Moonie

Moonie
For other uses, see Moonie (disambiguation).

Moonie is a nickname sometimes used to refer to members of the Unification Church. This is derived from the name of the church's founder Sun Myung Moon,[1] and was first used in 1974 by the American media.[2] Church members have used the word "Moonie", including Sun Myung Moon,[3] President of the Unification Theological Seminary David Kim,[4] and Moon's aide Bo Hi Pak.[5] In the 1980s and 1990s the church undertook an extensive public relations campaign against the use of the word by the news media, including hiring civil rights activist Ralph Abernathy to equate it with the word "nigger".[6] In commentary on the term and its usage, scholars have noted it is both a popular colloquial term,[1] and one that has negative connotations.[7] Scholars including Anson Shupe, David G. Bromley, and Eileen Barker have used the word to refer to members of the Unification Church.[4] In his 2000 book Mystics and Messiahs, Philip Jenkins discussed the term's usage, and likened it to "smear words" associated with other religions; giving examples of Shaker, Methodist, and Mormon.[8] Journalistic authorities, including the New York Times and Reuters, now discourage its use in news reporting.[9][10]

Contents

Definition

The word "Moonie" is derived from the name of Sun Myung Moon, the founder and leader of the Unification Church.[1] The 2002 edition of The World Book Dictionary does not note a negative connotation, defining it simply as: "a follower of Sun Myung Moon";[11] nor does the 1999 edition of the Webster's II New College Dictionary, which defines it as "a member of the Unification Church established and headed by Sun Myung Moon."[12] The 2009 Random House Dictionary states the word is offensive,[13] and the 2009 Compact Oxford English Dictionary defines it as derogatory in nature.[14] The Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Japan describes it as a colloquial term to refer to a member of the Unification Church.[15]

The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English (2005), The Concise New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English (2007), and The Routledge Dictionary of Modern American Slang and Unconventional English (2008) give a secondary meaning as "any blind, unthinking, unquestioning follower of a philosophy."[16][17][18]

The word "Moonie" is also a family name in the United Kingdom. The town of Moonie, Queensland in Australia was founded in 1840.[19] In more recent times it has also been used to refer to fans of the anime character Sailor Moon.[20]

History

Early use

The word "Moonie" was first used by the American news media in the 1970s when Sun Myung Moon moved to the United States and came into public notice through a series of public speeches he gave, including one at Madison Square Garden in New York City in 1974.[2][6][21] It became prevalent and was used both by critics of the Unification Church,[22] as well as by church members themselves.[4] It has been used in other languages, including French,[23][24] German,[25][26] Spanish,[27][28] and Portuguese.[29][30]

The word "Moonie" used within the Unification Church itself and by church members in public[6][31] as a self-designation.[32][33] During the 1970s and 1980s, it was used by members of the Unification Church "as a badge of honor".[4] In 1978, Sun Myung Moon declared: "In two and a half years the word 'Moonie' shall become an honorable name and we will have demonstrations and victory celebrations from coast to coast."[3] In 1979, church members could be seen on subways in New York displaying t-shirts that read: "I'm a Moonie and I love it".[4] Religious scholar Anson Shupe notes that "on many occasions" he heard "David Kim, President of the Unification Theological Seminary, refer to 'Moonie theology,' the 'Moonie lifestyle,' and so forth matter-of-factly".[4] The principal aide to Sun Myung Moon, Bo Hi Pak, was quoted by Carlton Sherwood in his book Inquisition: The Persecution and Prosecution of the Reverend Sun Myung Moon as declaring to the United States Congress: "I am a proud Korean – a proud 'Moonie' – and a dedicated anti-Communist and I intend to remain so the rest of my life."[34]

During the United States v. Sun Myung Moon in 1982, federal prosecutors argued that the word "Moonie" be banned during the jury selection process because they said it was considered "a negative term,"[35] and prejudicial in nature.[36] Defense counsel for Sun Myung Moon instead asserted use of the word in the jury selection process was necessary to identify the Unification Church and to question jurors about possible prejudice.[36] The court denied the prosecution's request, and ruled that the term was appropriately "descriptive."[35] Judge Gerard L. Goettel instructed the jury that the case involved the Unification Church, Sun Myung Moon, and his followers, whom the judge stated were "sometimes referred to as Moonies."[36] That same year a report sponsored in part by Auburn University, P. Nelson Reid and Paul D. Starr noted: "In informal interviews with U.C. members have indicated that they do not consider the term 'Moonie' derogatory."[37]

Reaction by church members

In 1984, The Washington Post noted: "Members of the Unification Church resent references to them as 'Moonies'", and quoted one church member who said "Even in quotation marks, it's derogatory".[38] In 1985, the president of the Unification Church of the United States, Mose Durst, asserted there was a positive change in perception of the church after Moon's trial and his conviction on federal tax violations and conspiracy: "In one year, we moved from being a pariah to being part of the mainstream. People recognized that Reverend Moon was abused for his religious beliefs and they rallied around. You rarely hear the word 'Moonie' anymore. We're 'Unificationists.'"[39]

The Unification Church hired civil rights activist Ralph Abernathy to equate the word "Moonie" with the word "nigger".[6] Abernathy was also the vice president of the Unification Church-affiliated American Freedom Coalition,[33][40] and served on boards of directors for two other related organizations.[41] According to the San Francisco Chronicle, by 1989 Unification Church members preferred to be called "Unificationists" rather than "Moonies."[33] The Washington Post reported that "Unification Church members are being advised no longer to accept the designation of 'Moonie,' and to declare any such nomenclature as indicative of a prejudiced view of the church."[40] In 1989 the Chicago Tribune was picketed after referring to members of the Unification Church as Moonies.[42][43] Sun Myung Moon directed minister and civil rights leader James Bevel to form a protest by religious officials against the Chicago Tribune because of the newspaper's use of the word. Bevel handed out fliers at the protest which said: "Are the Moonies our new niggers?"[43]

Unification Church official Michael Jenkins (who later became president of the Unification Church of the United States[44]) commented in 1989 on his views of why the Unification Church was shifting its public stance regarding use of the word: "Why, after so many years, should we now be taking such a stand to eliminate the term 'Moonie?' For me, it is a sign that the American Unification Church has come of age. We can no longer allow our founder, our members, and allies to be dehumanized and unfairly discriminated against. ... We are now entering a period of our history where our Church development and family orientation are strong enough that we can turn our attention toward ending the widespread misunderstanding about our founder and the Unification movement."[4] In 1990, a position paper sent from the Unification Church to The Fresno Bee gave a warning to journalists about use of the word: "We will fight gratuitous use of the 'Moonie' or 'cult' pejoratives. We will call journalists on every instance of unprofessional reporting. We intend to stop distortions plagiarized from file clippings which propagate from story to story like a computer virus."[45] In 1992 the Unification Church-affiliated organization Professors World Peace Academy asserted use of the word "Moonie" was akin to that of the word "nigger".[46] Unification Church member Kristopher Esplin told Reuters what is normally done if the word is seen in media sources: "If it's printed in newspapers, we will respond, write to the editor, that sort of thing."[47] On an October 6, 1994 broadcast of Nightline, host Ted Koppel stated: "On last night's program ...I used the term 'Moonies'. This is a label which members of the Reverend Sun Myung Moon's Unification Church find demeaning and offensive, and I'd like to apologize for its use."[48]

Recent use

In a 1996 article for The Independent about a talk former Prime Minister Edward Heath gave at a Unification Church sponsored conference, Andrew Brown commented: "The term 'Moonie' has entered the language as meaning a brainwashed, bright-eyed zombie." Brown also quoted William Shaw, a broadcaster who was presenting the Cult Fiction series on BBC Radio Five Live: "Most Moonies embrace a morality which would make them acceptable in the most genteel Anglican social circle."[49]

According to the 1999 edition of Religion and Politics In America Unification Church followers were known "universally" by the term.[50] In a 2004 interview with The New York Times, playwright Tony Kushner used the term "Moonies" to refer to religious converts who lacked "spiritual liveliness or freedom of thought".[51] The 2004 book Can I Know What to Believe?‎ (written for high school students) asks: "When I say the word Moonies, what do you think of? Because Moonies aren't as prevalent in our society today as they were several years ago ... some might mentioned the mass weddings performed by Sun Myung Moon. Others might mention the group's fund-raising efforts through flower selling."[52] In 2005 the New York Times published (as a part of their series "Modern Love") the testimony of former Unification Church member Renee Watabe about her arranged marriage in which her husband was selected for her by Moon. Watabe said about her former religious affiliation: "We 'Moonies' were willing to sacrifice personal choice to spin gold out of the raw silk of ourselves, to help create world harmony through family harmony."[53]

In 2009 The Daily Telegraph suggested that the Manchester City football club be nicknamed "The Blue Moonies" for their "evangelical zeal."[54] In 2010 National Public Radio reported that young members of the Unification Church "bristle at the term 'Moonie'",[55] while USA Today reported that "the folks who follow Rev. Sun Myung Moon (also known, to their dislike, as the Moonies)."[56] In 2010 The New York Times noted that the word “Moonie“ was being used in Washington D.C. to denote that someone was a “swooning loyalist.”[57] The Denver Post reported that supporters of conservative congressional candidate Dan Maes were being called "Maes moonies" for their "almost cultish" devotion to him.[58] In 2010, David McWilliams, writing in the Sunday Business Post of Dublin, Ireland, referred to the irresponsible fiscal policies that lead to the world-wide late-2000s recession as "Moonie economics."[59]

Commentary

British sociologist Eileen Barker titled her 1984 book, which was based on seven years of first-person study of members of the Unification Church in the United States and Great Britain and has been influential in the field of the sociology of religion, The Making of a Moonie: Choice or Brainwashing?.[60] She commented in the book's introduction: "Mention the name 'Moonies' to anyone in the West today, and the chances are that you will receive an immediate reaction which falls somewhere between a delicate shudder and an indignant outburst of fury."[61] In the 1995 book America's Alternative Religions, published by the State University of New York Press, Baker wrote: "Although they prefer to be called Unificationists, they are referred to in the media and popularly known as 'Moonies'."[1] In the same book, Anson Shupe, a sociologist known for his studies of religious issues, and David Bromley, a sociologist who has written extensively on new religious movements, also use the word Moonies to refer to members of the Unification Church.[1] In his 1998 book Religion, Mobilization, and Social Action, Shupe notes that Barker, Bromley, and he himself had used the term in other publications, "and meant no offense".[4] In his 2000 book Mystics and Messiahs, Philip Jenkins likens the term to "smear words such as Shaker, Methodist, Mormon".[8] Jenkins mentions use of the word in book titles including Life among the Moonies and Escape from the Moonies, and comments: "These titles further illustrate how the derogatory term 'Moonie' became a standard for members of this denomination, in a way that would have been inconceivable for any of the insulting epithets that could be applied to, say, Catholics or Jews."[8]

A 1992 study by Jeffrey E. Pfeifer of the University of Virginia on "The Psychological Framing of Cults" found that 75.51% (74 of 98) of participating individuals were familiar with the word "Moonies". Dr Pfeifer sums up his findings by saying:[62]

Subjects were asked to read a description of a young man who joins a group and is exposed to its indoctrination process. Depending on the condition, subjects were led to believe that the group was either the Moonies, the Marines, or the Catholic Church. Except for the group label, in all three conditions the description of the indoctrination process was identical. Subjects were then asked to evaluate both the group's indoctrination techniques and the individual who joined the group, and to complete a questionnaire regarding their general knowledge of cults. Results indicate that subject ratings are significantly affected by the group label and that general knowledge regarding cults is based primarily on indirect sources.

Rosalind Millam's 2002 book Anti-Discriminatory Practice notes that "Its followers are better known as Moonies"; the entry on the Unification Church in the book is titled: "Unification Church (Moonies)".[63] In its entry on "Unification Church", the 2002 edition of The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage advised: "Unification Church is appropriate in all references to the Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity, which was founded by the Rev. Sun Myung Moon. Do not use the disparaging Moonie(s)".[9] Reuters, in its handbook for journalists, says: "'Moonie' is a perjorative term for members of the Unification Church. We should not use it in copy and avoid it when possible in direct quotations."[10]

See also

Portal icon Korea portal
Portal icon Language portal
Portal icon Religion portal

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Miller, Timothy (1995). America's Alternative Religions. State University of New York Press. pp. 223, 414. ISBN 0791423980. 
  2. ^ a b PacNews staff (February 17, 2006). "Church leaders unite against Moonies". PacNews (Pacific Island News Agency Service). 
  3. ^ a b Enroth, Ronald M. (2005). A Guide To New Religious Movements. InterVarsity Press. pp. 69, 72. ISBN 0830823816. 
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Shupe, Anson D.; Bronislaw Misztal (1998). Religion, Mobilization, and Social Action. Praeger. pp. 197, 213, 215. ISBN 978-0275956257. 
  5. ^ Ofcom (February 20, 2006). "Complaint by Mr Robin Marsh on behalf of The Family Federation for World Peace and Unification – UK (formerly known as the Unification Church)". Broadcast Bulletin (www.ofcom.org.uk) (54). http://www.ofcom.org.uk/tv/obb/prog_cb/pcb41/. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  6. ^ a b c d Gorenfeld, John (2008). Bad Moon Rising. PoliPointPress. p. 96. ISBN 0979482232. 
  7. ^ Von Dehsen, Christian D. (1999). Philosophers and Religious Leaders. Greenwood. p. 136. ISBN 1573561525. 
  8. ^ a b c Jenkins, Philip (2000). Mystics and Messiahs: Cults and New Religions in American History. Oxford University Press. pp. 28, 200. ISBN 0195127447. 
  9. ^ a b Siegal, Allan M.; William G. Connolly (2002). The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage. Three Rivers Press. p. 344. ISBN 978-0812963892. 
  10. ^ a b Handbook of Journalism, Reuters, accessed September 28, 2011
  11. ^ World Book Encyclopedia (2002). The World Book Dictionary: L-Z. World Book, Inc. p. 1348. ISBN 0716602997. 
  12. ^ Editors of Webster's II Dictionaries (1999). Webster's II New College Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 711. ISBN 0395962145. 
  13. ^ Based on the Random House Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2009 (2009). "moonie". Dictionary.com. dictionary.reference.com. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/moonie. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  14. ^ Compact Oxford English Dictionary (2009). "Moonie". AskOxford. www.askoxford.com. http://oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_us1269107#m_en_us1269107. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  15. ^ Stockwin, J. (2003). Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Japan. Routledge. p. 233. ISBN 0415151708. 
  16. ^ Partridge, Eric; Tom Dalzell, Terry Victor (2005). The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English: J-Z. TF-ROUTL. p. 1319. ISBN 978-0415259385. 
  17. ^ Dalzell, Tom; Terry Victor (2007). The Concise New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. Routledge. p. 439. ISBN 0415212596. 
  18. ^ Dalzell, Tom (2008). The Routledge Dictionary of Modern American Slang and Unconventional English. Routledge. p. 671. ISBN 0415371821. 
  19. ^ http://www.smh.com.au/travel/travel-factsheet/moonie--culture-and-history-20081125-6gzh.html Moonie: Culture and History], Sidney Morning Herald
  20. ^ Bergan, G. and Lambert, J., 2011, Geektionary: From Anime to Zettabyte, an A to Z Guide to All Things Geek, Adams Media, P 92
  21. ^ Ayoob, Massad (November/December 2001). "The Rise of the House of Kahr". American Handgunner: 58–67. 
  22. ^ BBC News staff (July 19, 2008). "'Moonies' founder hurt in crash". BBC News (news.bbc.co.uk). http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7515435.stm. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  23. ^ "Mgr Milingo: "Admonition canonique", ultimatum au 20 août 2001" (in French). Zenit: Le monde vu de Rome (www.zenit.org). July 17, 2001. http://www.zenit.org/article-933?l=french. Retrieved 2009-09-30. 
  24. ^ "Rome: Après l’ordination de quatre évêques mariés aux Etats-Unis" (in French). APIC (www.kipa-apic.ch). September 26, 2006. http://www.kipa-apic.ch/meldungen/sep_show_fr.php?id=3236. Retrieved 2009-09-30. 
  25. ^ "Sun Myung Moon: Guru mit Geschäftssinn" (in German). Stern (www.stern.de). August 19, 2009. http://www.stern.de/panorama/sun-myung-moon-guru-mit-geschaeftssinn-536981.html. Retrieved 2009-09-30. 
  26. ^ "Ein neuer Konkurrent im Kampf um die Seelen" (in German). Stuttgarter Zeitung. September 24, 1997. 
  27. ^ "Empresas de dietética alimentan en España a la secta del reverendo Moon" (in Spanish). El País (www.elpais.com). June 21, 1988. http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/MOON/Empresas/dietetica/alimentan/Espana/secta/reverendo/Moon/elpepiesp/19880621elpepinac_20/Tes/. Retrieved 2009-09-30. 
  28. ^ "La guerra de los moonies" (in Spanish). La Jornada (www.jornada.unam.mx). August 22, 1997. http://www.jornada.unam.mx/1997/08/22/ramirez.html. Retrieved 2009-09-30. 
  29. ^ "Jornal Semanal da Comunidade Brasileira no Sul da Florida" (in Portuguese). Gazeta Brazilian News (www.gazetanwes.com). December 27, 2005. http://www.gazetanews.com/imigracao_noticia.php?cd_noticia=3255. Retrieved 2009-09-30. 
  30. ^ "O Brasil na imprensa internacional" (in Portuguese). Portugal Digital (www.portugaldigital.com). December 26, 2005. http://www.portugaldigital.com.br/noticia.kmf?cod=4042023&canal=159. Retrieved 2009-09-30. 
  31. ^ Koff, Stephen (August 1983). "Religion: Getting Mooned, Legitimately". Cincinnati Magazine 16 (11): 14. 
  32. ^ Lichtman, Allan J. (2008). White Protestant Nation. Atlantic Monthly Press. p. 304. ISBN 0871139847. 
  33. ^ a b c Nix, Shann (August 10, 1989). "Church seeks new image". San Francisco Chronicle: p. B3. 
  34. ^ Sherwood, Carlton (1991). Inquisition: The Persecution and Prosecution of the Reverend Sun Myung Moon. Regnery Gateway. p. 558. ISBN 9780895265326. 
  35. ^ a b Berry, John F. (March 23, 1982). "Court Impanels 200 in Effort to Find Impartial Jury to Try the Rev. Moon". The Washington Post (The Washington Post Company): p. A5. 
  36. ^ a b c Lubasch, Arnold H. (March 23, 1982). "Selection of jurors is begun for Moon's tax-fraud trial". The New York Times (The New York Times Company): p. B2. 
  37. ^ Reid, P. Nelson; Paul D. Starr (November 1982). "The Social Impact of Unification Church Investments in Bayou La Batre, Alabama; A Socio-Ecologic Study Prepared for the Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium". Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium. www.masgc.org. p. 21, Footnote: 16. http://www.masgc.org/pdf/masgp/82-016.pdf. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  38. ^ Zagoria, Sam (September 19, 1984). "Journalism's Three Sins". The Washington Post (The Washington Post Company): p. A26. 
  39. ^ Goldman, Ari L. (July 28, 1985). "Moon's jailing may have eased things for his flock". The New York Times (The New York Times Company): Section 4; Page 7, Column 4. 
  40. ^ a b Leigh, Andrew (October 15, 1989). "Inside Moon's Washington - The private side of public relations improving the image, looking for clout". The Washington Post (The Washington Post Company): p. B1. 
  41. ^ Knight-Ridder Newspapers (December 20, 1987). "Unification Church funnels millions to U.S. conservatives". The Dallas Morning News (The Dallas Morning News Company): p. 4A. 
  42. ^ Helvarg, David (2004). The War Against the Greens. Johnson Books. p. 211. ISBN 1555663281. 
  43. ^ a b Hatch, Walter (February 13, 1989). "Big names lend luster to group's causes - Church leader gains legitimacy among U.S. conservatives". The Seattle Times (Seattle Times Company): p. A1. 
  44. ^ Satyanarayana, Megha (February 13, 2007). "Shark poachers to pay for new habitat". The Oakland Tribune. 
  45. ^ Taylor, John G. (September 1, 1990). "Unification Church will keep eye on media". The Fresno Bee: p. A10. 
  46. ^ Goodstein, Laurie (May 26, 1992). "Church bids for legitimacy - Moon's group wooed a city to buy university". The Washington Post (The Washington Post Company): p. A1. 
  47. ^ Stormont, Diane (Reuters) (October 4, 1992). "Moon followers vow to deman respect: Movement wants world to accept its members as normal human beings". Rocky Mountain News: p. 42. 
  48. ^ Koppel, Ted (October 6, 1994). "Transcript # 3489". Nightline (ABC News). 
  49. ^ Brown, Andrew (August 12, 1996). "Edward Heath sees bright side of the Moonies". The Independent (London: Newspaper Publishing PLC): p. 13. http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/edward-heath-sees-bright-side-of-the-moonies-1309411.html. Retrieved 2009-09-28. 
  50. ^ Fowler, Robert Booth; Allen D. Hertzke, Laura R. Olson (1999). Religion and Politics In America. Westview Press. p. 199. ISBN 978-0813334905. 
  51. ^ "10 Questions for . . . Tony Kushner". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). June 4, 2004. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/04/readersopinions/kushner-questions.html?8hpib=&pagewanted=all. Retrieved 2010-09-07. [dead link]
  52. ^ DC Cook staff, David C. (2004). Can I Know What to Believe?. David C. Cook. p. 65. ISBN 0781440890. 
  53. ^ Watabe, Renee (July 3, 2005). "Modern Love - A Leap of Faith". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20F1FFD3B5E0C708CDDAE0894DD404482. 
  54. ^ Manchester City's Blue Moonies have their faith rewarded, The Daily Telegraph, August 15, 2009. "From boardroom to terrace via the dug-out, such an evangelical zeal suffuses Manchester City's new mission that they should really be renamed the Blue Moonies."
  55. ^ Hagerty, Barbara Bradley (February 17, 2010). "Unification Church Woos A Second Generation". National Public Radio (www.npr.org). http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=123805954&ps=cprs. Retrieved 2010-02-23. 
  56. ^ Grossman, Kathy Lynn (February 21, 2010). "Love, kids, spiritual drift: Rev. Moon's mass wedding couples". USA Today (www.usatoday.com). http://content.usatoday.com/communities/Religion/post/2010/02/love-kids-wedding-faith-religion/1. Retrieved 2010-02-23. 
  57. ^ Leibovich, Mark (March 6, 2010). "Message Maven Finds Fingers Pointing at Him". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/07/us/politics/07axelrod.html. 
  58. ^ Osher, Christopher N. (August 15, 2010). "Maes' outsider campaign draws voters fed up with status quo". Denver Post (www.denverpost.com). http://www.denverpost.com/news/ci_15782763. Retrieved 2010-09-07. 
  59. ^ "If it looks like a duck...". Sunday Business Post (www.sbpost.ie). August 22, 2010. http://www.sbpost.ie/commentandanalysis/if-it-looks-like-a-duck----51191.html. Retrieved 2010-09-07. 
  60. ^ Rhodes, Ron (2001). The Challenge of the Cults and New Religions. Zondervan. pp. 192, 335. ISBN 0310232171. 
  61. ^ Barker, Eileen (1984). The Making of a Moonie. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. p. 1. ISBN 0631132465. 
  62. ^ Pfeifer, Jeffrey E. (University of Virginia) (April 1992). "The Psychological Framing of Cults: Schematic Representations and Cult Evaluations". Journal of Applied Social Psychology 22 (7): 531–544. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992.tb00988.x. 
  63. ^ Millam, Rosalind (2002). Anti-Discriminatory Practice. Continuum. p. 98. ISBN 0826454755. 

External links


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Поможем написать реферат

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Moonie — ist die Bezeichnung für: einen Ort in Australien; siehe Moonie (Queensland) einen Highway in Australien; siehe Moonie (Highway) eine britische Band; siehe The Moonies eine deutsche Band; siehe Super Moonies Bezeichnung für Angehörige der Moon… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • moonie — moo nie (m[=oo] n[=e]), n. (Zo[ o]l.) The European goldcrest. [1913 Webster] …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Moonie — Moo nie (m[=oo] n[=e]), prop. n. [from Sun Myun Moon, Korean evangelist and founder.] A member of the Unification Church, founded by Sun Myun Moon. [informal & contemptuous.] [PJC] …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Moonie — 1974, a member of the Unification Church, headed by Sun Myung Moon …   Etymology dictionary

  • Moonie — [mo͞on′ē] n. popular name forpopularly a follower of Sun Myung Moon (1920 ), Korean evangelist and founder of the Unification Church …   English World dictionary

  • Moonie — /mooh nee/, n. a member or follower of the Unification Church. [1970 75; Sun Myung MOON + IE, with pun on MOONY] * * * ▪ Queensland, Australia       settlement, southeastern Queensland, Australia. Located in a sheep grazing district, Moonie is… …   Universalium

  • Moonie — UK [ˈmuːnɪ] / US [ˈmunɪ] noun [countable] Word forms Moonie : singular Moonie plural Moonies informal a member of the Unification Church. Some members of the church may consider this word offensive …   English dictionary

  • moonie — Kinglet King let, n. 1. A little king; a weak or insignificant king. Carlyle. [1913 Webster] 2. (Zo[ o]l.) Any one of several species of small singing birds of the genus {Regulus} and family {Sylviid[ae]}. [1913 Webster] Note: The golden crowned… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Moonie — Moony Moon y, prop. n. A follower of the Rev. Sun Myun Moon; a member of the Unification Church; often considered disparaging. [Also spelled {Moonie}.] [PJC] …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Moonie — public display of the buttocks: We were horrified when she flashed a moonie …   Dictionary of Australian slang

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
… Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”