Vietnam People's Air Force

This article is about the current Vietnamese air force. For the air force of the former Republic of Vietnam, see Vietnam Air Force.

Vietnam People's Air Force Không Quân Nhân Dân Việt Nam
Flag of Vietnam People's Army and flag of the Vietnam People's Air Force
Active	1959 -
Country	Vietnam (North Vietnam in the past)
Size	30,000 personnel (2009) 551 active aircraft
Anniversaries	3 April - first claimed shootdown of US fighter (1965)
Engagements	Vietnam War Cambodia-Vietnamese War Sino-Vietnamese War
Insignia
Roundel
Aircraft flown
Attack	Su-22, Mi-24
Fighter	Su-30, Su-27, MiG-21
Patrol	Ka-27, Ka-25
Reconnaissance	M-400, An-30
Trainer	Yak-52, Yak-130, L-39
Transport	An-38, M-28, An-24, UH-1, Mi-8, Mi-17

The Vietnam People's Air Force (Vietnamese: Không quân Nhân dân Việt Nam) is the air force of Vietnam. It is the successor of the former North Vietnamese Air Force and the absorbed Republic of Vietnam Air Force following the re-unification of Vietnam in 1975.

General history

Beginning-1964 (North Vietnam)

The first Vietnamese aircraft were two trainers, a de Havilland Tiger Moth and a Morane-Saulnier, which were initially the private property of the emperor Bao Dai.^[1] In 1945, Bao Dai gave the aircraft to the Vietnamese government. On March 9, 1949, Ho Chi Minh ordered the organization of the Air Force Research Committee (Ban Nghiên cứu Không quân).^[1] The first Vietnamese service aircraft flight was made by the Tiger Moth on August 15, 1949.^[1] A small-scale training was carried out in following years.

Further development of aviation in North Vietnam began in 1956, when a number of trainees were sent to the USSR and China for pilot training. They were organized into two groups, for pilots and mechanics, respectively; and among others, utilized the Czechoslovak Zlin Z-226 and Aero Ae-45. The first unit of the VPAF was the No. 919 Transport Regiment (Trung đoàn Không quân Vận tải 919), organized on May 1, 1959, with An-2, Li-2, Il-14 aircraft, followed by the No. 910 Training Regiment (Trung đoàn Không quân 910) with Yak-18 trainers.^[1] In 1963 the Air Force and Air Defense Force were merged into the Air and Air Defence Force (Quân chủng Phòng không - Không quân).

1964-1974 (North Vietnam)

The first North Vietnamese combat plane was a T-28 Trojan trainer, whose pilot defected from the Laotian Air Force; it was utilized from early 1964 by the North Vietnamese as a night fighter. The T-28 was the first North Vietnamese aircraft to shoot down a U.S. aircraft, a C-123, on February 15, 1964.^[1]

The North Vietnamese Air Force (NVAF) received its first jet fighter aircraft, the MiG-17 in February 1964, but they were initially stationed at air bases in Communist China, while their pilots were being trained. On February 3, 1964, the first fighter regiment No. 921 (Trung đoàn Không quân Tiêm kích 921), aka "Red Star squadron", was formed, and on August 6 it arrived from China in North Vietnam with its MiG-17s.^[1] On September 7, the No. 923 fighter regiment, aka "Yen The squadron", led by Lt. Col. Nguyen Phuc Trach, was formed. In May 1965, No. 16 bomber company (Đại đội Không quân Ném bom 16) was formed with Il-28 twin engine bombers. Only one Il-28 sortie was flown in 1972 against Laotian forces.

The North Vietnamese Air Force's first jet air-to-air engagement with U.S. aircraft was on April 3, 1965. The NVAF claimed the shooting down of two US Navy F-8 Crusader, which was not confirmed by US sources, although they acknowledged having encountered MiGs.^[1] Consequently, April 3 became "North Vietnamese Air Force Day". On April 4 the VPAF (NVAF) scored the first confirmed victories to be acknowledged by both sides. The US fighter community was shocked when relatively slow, post-Korean era MiG-17 fighters shot down advanced F-105 Thunderchief fighters-bombers attacking the Thanh Hoa Bridge. The two downed F-105s were carrying their normal heavy bomb load, and were not able to react to their attackers.^[1]

In 1965, the NVAF were supplied with supersonic MiG-21s by the USSR which were used for high speed GCI controlled hit and run intercepts against American air strike groups. The MiG-21 tactics became so effective, that by late 1966, an operation was mounted to especially deal with the MiG-21 threat. Led by Colonel Robin Olds on 2 January 1967, Operation Bolo lured MiG-21s into the air, thinking they were intercepting a F-105 strike group, but instead found a sky full of missile armed F-4 Phantom IIs set for aerial combat. The result was a loss of almost half the inventory of MiG-21 interceptors, at a cost of no U.S. losses. The VPAF (NVAF) stood down for additional training after this setback.

Meanwhile, the disappointing performances of US Air Force and US Navy (USN) airmen, even though flying the contemporary advanced aircraft of those times, combined with a legacy of successes from World War II and the Korean War, resulted in a total revamping of aerial combat training for the USN in 1968 (Top Gun school; established 1969). The designs for an entire generation of aircraft, with engineering for optimized daylight air to air combat (dog fighting) against both older, as well as for emerging MiG fighters, were being put to the drawing board. US forces could not consistently track low flying MiGs on radar, and were hampered by restrictive rules of engagement (ROE) which required pilots to visually acquire their targets, nullifying much of the advantage of radar guided missiles, which often proved unreliable when used in combat.

Although there were many so-called "political restrictions" placed on US airmen, such as when and where NVAF jet fighters could be attacked, the successful exchange ratio which US pilots had had over enemy fliers during the Korean War (1950–1953) was not to be repeated over North Vietnam; with the notable exceptions of the successes by USN airmen who had completed training from the TOPGUN training center at Miramar, California (USA).

The VPAF (NVAF) was a defensive air arm, with the primary mission of defending North Vietnam, and until the last stages of the war, did not conduct air operations into South Vietnam; nor did the NVAF conduct general offensive actions against enemy naval forces off the coast. However it did conduct limited attacks on the opposing naval vessels, notably damaging the United States destroyer USS Higbee (DD-806) in 1972. In a separate incident, MiG-17s that ventured over water were shot down by surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) fired by U.S. warships.

The VPAF (NVAF) did not engage all US sorties. Most US aircraft were destroyed by SA-2 surface-to-air missiles or anti-aircraft artillery (AAA), and in some cases, even small arms. Typically, VPAF MiGs would not engage unless it was to their advantage. Some of the aerial tactics used were similar to Operation Bolo, which lured the NVAF to the fight.

On March 24, 1967, regiments Nos. 921, 923 and 919 were incorporated into the 371st Air Division "Thang Long" (Sư đoàn Không quân 371). In 1969, No. 925 fighter regiment was formed, flying the Shenyang J-6 (the Chinese-built MiG-19). In 1972 the fourth fighter regiment, No. 927 "Lam Son", was formed.^[1]

U.S. Navy ace Randy Cunningham believed that he shot down a Mig-17 piloted by the legendary "Nguyen Toon" or "Colonel Tomb" while flying his F4 Phantom. However, no research has been able to identify any "Col. Tomb" as actually existing. Most likely he downed a flight leader of the 923rd Regiment.^[2] Many North Vietnamese pilots were not only skilled but unorthodox, as Cunningham found out after making elementary tactical errors.^[3] The resulting dogfight became extended. Cunningham climbed steeply, and the MiG pilot surprised Cunningham by climbing as well. Using his Top Gun training, Cunningham finally forced the MiG out ahead of him and destroyed it.

There were several times during the war that the U.S. bombing restrictions of North Vietnamese Airfields were lifted. Many VPAF (NVAF) aircraft were destroyed on the ground, and those that were not, were withdrawn to a sanctuary in China. In December 1972, the North Vietnamese air defences nearly exhausted their supply of surface-to-air missiles trying to down the high-flying B-52 raids over the North. The North Vietnamese Air Defense Network was degraded by electronic countermeasures (ECM) and other suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD) measures. However, with the counter-measures and a effective air-defense network, for 12 days of Operation Linebacker II, over 81 US aircraft were claimed as shot down, including 34 of the B-52 heavy bombers, two attributed to the VPAF, during the last weeks of 1972 (Operation Linebacker II).^[4] After the negotiated end of American involvement in early 1973, the No. 919 transport air group (Lữ đoàn Không quân vận tải 919), was formed; and equipped with fix-winged aircraft, as well as helicopters (rotor-wing) in November.

During the Vietnam War, NVAF used the MiG-17F, PF (J-5); MiG-19 (J-6), MiG-21F-13, PF, PFM and MF fighters.^[1] They claimed to have shot down 266 US aircraft, and US claimed to have shot down or destroyed 204 MiGs aircraft and at least six An-2s, of which 196 were confirmed with solid evidence (100 MiG-17s, 10 MiG-19s and 86 MiG-21s). However, VPAF admits only 154 MiGs were lost through all causes, including 131 in air combat ^[5]). Like that, total kill ratio would be 1:1.3 to 1:2.^[6][7] With the number of losses to MiGs confirmed by US (121 aircraft shotdown and 7 damaged^[6][7]), the kill ratio turn 1.7:1 against the MiGs, or 1.1:1 even accepting the VPAF's figure of only 131 in air combat.

1975-present (reunified Vietnam)

The VPAF did not play a major role during the Ho Chi Minh Campaign in 1975. The only sorties flown were conducted by five captured VNAF A-37s. SA-2s were transported into South Vietnam to counter possible US military air strikes. The US could not bring back their air power during the 1975 offensive, which had proven decisive in 1972, and the VNAF did not have the capability to strike targets in the north nor to defend against the onslaught in the south.

After the end of the Vietnam War (called the American War in Vietnam) in May 1975, more regiments were formed. No. 935 fighter regiment "Dong Nai" and no. 937 fighter-bomber regiment "Hau Giang", followed by no. 918 transport regiment "Hong Ha" and no. 917 mixed transport regiment "Dong Thap" were created in July 1975. In September 1975, the four newly created regiments were formed into the 370nd Air Division "Le Loi" and the 372nd Air Division "Hai Van" was formed, including among others the 925th fighter regiment.^[1]

On May 31, 1977, the Vietnam People's Air Force (Không quân Nhân dân Việt Nam) was separated from the Air Defense Force (Quân chủng Phòng không).^[1]

When Vietnam invaded Cambodia in 1979, former VNAF A-37s flew most of the ground support missions. These aircraft were more suited to the role than the MiGs. Former VNAF F-5Es, C-123s, C-130s, and UH-1s were used by the VPAF for many years after the end of the War.

In the years between 1953 and 1991, approximately 700 warplanes, 120 helicopters, and 158 missile complexes have been supplied to North Vietnam by the USSR and PR China (primarily the MiG-19 (J6 series). Even today, three-quarters of Vietnamese weaponry has been made in post-Cold-War Russia. [1] Today the VPAF is in the midst of modernization. It still operates late model MiG-21s, Su-22s, aircraft of the cold war era [2] [3]. However, it has recently been modernizing its air force with models of the Su-27-SK air superiority fighter following closer military ties, and an array of arms deals with Russia. To date, Vietnam has ordered and received 12 of these aircraft. In 2004, it also acquired 4 modified variants of the Su-30 MK2V, newer models of the Su-27. In May 2009, they have inked a deal to procure additional 12 aircraft from the Russian to bolster their aging fleet. The Vietnamese air force has also acquired new advanced air defense systems, including two S-300 PMU1 (NATO designation: SA-20) short-to-high altitude SAM batteries in a deal worth $300 million with Russia [4].

Vietnam War (US)

Air Division and Regimental Names of the VPAF^[8]

Command	Division	Regiment	Name	Aircraft flown
High Command of Air Defense and Air Forces	371st Air Division Thang Long Air Wing	921st Fighter Regiment	Red Star Squadron	MiG-21bis/UM
		923rd Fighter-bomber Regiment	Yen The Squadron	Su-22M-4/UM-3K, Su-30MK2
		927th Fighter Regiment	Lam Son Squadron	MiG-21bis/UM
		931st Fighter Regiment	Yen Bai Squadron	MiG-21bis/UM
		916th Helicopter Regiment	Ba Vi Squadron	Mi-6, Mi-8, Mi-24D, Mi-171
		918th Air Transport Regiment	Hong Ha Squadron	An-2, An-26, An-30, M-28
	372nd Air Division Hai Van Air Wing	929th Fighter-Bomber Regiment	Son Tra Squadron	Su-22M-4/UM-3K
		954th Helicopter Regiment	Da Nang Squadron	Ka-25, Ka-28, Ka-32, Mi-171
		940th Air Training Regiment	Phu Cat Squadron	Su-27SK/UBK/PU, Su-30MK2
	370th Air Division Le Loi Air Wing	937th Fighter-Bomber Regiment	Hau Giang Squadron	Su-22M-4/UM-3K, Su-27SK/PU
		935th Fighter Regiment	Dong Nai Squadron	Su-30MK2
		917th Mixed Air Transport Regiment	Dong Thap Squadron	UH-1H, Mi-8, Mi-171
	Air Force Officer School	910th Air Training Regiment	Julius Fučík Squadron	L-39C, Yak-18, MiG-21bis/UM
		920nd Air Training Regiment	Cam Ranh Squadron	L-39C, Yak-52, MiG-21bis/UM

MiG-17 and MiG-21 Aces of the VPAF^[1][9]

Name	Victories	VPAF Aircraft	Regiment	Service
Nguyễn Văn Cốc	Nine kills	MiG-21	921st Fighter Regiment	1967-69
Mai Văn Cường	Eight kills	MiG-21	921st Fighter Regiment	1966-68
Nguyễn Hồng Nhị	Eight kills	MiG-21	921st/927th Fighter Regiment	1966-72
Phạm Thanh Ngân	Eight kills	MiG-21	921st Fighter Regiment	1967-69
Đặng Ngọc Ngự	Seven kills	MiG-21	921st Fighter Regiment	1966-72
Nguyễn Văn Bảy	Seven kills	MiG-17	923rd Fighter Regiment	1966-72
Lê Hải	Six kills	MiG-17	923rd Fighter Regiment	1967-72
Lê Thanh Đạo	Six kills	MiG-21	927th Fighter Regiment	1971-72
Lưu Huy Chao	Six kills	MiG-17	923rd Fighter Regiment	1966-68
Nguyễn Đăng Kỉnh	Six kills	MiG-21	921st Fighter Regiment	1967-68
Nguyễn Đức Soát	Six kills	MiG-21	921st/927th Fighter Regiment	1969-72
Nguyễn Ngọc Độ	Six kills	MiG-21	921st Fighter Regiment	1967-68
Nguyễn Nhật Chiêu	Six Kills	MiG-17/MiG-21	921st Fighter Regiment	1965-67
Nguyễn Tiến Sâm	Six kills	MiG-21	921st/927th Fighter Regiment	1968-72
Vũ Ngọc Đỉnh	Six kills	MiG-21	921st Fighter Regiment	1966-70
Nguyễn Văn Nghĩa	Five kills	MiG-21	927th Fighter Regiment	1972

About the other pilots, see this

Bases

Vietnamese military officer make first visit aircraft carrier USS John C. Stennis (CVN 74).

Some airbases in the south were built by the French, Japanese* (World War II), United States Air Force or United States Navy for South Vietnam. The northern bases were likely built with assistance and/or use by the French; Communist Chinese, or Soviet Union during the Vietnam War.

• Operation Cleansweep
• Kep Airbase (VVKP/KEP)
• Bien Hoa Air Base (VVBH/VBH)
• Dong Hoi Airport (VVDH/VDH)
• Hoa Lac Airbase (VVHL/VHL)
• Gia Lam Airbase (VVGL/VGL)
• Lam Son Airbase (VVLS)
• Anh Son Airfield
• Thanh Son Airbase (VVPR/VPR)
• Thanh Hoa Airbase - reside training school for Vietnam fighter pilot.
• Truong Sa Airfield (VVSA)
• Tan Son Nhut Air Base
• Yen Bai Airbase - (VVYB) training school for Vietnam fighter pilot.
• Cam Ranh Airport (VVCR/CXR) - open for commercial flights in 2005
• Vung Tau Airfield (VVVT) operates for offshore helicopter services
• Can Tho Airfield - (VVCT/VCA) open and upgrade for logistic support air group.

• Note: Japanese Nell bombers took off from airfields in the former South Vietnam on 10 December 1941, attacking and sinking the British battleship HMS Prince of Wales and battlecruiser HMS Repulse.

The following bases have been retired from the VPAF:

• Ben Tre – Ben Tre Airfield
• Bien Hoa – Xuan Loc Airfield
• Binh Thuan– Phan Thiet Airfield
• Dak Lak – An Khe Airport
• Hanoi – Bach Mai Airfield
• Long An – Tan An Airfield
• Quang Tri – Dong Ha Airfield
• Tay Ninh – Tay Ninh AIrfield
• Tra Vinh – Tra Vinh Airport
• Vinh Long – Vinh Long Airfield
• Nha Trang Airport - closed in 2005 and replace by Cam Ranh Airport. (Commercial flights were moved to Cam Ranh, military and cargo still work from this airbase for take off and landing practice using YAK-52)

• Note: While Nha Trang Airport is shown as "retired" by the VPAF, that means primarily that it's no longer an airbase where regular air force units are stationed. A VPAF flight training school is active on the boundary of the field, however.

Aircraft inventory

Most of the VPAF's aircraft were supplied from the Soviet Union & PRC, but hundreds were left over by the Americans via the Republic of Vietnam; most of which are no longer in service.

Aircraft	Origin	Type	Versions	In service	Notes
Fighter Aircraft
Sukhoi Su-30MK2V "Flanker"	Russia	Multi Role fighter	Su-30MK2V	7	12 on order [10]
Sukhoi Su-27SK/UB Flanker	Russia	Air Superiority fighter	Su-27	11 SK/UBK[10]
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23ML/UB Flogger	Russia	Air Defence fighter	MiG-23	36	30 MiG-23ML & 6 MiG-23UB
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21Bis Fishbed L/N/UM	Russia	Fighter	MiG-21	144[10]
Sukhoi Su-22M3/4 Fitter-J/K	Russia	Ground attack	Su-22	38[10]
Trainer Aircraft
Aero L-39C Albatros	Czechoslovakia	Trainer	L-39C	24	12 on order from Czech Republic
Yakovlev Yak-130	Russia	Advanced trainer / Light attack	Yak-130	8	on order[citation needed]
Yakovlev Yak-52	Russia	Trainer	Yak-52	36
Reconnaissance
An-30 Clank	Ukraine	Reconnaissance	An-30	6
CASA C.212 Aviocar	Spain	Reconnaissance	CASA C.212-400	3[11][12][13]	Swedish Space Corporation (SSC) MS6000 maritime surveillance system with Side-Looking Airborne Radar. Under Vietnam Marine Police control.
Attack Helicopter
Mil Mi-24 Hind	Russia	Attack helicopter	Mil Mi-24A/D	36
Transport Aircraft
An-26 Curl	Ukraine	Transport	An-26	48
An-24 Coke	Ukraine	Transport	An-24	12
An-28 Cash	Ukraine	Light Transport	An-28	6
An-2 Colt	Ukraine	Light Transport	An-2	15
PZL M28 Skytruck	Poland	Light Transport	M-28	11	some fitted with MS-600 radars
Transport Helicopter
Mi-8 Hip	Russia	Transport helicopter	Mil Mi-8	66
Mi-17 Hip-H	Russia	Transport	Total Mil Mi-17Sh Mil Mi-172	69 27 18
Mi-6 Hook-A	Russia	Heavy lift helicopter	Mi-6	10-15
PZL W-3 Sokol	Poland	VIP helicopter/ SAR helicopter	Total PZL W-3S PZL W-3RM	8 4 4
Kamov Ka-32S Helix-C	Russia	SAR Helicopter	Ka-32	10
Kamov Ka-25 Hormone	Russia	ASW helicopter	Ka-25	12
Ka-27 Helix	Russia	ASW helicopter	Ka-27	18
Eurocopter Dauphin	France	SAR helicopter	SA-365 N2	4	From the Ministry of Defence
Eurocopter Ecureuil	France	Light utility helicopter	AS-350 B3	2	From the Ministry of Defence
Aérospatiale Puma	France	Civilian transport	SA-330J	9	From the Ministry of Defence
Aérospatiale Super Puma	France	Civilian transport	AS-332L2	7	From the Ministry of Defence. 1 Super Puma operated by Southern Service Flight Company (SFC) was lost in sea transportation mission for offshore platform in 2007.
UH-1H Huey	United States	Utility	UH-1H	15+
Miscellaneous Aircraft
M-400 UAV	Vietnam	UAV	M-400	12?
VNS-41	Vietnam	Amphibious	VNS-41	12-15?	Domestic produced light plane type ULM with floatation devices.

Retired:

•  Czechoslovakia Zlin Z-226 Trener - basic trainer (8)
•  Czechoslovakia Aero Ae-45 - trainer (3)
•  Czechoslovakia Aero L-29 Delfin - jet trainer (12)
•  Russia Lisunov Li-2 Cab - transport (24)
•  Soviet Union Ilyushin Il-28 Beagle - medium bomber (16)
•  Soviet Union Ilyushin Il-14 Crate - transport (45)
•  Soviet Union Ilyushin Il-18 Coot - transport (7)
•  Soviet Union Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 Fagot - jet fighter (50)
•  Soviet Union Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17 Fresco - jet fighter (77)
•  Soviet Union Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19 Farmer - jet fighter (45)
•  Soviet Union Sukhoi Su-7 Fitter- fighter-bomber (30)
•  Soviet Union Mil Mi-2 Hoplite Hoplite - light helicopter (24)
•  Soviet Union Yak-40 Codling - transport (15)
•  United States Douglas A-1 Skyraider - prop attack aircraft (21)
•  United States Sikorsky CH-34 Choctaw - helicopter (34)
•  United States Cessna A-37 Dragonfly - jet attack aircraft (95)
•  United States Northrop F-5 Freedom Fighter - supersonic light fighter (8 that haven't been auctioned off)
•  United States Northrop F-5E Tiger II - supersonic light fighter (1) - Lt. Nguyễn Thành Trung was pilot when he bombed the Republic South Vietnam Presidential Palace on morning of April 5, 1975 then fled to Phước Long airfield where he was received by North Vietnam Forces.
•  United States Northrop F-5B Freedom Fighter - supersonic trainer (3)
•  United States Douglas C-47 Skytrain - transport & gunship (16)
•  United States Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar - medium transport (5) - 1 gunship lost with crews, in battle on April 29, 1975, Captain Trang văn Thắng was pilot
•  United States Lockheed C-130 Hercules - medium transport (4)
•  United States Boeing CH-47 Chinook - heavy-lift helicopter (23)
•  United States Cessna O-1 Bird Dog - army co-operation/light recon (19)
•  United States North American T-28 Trojan - basic trainer/light attack (14)
•  United States Cessna T-37 Tweet - jet trainer (9)
•  United States UH-1 Iroquois - helicopter (42) - except 15 UH-1H still in flight

Some jet fighters (F-5s and A-37s) were auctioned in 1998, and are currently owned by private companies, and individuals in America, Australia, New Zealand, and Europe.

The current procurement plan of the VPAF is to equip up to 3 regiments with 3 x 24 Sukhoi Su-30 "Flanker" until 2015.

See also

• Battle of Phou Pha Thi, (Northeastern Laos, 12 January 1968)
• Republic of Vietnam Air Force
• Vietnam People's Air Force Museum, Hanoi
• Vietnam People's Air Force Museum, Ho Chi Minh City
• Colonel Nguyen Toon

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l} S.V.Ivanov, Boyevoye primenenye MiG-17 i MiG-19 vo Vietnamye
2. ^ Acepilots.com
3. ^ Hall, George (1987). Top Gun: The Navy's Fighter Weapons School. Presido Press. 
4. ^ http://vietbao.vn/Phong-su/Vach-nhieu-tim-thu-ha-ngao-op-B52/70107581/262/
5. ^ Migs over North Vietnam: The Vietnam People's Air Force in Combat, 1965-75, Stackpole Military History
6. ^ ^{a b} http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_245.shtml
7. ^ ^{a b} http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_246.shtml
8. ^ MiG-17 and MiG-19 Units of the Vietnam War by István Toperczer
9. ^ MiG-21 Units of the Vietnam War by István Toperczer
10. ^ ^{a b c d} "The AMR Regional Air Force Directory 2011". Journal. http://www.asianmilitaryreview.com/upload/201102172337151.pdf. Retrieved 31 August 2011. 
11. ^ http://www.straitstimes.com/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=56229de72565f110VgnVCM100000430a0a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=0162758920e39010VgnVCM1000000a35010aRCRD
12. ^ http://www.prioranet.com/?id=5104&cid=11523&DivId=5002&Year=2008
13. ^ http://www.thenational.ae/article/20080603/FOREIGN/335996665/1002/NEWS

External links

• Vietnamese's Air-to-Air Victories
• Vietnamese Aces

• Vietnam Air Force Museum
• Ace Pilots North Vietnam Aces