No. 11 (Scottish) Commando

No. 11 (Scottish) Commando
Active	1940–1941
Country	United Kingdom
Branch	British Army
Type	British Commando
Role	Coastal raiding force
Size	~ 500 officers and men
Part of	Layforce
Engagements	Second World War Operation Exporter Operation Flipper
Commanders
Notable commanders	Geoffrey Keyes
Insignia
Combined Operations Shoulder Patch

No. 11 (Scottish) Commando was a battalion-sized commando unit of the British Army during the Second World War. Formed in Scotland members of No. 11 (Scottish) Commando adopted the Tam o'shanter as their official headress.^[1]

No. 11 (Scottish) Commando was sent to the Mediterranean as 'C' Battalion Layforce. It took part in operations in Syria and then garrison duties in Cyprus. Its final raid was Operation Flipper the attempt to capture the German commander Erwin Rommel. After the failure of this raid the Commando was disbanded.

Background

The commandos were formed in 1940, by the order of Winston Churchill the British Prime Minister. He called for specially trained troops that would "develop a reign of terror down the enemy coast".^[2] At first they were a small force of volunteers who carried out small raids against enemy occupied territory, ^[3] but by 1943 there role had changed into lightly equipped assault Infantry which specialised in spearheading amphibious landings.^[4]

The man initially selected as the overall commander of the force was Admiral Sir Roger Keyes himself a veteran of the landings at Gallipoli and the Zeebrugge raid in the First World War.^[5] Keyes resigned in October 1941 and was replaced by Admiral Louis Mountbatten.^[6]

By the autumn of 1940 more than 2,000 men had volunteered for Commando training, and what became known as the Special Service Brigade was formed into 12 units called Commandos.^[6] Each Commando would number around 450 men commanded by a Lieutenant Colonel. They were sub divided into Troops of 75 men and further divided into 15 man sections.^[6] Commandos were all volunteers seconded from other British Army regiments and retained their own cap badges and remained on their regimental roll for pay.^[7] All volunteers went through the six week intensive commando course at Achnacarry. The course in the Scottish Highlands concentrated on fitness, speed marches, weapons training, map reading, climbing, small boat operations and demolitions both by day and by night.^[8]

By 1943 the Commandos had moved away from small raiding operations and had been formed in Brigades of assault infantry to spearhead future Allied landing operations. Three units were left un-brigaded to carry out smaller scale raids.^[9]

History

Formed in June 1940 from volunteers from Scottish regiments under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Richard Pedder,^[10][11] in February 1941 it became part of Layforce and adopted the designation of 'C' Battalion.^[12] Deploying to the Middle East they were sent to Cyprus to garrison the island before being sent to Syria where they participated in Operation Exporter.^[13]

After suffering heavy casualties during the fighting against the Vichy French to secure a crossing over the Litani River, the unit returned to Cyprus before it was disbanded along with the rest of Layforce.^[14] Afterwards many of its men were transferred to Middle East Commando, where they formed No. 3 Troop under Lieutenant Colonel Geoffrey Keyes.^[15]

In November 1941, these men carried out a raid on Beda Littoria, in Libya as part of Operation Flipper, with the purpose of capturing Erwin Rommel in his headquarters. The raid was ultimately unsuccessful and Keyes was killed in a fire fight at Sidi Rafa and only a handful of the men managed to escape back to British lines. For his part in the raid, Keyes received the Victoria Cross posthumously.^[16] After this raid the Commando role was changing and No. 11 Commando along with Layforce was disbanded, due mainly to a shortage of manpower.^[17]

Battle honours

The following Battle honours were awarded to the British Commandos during the Second World War.^[18]

Adriatic Alethangyaw Aller Anzio Argenta Gap Burma 1943–45 Crete Dieppe Dives Crossing Djebel Choucha Flushing Greece 1944–45 Italy 1943–45 Kangaw Landing at Porto San Venere Landing in Sicily Leese Litani Madagascar

Middle East 1941, 1942, 1944 Monte Ornito Myebon Normandy Landing North Africa 1941–43 North-West Europe 1942, 1944–1945 Norway 1941 Pursuit to Messina Rhine St. Nazaire Salerno Sedjenane 1 Sicily 1943 Steamroller Farm Syria 1941 Termoli Vaagso Valli di Comacchio Westkapelle

References

1. ^ Moreman 2006, p. 45.
2. ^ Chappell, p.5
3. ^ Chappell, p.3
4. ^ Moreman, p.8
5. ^ Chappell, p.6
6. ^ ^{a b c} Haskew, p.48
7. ^ Moreman, p.12
8. ^ van der Bijl, p.12
9. ^ Moreman, pp.84–85
10. ^ Chappell 1996, p. 46.
11. ^ "11 (Scottish) Commando—Black Hackle". www.combinedops.com. http://www.combinedops.com/Black%20Hackle.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-16. 
12. ^ Saunders 1959, p. 52.
13. ^ Saunders 1959, p. 57.
14. ^ Saunders 1959, pp. 58–60.
15. ^ Chappell 1996, p. 17.
16. ^ Chappell 1996, p. 18.
17. ^ "No 11 Commando History". Commando Veterans Association. http://www.commandoveterans.org/site/mambots/editors/fckeditor/editor/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=54&Itemid=. Retrieved 6 May 2010. 
18. ^ Moreman, p.94

• Chappell, Mike (1996). Army Commandos 1940–1945. Elite Series # 64. London: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1855325799. 
• Haskew, Michael E (2007). Encyclopaedia of Elite Forces in the Second World War. Pen and Sword. ISBN 9781844155774. 
• Moreman, Tim (2006). British Commandos 1940–46. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781841769868. 
• Saunders, Hilary St. George (1959) [1949]. The Green Beret: The Commandos at War. London: Four Square Books. OCLC 1260659.