• 1997–1999 Lt Col J H Thomas RM
• 1999–2001 Lt Col G S Robison RM
• 2001–2003 Lt Col S T Chicken OBE RM
• 2003–2004 Lt Col T J Bevis RM
• 2004–2006 Lt Col N P Lindley RM
• 2006–2007 Lt Col D A Dewar RM
• 2007–2009 Lt Col J A J Morris DSO RM
• 2009-2011 Lt Col O A Lee MBE RM

Battle honours

The following Battle honours were awarded to the British Commandos during the Second World War.^[2]

Adriatic Alethangyaw Aller Anzio Argenta Gap Burma 1943–45 Crete Dieppe Dives Crossing Djebel Choucha Flushing Greece 1944–45 Italy 1943–45 Kangaw Landing at Porto San Venere Landing in Sicily Leese Litani Madagascar

Middle East 1941, 1942, 1944 Monte Ornito Myebon Normandy Landing North Africa 1941–43 North-West Europe 1942, 1944–1945 Norway 1941 Pursuit to Messina Rhine St. Nazaire Salerno Sedjenane 1 Sicily 1943 Steamroller Farm Syria 1941 Termoli Vaagso Valli di Comacchio Westkapelle

Coordinates: 56°34.821′N 2°37.745′W / 56.58035°N 2.629083°W / 56.58035; -2.629083 (RM Condor)

References

1. ^ Royal Marines Commando — Individual Unit Histories. Former HMS Condor which became RM Condor in 1971.
2. ^ Moreman, p.94