Nikolai Przhevalsky

Nikolai Przhevalsky
"Przhevalsky" redirects here. For the inhabited localities in Russia, see Przhevalsky (inhabited locality).
Nikolai Mikhaylovich Przhevalsky
Born April 12, 1839(1839-04-12)
Smolensk
Died November 1, 1888(1888-11-01) (aged 49)
Karakol
Nationality Russian of Polish background
Occupation explorer
Known for exploration of Asia

Nikolai Mikhaylovich Przhevalsky (Russian: Никола́й Миха́йлович Пржева́льский, also transliterated Przewalski (Polish-style) and Prjevalsky, pronounced [prʐɛˈvalʲskʲi]; April 12 [O.S. 31 March] 1839—November 1 [O.S. 20 October] 1888), was a Russian geographer of Polish background and explorer of Central and Eastern Asia. Although he never reached his final goal, Lhasa in Tibet, he travelled through regions unknown to the west, such as northern Tibet, modern Qinghai and Dzungaria.[1] He significantly contributed to European knowledge on Central Asia and was the first known European to describe the only extant species of wild horse,[2] which is named after him.

Contents

Biography

Przhevalsky was born in Smolensk into a noble Polish family (the original, Polish name is Przewalski), and studied there and at the military academy in St. Petersburg. In 1864, he became a geography teacher at the military school in Warsaw.

In 1867, Przhevalsky petitioned the Russian Geographical Society to be dispatched to Irkutsk in Eastern Siberia. His intention was to explore the basin of the Ussuri River, a tributary of the Amur. This was his first expedition of importance; it lasted two years. Przhevalsky published the diary of the expedition as Travels in the Ussuri Region, 1867-69.

In the following years he made four journeys to Central Asia:

  • 1870–1873 from Kyakhta he crossed the Gobi desert to Peking (now Beijing), then exploring the upper Yangtze (Chang Jiang), and in 1872 crossed into Tibet. He surveyed over 7,000 sq mi (18,000 km2), collected and brought back with him 5,000 plants, 1000 birds, and 3,000 insect species, as well as 70 reptiles and the skins of 130 different mammals.[3] Przehevalsky was awarded the Constatine Medal by the Imperial Geographical Society, promoted to lieutenant-general, appointed to the Tsar's General Staff, and received the Order of St Vladimir, fourth Class. During his expedition, the Dungan revolt (1862–1877) was raging in China.[4] The journey provided the General Staff with important intelligence on a Muslim uprising in the kingdom of Yakub Beg in western China, and his lecture to the Imperial Geographical Society was received with "thunderous applause" from an overflow audience. The Russian newspaper Golos called the journey "one of the most daring of our time".[5]
  • 1876–1877 travelling through Eastern Turkestan through the Tian Shan range, he visited what he believed to be Lake Lop Nor, which had reportedly not been visited by any European since Marco Polo.[6] The expedition consisted of ten men, twenty-four camels, four horses, three tonnes of baggage and a budget of 25000 roubles, the expedition was beset by disease and poor quality camels. In September 1877 the caravan was refurbished with better camels and horses, 72000 rounds of ammunition and large quantities of brandy, tea and Turkish Delight, and set out for Lhasa but did not reach its goal.
  • 1879–1880 via Hami and through the Qaidam basin to Lake Koko Nor. Then over the Tian Shan mountains into Tibet to within 260 km (160 mi) of Lhasa before being turned back by Tibetan officials;
  • 1883–1885 from Kyakhta across the Gobi to Alashan and the eastern Tian Shan mountains, turning back at the Yangtze. Then back to Koko Nor, and westwards to Khotan and Lake Issyk Kul.

The results of these expanded journeys opened a new era for the study of geography of Central Asia as well as the studies of the fauna and flora of this area that was relatively unknown to his Western contemporaries. Among other things, he reported on the wild population of Bactrian Camels as well as the Przewalski's Horse and Przewalski's Gazelle named after him in many European languages. Przhevalsky's writings include five major books written in Russian and two English translations: Mongolia, the Tangut Country (1875) and From Kulja, Across the Tian Shan to Lob-Nor (1879).

Przhevalsky died of typhus not long before the beginning of his fifth journey, at Karakol on the lakeshore of Issyk-Kul in present day Kyrgyzstan. He contracted typhoid from a river that was acknowledged already as being infected with the disease, the Chu river[7][8] The Tsar immediately changed the name of the town to Przhevalsk. There are monuments to him, and a museum about his life and work, there and another monument in St. Petersburg.

Less than a year after his premature death, Mikhail Pevtsov succeeded Przhevalsky at the head of his expedition into the depths of Central Asia. Przhevalsky's work was continued by his young disciple Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov.

Monument to Nikolai Przhevalski in the Alexander Garden, Saint Petersburg

There is another place named after him. Przhevalsky had been living in a small village called Sloboda, Smolensk Oblast, Russia since 1881 till 1887 (except the time of his travels). He really loved the place. The village was renamed after him in 1964, and now it is called Przhevalskoye. There is a memorial complex here that includes the old and new houses of Nikolai Przhevalsky, his bust, pond, garden, birch alleys, and khatka (a lodge, watchbox). This is the only museum of the famous traveller in Russia.

He is commemorated by the plant genus Przewalskia (Solanaceae) Maxim. His name is eponymic to more than eighty plant species as well.

Imperialism

According to David Schimmelpenninck Van Der Oye's assessment, Przhevalsky's books on Central Asia feature his disdain for the Oriental—particularly the Chinese—civilization. Przhevalsky explicitly portrayed the Chinese as cowardly, dirty and lazy, in a metaphor of "the blend of a mean Moscow pilferer and a kike", in all respects inferior to the "European civilization".[9] He purportedly argued that Imperial China's hold of its northern territories, in particular Xinjiang and Mongolia, was very weak and uncertain, and openly called for Russia's annexation of bits and pieces of China's territory.[10] Przhevalsky said one should explore Asia "with a carbine in one hand, a whip in the other."[11]

Przhevalsky, as well as other contemporary explorers Sven Hedin, Sir Francis Younghusband, Sir Aurel Stein, were active players in the British-Russian struggle for influence in Central Asia, the Great Game.[11]

Conquest

"Here you can penetrate anywhere, only not with the Gospels under your arm, but with money in your pocket, a carbine in one hand and a whip in the other. Europeans must use these to come and bear away in the name of civilisation all these dregs of the human race. A thousand of our soldiers would be enough to subdue all Asia from Lake Baykal to the Himalayas....Here the exploits of Cortez can still be repeated."

Nikolai Przhevalsky on Asia

Nikolai's hatred extended to non Chinese asians as well, describing the Tajik Yaqub Beg in a letter as follows- "Yakub Beg is the same shit as all feckless Asiatics. The Kashgarian empire isn't worth a kopek."[12][13][14] Nikolai also claimed Yaqub was "Nothing more than a political impostor." Nikolai also insulted the muslim subjects of Yaqub Beg in Kashgar, claiming that they "constantly cursed their government and expressed their desire to become Russian subjects...The savage Asiatic clearly understands Russian power is the guarantee for prosperity." This was in a report in which Nikolai urged Russian troops to seize the Kashgarian emirate, but no action was taken, and China recaptured Kashgar, dashing all of Przhevalsky's dreams of taking land from China, none of which materialized.[15]

Przhevalsky not only insulted Chinese, but he viewed the 8 million non Chinese peoples of Tibet, Turkestan, and Mongolia as uncivilized evolutionary backwards people who needed to be freed from Chinese rule. Przhevalsky was also reported to be a butcher, killing many ethnic Tibetan nomads.[16]

He proposed Russia provoke rebellions of the Buddhist and Muslim peoples in these areas of China against the Confucianist Chinese regime, start a war with China, and with a small amount of Russian troops to seize control of Turkestan from China.[17]

Przhevalsky, in a book, also suggested the mass killing all the Mongols and Tibetans, and colonizing Mongolia and Tibet with Cossacks, then provoking conflict with China.[18][19]

Personal life

Przhevalsky is known to have had a relationship with Tasya Nuromskaya, whom he met in Smolensk. According to a legend, during their last meeting Tasya cut off her braid and gave it to him, saying that the braid will travel with him up until their marriage. Unfortunately, Tasya died of a sunstroke while Przhevalsky was in an expedition[20].

Another woman in his life was a mysterious young lady, whose portrait, along with a piece of poetry, has been found in Nikolai's album. In the poem, she asked him to stay with her and not to go to Tibet, to which he responded in his diary: "I will never betray the ideal, to which is dedicated all of my life. As soon as I write everything nesessary, I will return to desert...where I will be much happier than in gilded salons that can be acquired by marriage"[20][21].

Some researchers claimed that Przhevalsky was a homosexual, who "despised women"[22][23][24][25], and that his young male assistants that accompanied him on each of his journeys (including Nikolay Yagunov, aged 16, Mikhail Pyltsov, Fyodor Eklon, 18, and Yevgraf), could have been his lovers[26][27][28][29]

Urban legend

There is an urban legend that Joseph Stalin was an illegitimate son of Nikolai Przhevalski.[30][31] The legend is supported by the similar appearance of both men. However, Przhevalsky's visits to Georgia are not recorded.[citation needed] The humoristically developed version of this legend appears in book three of Vladimir Voinovich — The Life and Extraordinary Adventures of Private Ivan Chonkin.

References

  1. ^ Luce Boulnois, Silk Road: Monks, Warriors & Merchants, 2005, Odyssey Books, p. 415 ISBN 962-217-721-2
  2. ^ Hellemans, Alexander; Bunch, Bryan (1988). The Timetables of Science. Simon & Schuster. pp. 304. ISBN 0671621300. 
  3. ^ Wood, Francis (2002). The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 165–169. ISBN 978-0-520-24340-8. 
  4. ^ Donald Rayfield (1976). The dream of Lhasa: the life of Nikolay Przhevalsky (1839-88) explorer of Central Asia. P. Elek. p. 42. ISBN 0236400150. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ul0eAAAAMAAJ&q=But+the+situation+was+now+complicated+by+the+Tungan+rebellion,+which+was+devastating+the+west+and+threatening+large+areas+of+northern+China.+The+Russian+Ministries+of+Foreign+Affairs+and+of+War+had+to+be+consulted,+for+Przhevalsky's&dq=But+the+situation+was+now+complicated+by+the+Tungan+rebellion,+which+was+devastating+the+west+and+threatening+large+areas+of+northern+China.+The+Russian+Ministries+of+Foreign+Affairs+and+of+War+had+to+be+consulted,+for+Przhevalsky's&hl=en&ei=JJS4Te3WJ5Ow0QGowoT5Dw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA. Retrieved April 27 2011. 
  5. ^ Meyer & Blair Brysac, Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia (1999) at p229.
  6. ^ Author August Strindberg, however, believed that Przhevalsky was preceded by Johan Gustaf Renat by almost two centuries. See August Strindberg, "En svensk karta över Lop-nor och Tarimbäckenet" (in Swedish)
  7. ^ Elinor S. Shaffer (1994). Comparative Criticism: Volume 16, Revolutions and Censorship. Cambridge University Press. p. 28. ISBN 0521471990. http://books.google.com/books?id=SDoiTsY-Ry0C&pg=PA27&dq=Nikolai+Przhevalsky+hated+women&hl=en&ei=65O4TeTsAcGdgQff8cBa&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=drinking%20water%20przhevalsky%20infected%20typhoid&f=false. Retrieved April 27 2011. 
  8. ^ Donald Rayfield (2000). Anton Chekhov: a life. Northwestern University Press. p. 183. ISBN 0810117959. http://books.google.com/books?id=9Z_vTUUYxkgC&pg=PA183&dq=Nikolai+Przhevalsky+homosexual&hl=en&ei=ue-4TZffMZTegQfbg7XRDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CFMQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=infected%20water%20homosexual%20przhevalsky&f=false. Retrieved April 27 2011. 
  9. ^ See, e.g. Nikolai Przhevalskii, "Mongolia, The Tangut Country and the Solitudes of Northern Tibet", two volumes, translated by E. Delmar Morgan with introduction and notes by Colonel Henry Yule (London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, 1876, vol. 2, p. 24.
  10. ^ David Schimmelpenninck Van Der Oye, "Toward the Rising Sun: Russian Ideologies of Empire and the Path to War with Japan" (DeKalb, Il: Northern Illinois University Press, 2001), p. 34
  11. ^ a b David Nalle (June 2000). "Book Review — Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia". Middle East Policy (Washington, USA: Blackwell Publishers) VII (3). ISSN 1061-1924. http://www.mepc.org/journal_vol7/0006_nalle.asp. 
  12. ^ Christian Tyler (2004). Wild West China: the taming of Xinjiang. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 80. ISBN 0813535336. http://books.google.com/books?id=bEzNwgtiVQ0C&pg=PA80&dq=yakub+beg+shit&hl=en&ei=jt64TYOIIpOcgQfXtLBR&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAg#v=snippet&q=is%20the%20same%20shit%20as%20all%20feckless%20asiatics.%20the%20kashgarian%20empire%20isn't%20worth%20a%20kopek&f=false. Retrieved April 27 2011. 
  13. ^ Frances Wood (2004). The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia. University of California Press. p. 155. ISBN 0520243404. http://books.google.com/books?id=zvoCv3h2QCsC&pg=PA155&dq=yakub+beg+shit&hl=en&ei=Oa24TdTxNcrbgQew5fmBDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=yakub%20beg%20is%20the%20same%20shit%20as%20all%20feckless%20asiatics.%20the%20kashgarian%20empire%20isn't%20worth%20a%20kopek&f=false. Retrieved April 27 2011. 
  14. ^ Lutz Kleveman (2004). The New Great Game: Blood and Oil in Central Asia. Grove Press. p. 100. ISBN 0802141722. http://books.google.com/books?id=3pCz4OmRW-0C&pg=PA100&dq=yakub+beg+shit&hl=en&ei=Oa24TdTxNcrbgQew5fmBDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=yakub%20beg%20shit&f=false. Retrieved April 27 2011. 
  15. ^ Karl Ernest Meyer, Shareen Blair Brysac (2006). Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia. Basic Books. p. 233. ISBN 0465045766. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ssv-GONnxTsC&pg=PA233&dq=yakub+beg+shit&hl=en&ei=Oa24TdTxNcrbgQew5fmBDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=yakub%20beg%20shit&f=false. Retrieved April 27 2011. 
  16. ^ Elinor S. Shaffer (1994). Comparative Criticism: Volume 16, Revolutions and Censorship. Cambridge University Press. p. 28. ISBN 0521471990. http://books.google.com/books?id=SDoiTsY-Ry0C&pg=PA27&dq=Nikolai+Przhevalsky+hated+women&hl=en&ei=65O4TeTsAcGdgQff8cBa&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Przhevalsky%20tibetan%20nomads%20slaughtered%20scores&f=false. Retrieved April 27 2011. 
  17. ^ Robert F. Aldrich (2003). Colonialism and homosexuality. Psychology Press. p. 35. ISBN 0415196159. http://books.google.com/books?id=FPnO0MyfsJEC&pg=PA34&dq=Nikolai+Przhevalsky+muslim+rebellions&hl=en&ei=_ZO4Tb-WGMaSgQe9-vmtDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=buddhist%20muslim%20rebellion%20confucian&f=false. Retrieved April 27 2011. 
  18. ^ Donald Rayfield (2000). Anton Chekhov: a life. Northwestern University Press. p. 183. ISBN 0810117959. http://books.google.com/books?id=9Z_vTUUYxkgC&pg=PA183&dq=Nikolai+Przhevalsky+homosexual&hl=en&ei=ue-4TZffMZTegQfbg7XRDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CFMQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=exterminating%20inhabitants%20of%20mongolia&f=false. Retrieved April 27 2011. 
  19. ^ Donald Rayfield (2000). Anton Chekhov: a life. Northwestern University Press. p. 184. ISBN 0810117959. http://books.google.com/books?id=9Z_vTUUYxkgC&pg=PA183&dq=Nikolai+Przhevalsky+homosexual&hl=en&ei=ue-4TZffMZTegQfbg7XRDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CFMQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=replacing%20them%20with%20cossacks%20war%20china&f=false. Retrieved April 27 2011. 
  20. ^ a b Vokrug sveta: The house of the great pathfinder (Russian)
  21. ^ Yuri Senkevich, Alexander Shumilov (1987). They called the horizon. Mysl.  (Russian)
  22. ^ Donald Rayfield (2005). Stalin and His Hangmen: The Tyrant and Those Who Killed for Him. Random House Digital, Inc.. p. 9. ISBN 0375757716. http://books.google.com/books?id=Yi3ow3TU8-4C&pg=PA9&dq=Nikolai+Przhevalsky+homosexual&hl=en&ei=TJS4Ta3LK4GcgQei0bRm&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CFgQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Nikolai%20Przhevalsky%20homosexual&f=false. Retrieved April 27 2011. 
  23. ^ Igorʹ Semenovich Kon, James Riordan (1993). Sex and Russian society. Indiana University Press. p. 90. ISBN 025333201X. http://books.google.com/books?id=DgGjOjRQAPIC&pg=PA90&dq=Nikolai+Przhevalsky+homosexual&hl=en&ei=ue-4TZffMZTegQfbg7XRDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CEUQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Nikolai%20Przhevalsky%20homosexual&f=false. Retrieved April 27 2011. 
  24. ^ Alyson Publications (1990). The Alyson almanac: a treasury of information for the gay and lesbian community. Alyson Publications. p. 143. ISBN 1555830196. http://books.google.com/books?ei=2u-4TaiyM8LngQfagMl8&ct=result&id=NJIYAAAAIAAJ&dq=Born+1839+in+Russia+Died+in+1888+explorer+nikolai+Przhevalsky+was+one+of+the+most&q=+Przhevalsky. Retrieved April 27 2011. 
  25. ^ Keith Stern (2009). Queers in history: the comprehensive encyclopedia of historical gays, lesbians and bisexuals, and transgenders. BenBella Books. p. 372. ISBN 1933771879. http://books.google.com/books?id=XZL5EeGpW0MC&pg=PA372&dq=Born+1839+in+Russia+Died+in+1888+explorer+nikolai+Przhevalsky+was+one+of+the+most&hl=en&ei=2u-4TaiyM8LngQfagMl8&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=Born%201839%20in%20Russia%20Died%20in%201888%20explorer%20nikolai%20Przhevalsky%20was%20one%20of%20the%20most&f=false. Retrieved April 27 2011. 
  26. ^ David Tuller (1997). Cracks in the Iron Closet: Travels in Gay and Lesbian Russia. University of Chicago Press. p. 89. ISBN 0226815684. http://books.google.com/books?id=bYpkbSNOwRoC&pg=PA89&dq=Nikolai+Przhevalsky+homosexual&hl=en&ei=TJS4Ta3LK4GcgQei0bRm&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CF0Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved April 27 2011. 
  27. ^ Wayne R. Dynes (1992). History of homosexuality in Europe and America. Taylor & Francis. p. 168. ISBN 0815305508. http://books.google.com/books?id=y8_Ya2s3zN8C&pg=PA186&dq=Nikolai+Przhevalsky+homosexual&hl=en&ei=TJS4Ta3LK4GcgQei0bRm&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Nikolai%20Przhevalsky%20male%20lover%20companion&f=false. Retrieved April 27 2011. 
  28. ^ University of Colorado, Boulder. Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado (Boulder campus). Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (1978). Arctic and alpine research, Volume 10. Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research, University of Colorado. p. 146. http://books.google.com/books?ei=Vum4TZ-aH8nZ0QGc4bTbDw&ct=result&id=T2kWAQAAIAAJ&dq=Nikolai+Przhevalsky+for+he+clearly+hated+the+%22meddling%22+influence+of+women+in+detracting+some+of+his+most+able+followers+from+the+monastic+road+of&q=women+meddling. Retrieved April 27 2011. 
  29. ^ Robert F. Aldrich (2003). Colonialism and homosexuality. Psychology Press. p. 35. ISBN 0415196159. http://books.google.com/books?id=FPnO0MyfsJEC&pg=PA34&dq=Nikolai+Przhevalsky+muslim+rebellions&hl=en&ei=_ZO4Tb-WGMaSgQe9-vmtDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved April 27 2011. 
  30. ^ Alexander Portnov Great pseudonym of Joseph Przhevalsky (Russian)
  31. ^ Thoughts after the exhibition or who are you, Joseph Stalin

Further reading

  • Meyer, Karl E.; Brysac, Shareen Blair (October 25, 1999). Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia. Basic Books. ISBN 978-1582431062. 

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