National City Lines

National City Lines
PCC streetcar 1504 operated by National City Lines’ El Paso City Lines subsidiary leaves the U.S.-Mexico border in 1960, headed to Ciudad Juárez
Industry	public transportation
Founded	1920
Headquarters	Chicago, Illinois, USA^[1]
Products	holding company for streetcar and bus lines

National City Lines, Inc. (NCL), was a controversial company founded in Minnesota, United States in 1920 as a modest local transport company operating two buses which was reorganized into a holding company in 1936 with equity funding from General Motors, Firestone Tire, Standard Oil of California and Phillips Petroleum for the express purpose of acquiring local transit systems throughout the United States in what became known as the Great American Streetcar Scandal.^[2] The company formed a subsidiary, Pacific City Lines in 1937 to purchase streetcar systems in the western United States.^[3] National City Lines, and Pacific City Lines were indicted in 1947 on charges of conspiring to acquire control of a number of transit companies, and of forming a transportation monopoly for the purpose of 'Conspiring to monopolize sales of buses and supplies to companies owned by National City Lines'. They were convicted on the first charge but not the second in 1949.

1 History
2 Operating areas and companies
3 National City Lines and the Montgomery Bus Boycott
4 Notes
5 References
6 Further reading

History

The company was formed in 1920, operating two buses in Minnesota^{[n 1]} by E. Roy Fitzgerald and his brother^[4] transporting miners and schoolchildren.^[5] In 1936 the company was organized into a holding company.^{[n 2]} In 1938, National City Lines wished to purchase transportation systems in cities "where street cars were no longer practicable" and replace them with passenger buses. To fund this expansion the company obtained equity funding from companies seeking to increase sales of commercial buses and supplies, including General Motors, Firestone Tire, Standard Oil of California and Phillips Petroleum.^{[n 3]}

In 1936, they bought 13 transit companies in Illinois, Oklahoma and Michigan, then in 1937, they replaced streetcars in Butte, Montana and made purchases in Mississippi and Texas. Sometimes these systems were already run down, but not always. Major investment had recently been made with improvements to the streetcars systems in Butte and Beaumont, Texas.^[4]

In 1938 the company entered into exclusive dealing arrangements and obtained equity funding from companies seeking to increase sales of commercial buses and supplies, including General Motors, Firestone Tire, Standard Oil of California and Phillips Petroleum. The company was indicted in 1947 and was later convicted in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois of conspiring to monopolize the sale of buses and related products to the local transit companies that they controlled.

Over 1938 and 1939 the company made purchases in Alabama, Indiana and Ohio.^[4] and by 1939, it owned or controlled 29 local transportation companies in 27 different cities in 10 states.^{[n 1]}

By 1947 the company owned or controlled more than 100 electric streetcar systems in 45 cities including, but not limited to, Baltimore, St. Louis, Salt Lake City, Los Angeles, Oakland, Philadelphia and Tulsa. The company ultimately dismantled these systems and replaced them with bus systems in what became known as the 'Great American streetcar scandal' and formed the inspiration for the film Who Framed Roger Rabbit.^[6]

American City Lines, which had been organized to acquire local transportation systems in the larger metropolitan areas in various parts of the country in 1943 merged with NCL in 1946.^{[n 2]} By 1947 the company owned or controlled 46 systems in 45 cities in 16 states.^{[n 4]}

In 1947 National City Lines, with others was indicted in the Federal District Court of Southern California on two counts: 'conspiring to acquire control of a number of transit companies, forming a transportation monopolize' and 'Conspiring to monopolize sales of buses and supplies to companies owned by National City Lines' in what became known as the Great American streetcar scandal (or 'General Motors streetcar conspiracy', 'National City Lines conspiracy').^[7]^{[n 5]}

In 1948, the United States Supreme Court (in United States v. National City Lines Inc.) permitted a change in venue to the Federal District Court in Northern Illinois.^[8] National City Lines merged with Pacific City Lines the same year.^[9]

In 1949, General Motors, Standard Oil of California, Firestone and others were convicted of conspiring to monopolize the sale of buses and related products to local transit companies controlled by NCL and other companies; they were acquitted of conspiring to monopolize the ownership of these companies. The verdicts were upheld on appeal in 1951.^{[n 6]} The corporations involved were fined $5000, their executives $1 apiece.^[10]

Operating areas and companies

There is considerable uncertainty and variability amongst sources as to where National City Lines operated.

The 1948 ruling stated that:

"Forty-four cities in sixteen states are included. The states are as widely scattered as California, Florida, Maryland, Michigan, Nebraska, Texas and Washington. The larger local transportation systems include those of Baltimore, St. Louis, Salt Lake City, Los Angeles and Oakland. The largest concentrations of smaller systems are in Illinois, with eleven cities; California with nine (excluding Los Angeles); and Michigan with four. The local operating companies were not named as parties defendant."

This table attempts to bring together the many sources detailing cities which were at one time of another owned or controlled by National City Lines. A star (*) indicates that NCL is understood to have had significant control but not ownership:

Alabama: Mobile,^[11] Montgomery^[11]
California: Burbank,^[11] Eureka,^[11] Fresno,^[11] Glendale,^[11] Los Angeles*,^[12] Oakland*,^[13] Sacramento,^[11] Inglewood,^[11] Long Beach,^[11] San Jose,^[11] Pasadena,^[11] Stockton^[11]
Florida: Tampa,^[11] Jacksonville*^[11]
Illinois: Aurora/Elgin,^[11] Bloomington,^[11] Champaign,^[11] Danville,^[11] East St. Louis,^[11] Decatur,^[11] Galesburg,^[11] Joliet,^[11] Kewanee,^[11] LaSalle/Peru,^[11] Peoria,^[11] Quincy,^[11] Rock Island^[11]
Indiana: South Bend,^[11] Terre Haute^[11]
Iowa: Burlington,^[11] Davenport,^[11] Cedar Rapids,^[11] Ottumwa,^[11] Sioux City^[11]
Maryland: Baltimore*^[14]
Michigan: Jackson,^[11] Lansing,^[11] Kalamazoo,^[11] Saginaw,^[11] Pontiac^[11]
Mississippi: Jackson^[11]
Missouri: St. Louis*^[14]
Montana: Butte,^[11] Great Falls^[11]
Nebraska: Lincoln^[11]
New York: New York^[15]
Ohio: Canton,^[11] Portsmouth^[11]
Oklahoma: Tulsa^[12]
Pennsylvania: Philadelphia*^[16]
Texas: Beaumont,^[11] El Paso,^[11] Houston,^[11] Port Arthur,^[11] Wichita Falls^[11]
Utah: Salt Lake City^[12]
Washington: Bellingham,^[11] Everett,^[11] Spokane^[11]
Wisconsin: Oshkosh^[11]

Additional information: In Los Angeles the Los Angeles Railway (Yellow Lines) was controlled by NCL but not Pacific Electric Railway (Red lines)