No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando

No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando
Active	1942–1945
Country	United Kingdom
Branch	British Army
Type	Commando
Role	Coastal raiding force Assault Infantry
Size	Maximum 11 Troops
Part of	Combined Operations
Garrison/HQ	Eastbourne
Engagements	Second World War
Disbanded	4 September 1945
Commanders
Notable commanders	Lieutenant Colonel Dudley Lister Lieutenant Colonel Peter Laycock
Insignia
Combined Operations recognition badge

No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando was a commando unit of the British Army during the Second World War. The first No. 10 Commando was proposed in August 1940, using volunteers from Northern Command, however there was such a poor response that No. 10 Commando was disbanded and the men that had volunteered were posted to other commando units.

In early 1942 the commando was raised again, this time as No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando. By the end of the war the commando had become the largest commando in the British Army and included volunteers from France, Belgium, Holland, Norway, Denmark, Poland and Yugoslavia. There was another group of volunteers in X Troop which contained enemy aliens, Germans and Austrians who had escaped from Nazi Germany.^[1] Men from the No. 10 Commando served in the Mediterranean, Scandinavia, Burma and Western Europe during the Second World War, mostly in small numbers attached to other formations, never as a complete unit.

Background

Philippe Kieffer in British uniform with French rank depicted, note the toggle rope around the neck

The commandos were formed in 1940, by the order of Winston Churchill the British Prime Minister. He called for specially trained troops that would "develop a reign of terror down the enemy coast".^[2] At first they were a small force of volunteers who carried out small raids against enemy occupied territory, ^[3] but by 1943 their role had changed into lightly equipped assault Infantry which specialised in spearheading amphibious landings.^[4]

The man selected as the overall commander of the force was Admiral Sir Roger Keyes himself a veteran of the landings at Galipoli and the Zeebrugge raid in the First World War.^[5] By March 1941 there were 11 battalion sized units now called commandos and each commando would consist of around 390 men in a small headquarters and six troops of three officers and 62 men each.^[6]

The idea for a foreign commando unit came from a junior French naval officer, Philippe Kieffer, after he heard of the successful Lofoten raid. The idea was eventually put to the then Chief of Combined Operations, Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten who could see the value of a foreign commando unit but insisted it should include volunteers from all the occupied territories.^[7]

Formation

Men from No. 6 Polish Troop on exercise in Scotland 1943. Note the No.10 Commando, Poland and the combined operations badges

No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando under command Lieutenant Colonel Dudley Lister was formed on 2 July 1942. The men of the new commando were all foreigners except for the British headquarters.^[8] Headquarters consisted of a British Commanding Officer, second in command, adjutant, intelligence officer and NCO, medical officer and medical orderlies, signals officer and signals section, training officer, quartermaster, administration officer and drivers.^[9] The formation of No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando meant that by the end of the war it was the largest commando unit in the British Army.^[10] Like all British Commandos the men of No. 10 (Inter Allied) Commando went through the six week intensive commando course at Achnacarry. The course in the Scottish Highlands concentrated on fitness, speed marches, weapons training, map reading, climbing, small boat operations and demolitions both by day and by night.^[11] In May 1943 the commando moved to Eastbourne on the Sussex coast where they carried out specialist training which unusually for a non parachute unit included parachute training at No.1 Parachute Training School RAF, Ringway near Manchester (over 80% of the Polish troop were parachute qualified) and they also trained in mountain climbing and Arctic warfare.^[12] At the same time as the move to Eastbourne the commando got a new commanding officer when Lieutenant Colonel Peter Laycock took over command on 15 May.^[13]

No. 1 French Troop

The No. 1 French Troop was formed in July 1942 By Kieffer, from an intake of 40 Frenchmen, who were initially called 1re Compagnie de Fusiliers Marins (1st Company of Naval Rifles). The unit retained its links with the French Navy wearing naval insignia and headgear.^[9]

No. 2 Dutch Troop

The No. 2 Dutch Troop consisted of 62 men under command of Captain Mulders. The troop formed in June 1942 was always below establishment and never deployed as a complete independent unit.But the men acted as liaison officers, guides and interpretors during operations Market Garden, Infatuate I and II ^[14]

No 3 (X) Troop

The No. 3 (X) Troop was possibly the strangest unit in the British Army, consisting of enemy aliens. Under the command of Captain Hylton-Jones the first men to arrive in July 1942 were eight men from Czechoslovakia.^[15] The troop was also known as the English, Jewish or British troop and was officially renamed the Miscellaneous Troop in 1944. Most of the troop had German, Austrian or Eastern European backgrounds, others were political or religious refugees from Nazi Germany,^[10]and at least one member had been imprisoned in Dachau and Buchenwald concentration camps. All members of the troop adopted British names and false personnel histories. A total of 130 men served in X Troop, but they never fought as a complete unit but provided valuable service to other formations as interpreters and interrogators.^[16] The troop lost 21 men killed and a further 22 wounded, among the highest casualty rate of any British military unit in the war.^[17]

No. 4 Belgian Troop

The No. 4 Belgian Troop was formed on 7 August 1942, by seven officers and 100 men from the 1st Independent Belgian Brigade under the command of Captain Danloy. As Belgium had surrendered in 1940, the Belgian forces serving with the Allies risked facing charges of treason on their return; the charges were only annulled in 1948.^[18]

No. 5 Norwegian Troop

The No. 5 Norwegian Troop was formed in August 1942 under command Captain Hauge, the men of the troop came from refugees brought back to Britain after commando raids and sailors stranded abroad after the German invasion of Norway.^[18]

No. 6 Polish Troop

The No. 6 Polish Troop was first formed in August 1942 as the 1st Independent Commando Company. It was integrated into No. 10 Commando in October 1942. Commanded by Captain Smrokowski is comprised seven officers and 84 men.^[19]

No. 7 Mediterranean Troop

The No 7 Troop was formed in May 1943 after a need was identified for Italian speakers. The commander was Captain Coates but difficulties finding Italian speakers in the British Army led to the Special Operations Executive offering Italian speaking Slovenes from the Royal Yugoslavian Army. The troop only numbered two officers and 20 men and it was renamed No. 7 Yugoslavian Troop.^[12]

No. 8 French Troop

The No 8 French Troop was formed in 1943 from 45 men of the disbanded 2nd Naval Infantry Battalion which had been stationed in the Lebanon and men who had been interned and released in Spain. The two French troops were combined under command of Kieffer and called the 1er Bn de Fusiliers Marins Commandos (1st Naval Rifles Commando Battalion).^[12]

Operations

The men from No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando were usually attached to other units who used their knowledge of the area of operations and the language to their advantage as interpreters and interrogators.

The first action men from the Commando took part in was the raid on Dieppe (Operation Jubilee) on 19 August 1942.^[20] Men from No. 3 Troop were tasked with gathering German documents from the town hall and distribute French Francs to the local French resistance. The No. 1 French Troop were attached to No.3 and No. 4 Commando, to act as interpreters gather information and also to persuade Frenchmen to return with them and enlist in the Free French forces.^[21] Most of the men from No. 3 Commando were captured during the landings, among the Frenchman attached to them were Sergeant Major Montaillaur who was executed under the Commando Order issued by Adolf Hitler and Corporal Cesar who managed to persuade the Germans he was a French Canadian and eventually escaped and returned to England. The men attached to No. 4 Commando assisted them in the capture of the Hess gun battery, while the men from No. 3 Troop had one killed and two captured and never heard of again.^[21]

1943

In early 1943, No. 5 Norwegian Troop worked with No. 12 and No. 14 Commando raiding the Norwegian coast from their base in Lerwick in the Shetland Islands^[21] and No. 3 Troop were involved in the Sicily landings (Operation Husky) attached to No. 40 (Royal Marine) Commando and No. 41 (Royal Marine) Commando and later the landings on mainland Italy.^[22]

Starting in September a series of raids were carried out, by men from the two French troops and No. 3 Troop, on the French and Low Countries coastlines. These raids under the code names of Operation Hardtack and Operation Tarbrush were for beach reconnaissance, for the purpose of bringing back photographs and examples of mines and obstacles that had been laid.^[23] In one of these raids Hungarian born Lieutenant George Lane (real name Dyuri Lányi) was captured and taken to see Field Marshal Erwin Rommel to be questioned, Lane believed he was not executed under the Commando Order because of his meeting with Rommel.^[24] In total 12 men were reported missing during the Hardtack raids and only five were later accounted for.^[25] The commando also took over responsibility for small scale parachute operations together with 4 (PARA) Troop, No. 12 Commando in September.^[25]

In November No. 4 Belgian and No. 6 Polish Troops joined the 2nd Special Service Brigade in Italy.^[26] Notably the Poles captured a German occupied village alone when the 2/6th Battalion Queen's Regiment failed to reach a rendezvous on time.^[27] Later in the year No. 2 Dutch Troop was sent to the Far East to work with No. 44 (Royal Marine) Commando and No. 5 Commando behind the Japanese lines in the Arakan in Burma.^[28]

1944

In January 1944 the Belgian No. 4 Troop and the Yugoslav No. 7 Troop attached to the 2nd Special Service Brigade were sent to the Adriatic to assist the Yugoslav Partisans. Political differences in the Yugoslav troop and hostility from the partisans led to its disbandment. No. 4 Troop then worked with the Vis Motor Gun Boat flotilla boarding enemy shipping.^[26] In April 1944, the commando lost No. 6 Polish Troop which was transferred to the II Polish Corps and later took part in the Polish assault on Monte Cassino.^[26]

By the time of the D Day landings the commando had lost the Yugoslav, Polish troops and the two French troops were attached to No. 4 Commando in the 1st Special Service Brigade and landed on Sword Beach. No. 3 Troop was divided by sections between the other eight commando units involved in the landings.^[29]

Commandos engaged in house to house fighting with the Germans at Riva Bella, near Ouistreham

The French troops of 185 men in total landed on the left flank of Sword Beach during the second wave, of these only 144 managed to reach the assembly point half a mile inland. Their objective was the Riva Bella Casino in Ouistreham. When they reached the casino the lightly armed French commandos were unable to break into the fortified building and called upon a Sherman tank to assist and soon captured the position.^[30] In another sector of the landings Working Corporal Peter Master of No. 3 Troop attached to No. 6 Commando was ordered to walk down the main street of what seemed a deserted village. The intention was to draw fire and identify where the Germans were hiding.^[17] By the night of D Day 1st Special Service Brigade, including No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando elements had crossed the River Orne and were dug in guarding the left flank of the 6th Airborne Division.^[31]

For the next three months No. 3 Troop carried out patrols in advance of the British lines. These patrols were not without loss. The troop commander Captain Bryan Hylton-Jones was captured trying to lead resistance fighters through the lines. Some of the men captured would become prisoners of war while others were never heard of again.^[32] Hylton-Jones was later released from captivity by No. 46 (Royal Marine) Commando when they captured a German field hospital at Pont-l'Évêque.^[33]

By the time the Allies reached the River Seine the original 185 French troops, had been reduced to only 40 unwounded. The numbers in the French ranks were quickly filled by men who had started training as a new No. 7 French Troop using the number left vacant when the Yugoslav troop was disbanded.^[34]

In mid 1944 No. 2 Dutch Troop returned to Europe their first mission on the European mainland was Operation Market Garden 17 September 1944. The troop was divided between the three parachute divisions, 12 men were assigned to 1st British Airborne Division, 11 were assigned to 82nd Airborne Division, Five were assigned to 101st Airborne Division and three were assigned to 1st Airborne Corps headquarters. Another five were assigned to 52nd (Lowland) Division, which was to have been flown into the area when Deelen Airport was captured, eventually they ended up in the Staff of 1st British Airborne Corps.^[35]

The Belgian No. 4 Troop had returned to England in June and were selected to capture the French island of Yeu only to find during a reconnaissance that the Germans had already left. They moved to the European mainland and were attached to the 4th Commando Brigade for the amphibious assault on the island of Walcheren (Operation Infatuate).^[36]

The assault on Walcheren saw the largest concentration of No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando men since their formation parade in 1943. Under command Lieutenant Colonel Laycock the commando was deployed; Headquarters and a section from No. 3 Troop and No. 2 Dutch Troop with Headquarters 4th Commando Brigade. The French No. 2 and No. 8 troops with a section from No. 2 Dutch Troop with No. 4 Commando. While with No. 41 (Royal Marine) Commando were No. 4 Belgian and No. 5 Norwegian Troops.^[37][38] In December the new No. 7 French Troop having completed training joined the other two French Troops still serving with No.4 Commando.^[39]

1945

In January to March the three French troops carried out raids on the island of Schouwen-Duiveland to prevent the Germans using the Island to mount operations against Antwerp.^[39] In February the Norwegian High Command requested No. 5 Norwegian Troop take part in the Liberation of Norway. The troop was transferred to the Norwegian Army at the end of April and then flown to Sweden dressed as civilians to join the Free Norwegian Brigade which was ready to cross the border if the German garrison refused to surrender.^[40]

The next major operation involving men from No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando was the crossing of the River Rhine (Operation Plunder) and then crossing the River Weser. The main commando force was 1st Commando Brigade with men from No. 3 Troop attached.^[41]

Also in 1945 two new Belgian troops had gone through the commando school and now formed No. 9 and No. 10 Troops. Together with No. 4 Troop they came under command 80th Anti-Aircraft Brigade to provide local security. No. 10 Belgian Troop went onto liberate Neuengamme concentration camp.^[42]

Legacy

Memorial to the members of No.3 (Jewish) Troop in Penhelig Park, Aberdovey.

After the Second World War No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando was disbanded on 4 September 1945,^[43] but many of No 3 Troop continued in sensitive and secret work in the occupation zone, tracking Nazi Resistance groups, war criminals and translating captured documents.^[44] At the same time the rest of the Army Commandos were also disbanded and the commando role was taken over by the Royal Marines.^[45] However the present day Parachute Regiment, Special Air Service and Special Boat Service can all trace their origins to the Army Commandos.^[46][47][48]

Of the Western nations represented in No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando only Norway did not develop a commando force.^[43] The French troops are the predecessors of the Naval commandos.^[49] The Dutch Troop are the predecessors of the Korps Commandotroepen,^[50] and the Belgian Troops are the predecessors of the Paracommando Brigade.^[51]

Battle honours

The following Battle honours were awarded to the British Commandos during the Second World War.^[52]

Adriatic Alethangyaw Aller Anzio Argenta Gap Burma 1943–45 Crete Dieppe Dives Crossing Djebel Choucha Flushing Greece 1944–45 Italy 1943–45 Kangaw Landing at Porto San Venere Landing in Sicily Leese Litani Madagascar

Middle East 1941, 1942, 1944 Monte Ornito Myebon Normandy Landing North Africa 1941–43 North-West Europe 1942, 1944–1945 Norway 1941 Pursuit to Messina Rhine St. Nazaire Salerno Sedjenane 1 Sicily 1943 Steamroller Farm Syria 1941 Termoli Vaagso Valli di Comacchio Westkapelle

References

Notes

1. ^ Chappell, p.46
2. ^ Chappell, p.5
3. ^ Chappell, p.3
4. ^ Moreman, p.8
5. ^ Chappell, p.6
6. ^ Chappell, p.7
7. ^ van der Bijl, p.6
8. ^ Moreman, p.22
9. ^ ^{a b} van der Bijl, p.5
10. ^ ^{a b} van der Bijl, p.5
11. ^ van der Bijl, p.12
12. ^ ^{a b c} van der Bijl, p.11
13. ^ van der Bijl, p.25
14. ^ van der Bijl, p.6
15. ^ van der Bijl, p.6.
16. ^ van der Bijl, pp.17–8
17. ^ ^{a b} Rennell, Tony. "The Real Inglourious Basterds". Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1186731/The-reaInglourious-Basterds-Why-Britains-secret-Jewish-commandos-far-heroic-Nazi-scalpers-Tarantinos-new-film.html. Retrieved 13 April 2010. 
18. ^ ^{a b} van der Bijl, p.8
19. ^ van der Bijl, pp.8–9
20. ^ Moreman, p.22
21. ^ ^{a b c} van der Bijl, p.13
22. ^ van der Bijl, p.14
23. ^ van der Bijl, p.23
24. ^ "Obituary, George Lane". London: The Times. 7 April 2010. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article7089271.ece. Retrieved 11 April 2010. 
25. ^ ^{a b} van der Bijl, p.24
26. ^ ^{a b c} van der Bijl, p.19
27. ^ van der Bijl, p.17
28. ^ "No 2 Dutch Troop 10 IA Commando". Korps Commandotroepen. http://www.korpscommandotroepen.nl/index.php?l=en&p=54. Retrieved 13 April 2010. 
29. ^ van der Bijl, p.25
30. ^ Ford & Gerrard, pp.61–62
31. ^ Ford & Gerrard, p.75
32. ^ van der Bijl, p.31
33. ^ Masters, p.261
34. ^ van der Bijl, p.32
35. ^ "No 2 Dutch Troop 10 IA Commando". Korps Commandotroepen history. http://www.korpscommandotroepen.nl/index.php?l=en&p=54&sid=0688a4a76269b5512db52c0a2b4f26cb. Retrieved 18 April 2010. 
36. ^ Conway & Gotovitch, pp.88–89
37. ^ van der Bilj, p.46
38. ^ "The Amphibious Assault by Royal Marine Commandos". Royal Marines Museum. http://www.royalmarinesmuseum.co.uk/onlineexhibitions/walcheren/chaptersix/chaptersix-partone.html. Retrieved 18 April 2010. 
39. ^ ^{a b} van der Bijl, p.49
40. ^ van der Bijl, pp.57–58
41. ^ van der Bijl, pp.53–54
42. ^ van der Bijl, p.57
43. ^ ^{a b} van der Bijl, p.58
44. ^ "No 3 (Jewish) Troop, No. 10 Commando". Jewish Virtual LIbrary. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/ww2/sugar13.html. Retrieved 23 April 2010. 
45. ^ Lord & Graham, pp.216–317
46. ^ Otway, pp.31–32
47. ^ Breuer, pp.46–47
48. ^ Molinari, p.22
49. ^ "Les fusiliers marins et les commandos". Ministère de la Défense. http://www.defense.gouv.fr/marine/decouverte/forces/fusiliers_et_commandos/les_fusiliers_marins_et_les_commandos_marine. Retrieved 17 April 2010. 
50. ^ "The history of the Commando Foundation". Korps Commandotroepen. http://www.korpscommandotroepen.nl/index.php?l=en&p=42. Retrieved 17 April 2010. 
51. ^ "Centre d'Entraînement de Commandos". Ministère de la Défense,la Composante Terre. http://www.mil.be/armycomp/units/index.asp?LAN=fr&FILE=&ID=540&MENU=625&PAGE=1. Retrieved 17 April 2010. 
52. ^ Moreman, p.94

Bibliography

• van der Bijl, Nick (2006). No. 10 Inter-Allied Commando 1942–45. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1841769991. 
• Breuer, William B. (2001). Daring missions of World War II. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 9780471404194. 
• Chappell, Mike (1996). Army Commandos 1940–45. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1855325799. 
• Conway, Martin; Gotovitch, José (2001). Europe in exile: European exile communities in Britain, 1940–1945. Berghahn Books. ISBN 1571815031. 
• Ford, Ken; Gerrard, Howard (2002). D-Day 1944: Sword Beach & British Airborne Landings. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1841763667. 
• Lord, Cliff; Watson, Graham (2004). Royal Corps of Signals. Helion & Company Limited. ISBN 1874622922. 
• Masters, Peter (1997). Striking Back: A Jewish Commando's War against the Nazis. Presidio Press. ISBN 0891416293. 
• Molinari, Andrea (2007). Desert raiders;Axis and Allied Special Forces 1940–43. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781846030062. 
• Moreman, Timothy Robert (2006). British Commandos 1940–46. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 184176986X. 
• Otway, Lieutenant-Colonel T.B.H (1990). The Second World War 1939–1945 Army – Airborne Forces. Imperial War Museum. ISBN 0-90162-75-77. 

External links

• No.2 Dutch Troop [1]
• No 3 (Jewish) Troop [2]
• No.5 Norwegian Troop [3]
• Commando veterans association [4]
• List of decorations awarded to members of No.10 (Inter-Allied) Commando [5]