Gossypium

For information on cotton production, industry, history, and applications, see cotton.

Gossypium
Gossypium hirsutum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Malvales
Family:	Malvaceae
Subfamily:	Malvoideae
Tribe:	Gossypieae
Genus:	Gossypium L.[1]
Species
See text.
Synonyms
Erioxylum Rose & Standl. Ingenhouzia DC. Notoxylinon Lewton Selera Ulbr. Sturtia R.Br. Thurberia A.Gray Ultragossypium Roberty[1]

Flower of Gossypium herbaceum

Gossypium is the cotton genus. It belongs to the tribe Gossypieae, in the mallow family, Malvaceae, native to the tropical and subtropical regions from both the Old and New World. The genus Gossypium comprises around 50 species ^[2], making it the largest in species number in the tribe Gosssypioieae. New species continue to be discovered^[2]. The name of the genus is derived from the Arabic word goz, which refers to a soft substance.^[3]

Cotton is the primary natural fibre used by modern humans. Cultivated cotton is also a major oilseed crop as well as a main protein source for animal feed. Cotton plants thus have an enormous weight in the world economy and are of great importance for the agriculture, industry and trade of many tropical and sub-tropical countries in Africa, South-America and Asia. Consequently the genus Gossypium has long attracted the attention of scientists.

The origin of the genus Gossypium is dated to around 5-10 million years ago^[4]. Gossypium species are distributed in arid to semi-arid regions of the tropics and sub-tropics. Generally shrubs or shrub-like plants, the species of this genus are extraordinarily diverse in morphology and adaptation, ranging from fire-adapted, herbaceous perennials in Australia to trees in Mexico^[2].

Cultivated cottons are perennial shrubs most often grown as annuals. Plants are 1-2 m high in modern cropping systems, sometimes higher in traditional, multianual cropping systems, now largely disappearing. The leaves are broad and lobed, with three to five (or rarely seven) lobes. The seeds are contained in a capsule called a boll, each seed surrounded by fibres of two types. These fibres are the more commercially interesting part of the plant and they are separated from the seed by a process called ginning. At the first ginning the longer fibres, called staples, are removed and these are twisted together to form yarn for making thread and weaving into high quality textiles. At the second ginning the shorter fibres, called linters, are removed, and these are woven into lower quality textiles (which include the eponymous lint). Commercial species of cotton plant are G. hirsutum (>90% of world production), G. barbadense (3-4%), G. arboreum and G. herbaceum (together, 2%). Many varieties of cotton have been developed by selective breeding and hybridization of these species. Experiments are ongoing to cross-breed various desirable traits of wild cotton species into the principal commercial species, such as resistance to insects and diseases, and drought-tolerance. Cotton fibres occur naturally in colours of white, brown, green, and some mixing of these.

Most wild cottons are diploid, but there is a group of five species from America and Pacific islands which are tetraploid, apparently due to a single hybridization event around 1.5 to 2 million years ago.^[4] The tetraploid species are G. hirsutum, G. tomentosum, G. mustelinum, G. barbadense, and G. darwinii.

Selected species

Subgenus Gossypium

• Gossypium arboreum L. – tree cotton (India and Pakistan)
• Gossypium herbaceum L. – Levant cotton (southern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula)

Subgenus Houzingenia

• Gossypium raimondii Ulbr. – one of the putative progenitor species of tetraploid cotton, alongside G. arboreum
• Gossypium thurberi Tod. – Arizona wild cotton (Arizona and northern Mexico)

Subgenus Karpas

• Gossypium barbadense L. – Creole cotton (tropical South America)
• Gossypium darwinii G.Watt – Darwin's cotton (Galápagos Islands)
• Gossypium hirsutum L. – upland cotton (Central America, Mexico, the Caribbean and southern Florida)
• Gossypium mustelinum Miers ex G.Watt
• Gossypium tomentosum Nutt. ex Seem – Maʻo or Hawaiian cotton (Hawaii)

Subgenus Sturtia

• Gossypium australe F.Muell (northwestern Australia)
• Gossypium sturtianum J.H. Willis – Sturt's Desert Rose (Australia)^[5][6]

Formerly placed in genus Gossypium

• Gossypioides brevilanatum (Hochr.) J.B.Hutch. (as G. brevilanatum Hochr.)
• Gossypioides kirkii (Mast.) J.B.Hutch. (as Gossypium kirkii Mast.)
• Kokia drynarioides (Seem.) Lewton (as G. drynarioides Seem.)^[6]

Gossypium genome

A public genome sequencing effort of cotton was initiated ^[7] in 2007 by a consortium of public researchers. They agreed on a strategy to sequence the genome of cultivated, allotetraploid cotton. "Allotetraploid" means that the genomes of these cotton species comprise two distinct sub-genomes, referred to as the At and Dt (the 't' for tetraploid, to distinguish them from the A and D genomes of the related diploid species). The strategy is to sequence first the D-genome relative of allotetraploid cottons, G. raimondii, a wild South-American (Peru, Ecuador) cotton species, because of its smaller size due essentially to less repetitive DNA (retrotransposons mainly). It is nearly one-third the number of bases of tetraploid cotton (AD), and each chromosome is only present once.^{[clarification needed]} The A genome of G. arboreum, the 'Old-World' cotton species (grown in India in particular), would be sequenced next. Its genome is roughly twice the size of G. raimondii's. Once both A and D genome sequences are assembled, then research could begin sequencing the actual genomes of tetraploid cultivated cotton varieties. This strategy is out of necessity; if one were to sequence the tetraploid genome without model diploid genomes, the euchromatic DNA sequences of the AD genomes would co-assemble and the repetitive elements of AD genomes would assembly independently into A and D sequences respectively. Then there would be no way to untangle the mess of AD sequences without comparing them to their diploid counterparts.

The public sector effort continues with the goal to create a high-quality, draft genome sequence from reads generated by all sources. The public-sector effort has generated Sanger reads of BACs, fosmids, and plasmids as well as 454 reads. These later types of reads will be instrumental in assembling an initial draft of the D genome. In 2010, two companies (Monsanto and Illumina), completed enough Illumina sequencing to cover the D genome of G. raimondii about 50x^{[clarification needed]}. They announced that they would donate their raw reads to the public. This public relations effort gave them some recognition for sequencing the cotton genome. Once the D genome is assembled from all of this raw material, it will undoubtedly assist in the assembly of the AD genomes of cultivated varieties of cotton, but a lot of hard work remains.

Cotton pests and diseases

Cotton field in Sukhumi botanical garden, photo ca. 1912

Pests

• Boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis
• Cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii
• Cotton stainer, Dysdercus Koenigii
• Cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, and native budworm, Helicoverpa punctigera, are caterpillars that damage cotton crops.

• Some other Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) larvae also feed on cotton - see list of Lepidoptera that feed on cotton plants.

• Green mirid (Creontiades dilutus), a sucking insect
• Spider mites, Tetranychus urticae, T. ludeni and T. lambi
• Thrips, Thrips tabaci and Frankliniella schultzei

Diseases

See also: List of cotton diseases

• Alternaria leaf spot, caused by Alternaria macrospora and Alternaria alternata
• Anthracnose boll rot, caused by Colletotrichum gossypii
• Black root rot, caused by the fungus Thielaviopsis basicola
• Blight caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum
• Fusarium boll rot caused by Fusarium spp.
• Phytophthora boll rot, caused by Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica
• Sclerotinia boll rot, caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
• Stigmatomycosis, caused by the fungi Ashbya gossypii, Eremothecium coryli, (Nematospora coryli) and Aureobasidium pullulans

Gallery

• 

  A Gossypium hirsutum flower, lateral view, growing in Barcelona.

• 

  The same G. hirsutum plant with the opening capsule

• 

  G. hirsutum flower with bumblebee pollinator, Hemingway, South Carolina

• 

  G. tomentosum boll

• 

  Integrated pest management bollworm trap at a cotton field in Manning, South Carolina

• 

  Natural biocontrol: predatory Polistes wasp looking for bollworms or other caterpillars on cotton plant in Hemingway, South Carolina

See also

• Cotton

References

1. ^ ^{a b} "Genus: Gossypium L". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-03-12. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?5113. Retrieved 2011-09-08. 
2. ^ ^{a b c} Jonathan F. Wendel, Curt Brubaker, Ines Alvarez, Richard Cronn and James McD. Stewart. 2009. Evolution and Natural History of the Cotton Genus. In Andrew H. Paterson (Ed.). Genetics and Genomics of Cotton. Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models, 2009, Volume 3, 3-22.
3. ^ Gledhill, D. (2008). The Names of Plants (4 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 182. ISBN 9780521866453. http://books.google.com/books?id=NJ6PyhVuecwC. 
4. ^ ^{a b} David S. Senchina, Ines Alvarez, Richard C. Cronn, Bao Liu, Junkang Rong, Richard D. Noyes, Andrew H. Paterson, Rod A. Wing, Thea A. Wilkins and Jonathan F. Wendel. 2003. Rate Variation Among Nuclear Genes and the Age of Polyploidy in Gossypium. Mol. Biol. Evol. 20(4):633–643.
5. ^ "Gossypium". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=21709. Retrieved 2011-09-08. 
6. ^ ^{a b} "GRIN Species Records of Gossypium". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?5113. Retrieved 2011-09-08. 
7. ^ Z. Jeffrey Chen, Brian E. Scheffler, Elizabeth Dennis, Barbara A. Triplett, Tianzhen Zhang, Wangzhen Guo, Xiaoya Chen, David M. Stelly, Pablo D. Rabinowicz, Christopher D. Town, Tony Arioli, Curt Brubaker, Roy G. Cantrell, Jean-Marc Lacape, Mauricio Ulloa, Peng Chee, Alan R. Gingle, Candace H. Haigler, Richard Percy, Sukumar Saha, Thea Wilkins and Robert J. Wright, Allen Van Deynze, Yuxian Zhu, Shuxun Yu, Ibrokhim Abdurakhmonov, Ishwarappa Katageri, P. Ananda Kumar, Mehboob-ur-Rahman, Yusuf Zafar, John Z. Yu, Russell J. Kohel, Jonathan F. Wendel, Andrew H. Paterson. 2007. Toward Sequencing Cotton (Gossypium) Genomes. Plant Physiology, December 2007, Vol. 145, pp. 1303–1310. http://www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/content/full/145/4/1303

External links

• Central Institute for Cotton Research (India)