Attacks on humanitarian workers

Attacks on humanitarian workers

Humanitarian aid workers belonging to United Nations organisations, PVOs / NGOs or the Red Cross / Red Crescent have traditionally enjoyed both international legal protection, and de facto immunity from attack by belligerent parties. However, attacks on humanitarian workers have occasionally occurred, and became more frequent in the 1990s and 2000s. This is attributed to a number of factors, including the increasing number of humanitarian workers deployed, the increasingly unstable environments in which they work, and the erosion of the perception of neutrality and independence[citation needed]. ICRC promotes a framework for Neutral Independent Humanitarian Action (NIHA) to enable differentiated role understanding.

Contents

Legal basis for protection of humanitarian workers

The legal basis for protection of humanitarian workers in conflicts is contained in the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the related Protocol of 1977. These treaties describe the category of civilian non-combatant and outline the rights and obligations of non-combatants during conflict. These rights include the right to be treated humanely; to have access to food, water, shelter, medical treatment, and communications; to be free from violence to life and person, hostage taking, and humiliating or degrading treatment; and the prohibition against collective punishment or imprisonment. Civilian non-combatants include local citizens and nationals of countries that are not party to the conflict.

While the Geneva Conventions guarantee protection for humanitarian workers, they do not guarantee access of humanitarian workers to affected areas: governments or occupying forces may, if they wish, ban a relief agency from working in their area. Médecins Sans Frontières was created in 1971 with the express purpose of ignoring this restriction, by providing assistance to populations affected by the Biafran civil war despite the prohibitions of the government of Nigeria.

In addition, the Geneva Conventions do not require that parties to the conflict guarantee the safety of humanitarian workers. The Conventions prohibit combatants from attacking non-combatants, and they require occupying forces to maintain general order. However, the Conventions do not require that combating parties provide security escorts, for example, when other factions threaten the safety of non-combatants operating in their area.

In 2003, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1502 giving greater protection to humanitarian workers and treating attacks on them as a war crime.

Motives

The method of targeting foreigners through suicide bombings, IEDs and kidnappings (often closely associated with criminal and political actors) are strong evidence of at least some political motivations against aid workers.[1] It is very hard often to precisely ascertain a motive; for instance, in 55% of the incidents recorded by the AWSD in 2008, the motive was described asundetermined’.[1] However, of those that were determined, political motivations have increased (29% of the determined total in 2003 to 49% in 2008) relative to economic motivations, or when the victims status as an aid worker was only incidental.[1] Afghanistan, as one of the most dangerous countries for humanitarian workers to operate in is influential in this changing dynamic; in 2007 61% of incidents were carried out by criminals and 39% by political opposition groups, but in 2008, 65% of incidents were the work of armed opposition groups.[1]

Aid workers can be targeted for political reasons both directly and by association.[1] Sometimes the humanitarian organisation may be targeted for something that it has done or a statement in has made, or simply for the delivery of aid to a population, to whom others do not wish aid to reach.[1] It can also be targeted as a result of being associated as an entity collaborating with the 'enemy' (a government, rebel group or foreign power).[1] The dangers of being associated with specific governments or armed forces has further increased the determination of aid workers to be seen as separate, independent and neutral politically.[1] However, evidence shows that this has little impact and instead that western aid agencies are perceived as a intrinsic part of the western 'agenda' and not merely associated with it.[1] In the case of Afghanistan, with the notable exception of the International Committee of the Red Cross, locals no longer make distinctions (as they once did) between organisations, e.g. those were working with the coalition forces Provincial Reconstruction Teams and those that did not.[1] In remote areas, they sometimes represent the only accessible western target.[1]

Trends in risks faced by humanitarian workers

  • Wars between states became much less common in the period following the end of the Cold War. Unfortunately, these wars have been largely replaced by an increased incidence of internal conflict and resulting violence and miscommunication, increasing the risk to civilians and humanitarian workers alike.
  • Between 1985 and 1998 slightly less than 50% of all humanitarian worker deaths came from workers in UN programs. 25% of these deaths were UN peacekeepers.
  • Between 2006-2008 Sudan (Darfur), Afghanistan and Somaliaaccounted for more than 60% of violent incidents and aid worker victims.[1]
  • Most deaths of aid workers are due to deliberate violence.
  • One third of deaths occur in the first three months of deployment, with 17% occurring within the first 30 days.

Source: Sheik, Gutierrez, et al., British Medical Journal 2000;321:1668

  • Since 2006, violence is once again on the increase and growth in the number of incidents is faster than the growth in the number of humanitarian aid workers.[1]
  • Kidnapping in particular is on the rise, with a 350% increase between 2006 and 2008.[1]

Countries with the highest number of aid workers killed (19972003)

  1. Angola: 58 (mostly as a result of anti-aircraft attacks on two UN planes by UNITA in 1998 and 1999 and by landmines)
  2. Afghanistan: 36
  3. Iraq: 32
  4. Sudan: 29
  5. Democratic Republic of the Congo: 18
  6. Rwanda: 17
  7. Somalia: 16
  8. Burundi: 11
  9. Palestinian Authority: 7
  10. Uganda: 7
  11. Serbia and Montenegro (Kosovo): 5
  12. Liberia: 5

Countries with the highest number of incidents of major violence (2006-2008)

According to the Overseas Development Institute's researchers methods of calculating incidents[1]:

  1. Sudan: 93
  2. Afghanistan: 77
  3. Somalia: 68
  4. Sri Lanka: 20
  5. Chad: 13
  6. Iraq: 12
  7. Pakistan: 12

List of recent attacks on humanitarian workers

1993

  • SomaliaJanuary 2, 1993 - A gunman killed Sean Devreaux, 28, a British worker for Unicef in Kismayu.[2]
  • SomaliaFebruary 22, 1993 - Gunmen killed Valerie Place, 23, an Irish nurse with the charity Concern.[3]
  • BosniaJuly 5, 1993Scottish aid worker Christine Witcutt shot by a sniper in Sarajevo.[4][5]
  • BosniaOctober 25, 1993Danish aid worker Bjarne Vium Nielsen Danish killed in attack on humanitarian aid convoy.[6][7]

1996

  • BurundiJune 4, 1996Three ICRC delegates were killed in an attack on two vehicles on the road between the villages of Rugombo and Mugina in the northern province of Cibitoke, resulting in a withdrawal of ICRC from Burundi.[8]
  • Novye Atagi, ChechnyaDecember 17, 1996Six ICRC workers are killed in an attack onto the local hospital. As a result ICRC withdraws all expatriate staff from Chechnya.
  • Guatemala, 1996One Costa Rican Salvation Army officer is attacked by demobilized guerrilla members while transporting a senior citizen with a broken leg to the hospital. The vehicle was taken.

1997

  • Somaliland region of SomaliaNovember 23, 1997UN negotiates with clan elders for release of five kidnapped aid workers.
  • Mogadishu, SomaliaNovember 26, 1997All foreign aid workers withdraw from the city following the abduction of two Italian aid workers.
  • Guatemala1997When returning from mission, one Costa Rican Salvation Army officer was hijacked by gunmen and held hostage for a short time. The vehicle was taken.

1998

  • SomaliaApril 21, 199810 aid workers held hostage.
  • Bujumbura, BurundiJune 10, 1998One Danish aid worker killed by car thieves in capital.
  • Central SudanJune 10, 1998Three Sudanese UN staff killed and three wounded when gunmen fire on a UN vehicle.
  • Arua, (North West) RwandaJuly 10, 1998Ugandan driver for UN World Food Programme (WFP) killed by rebels.
  • Bujumbura, BurundiJuly 24, 1998One Italian World Food Programme (WFP) staff member killed in the capital.
  • Congo-BrazzavilleNovember, 1998Major Eugene Nsingani The Salvation Army on a peace mission with eight people, gunned down and killed along with five more.

1999

  • South SudanJanuary 4, 1999Four ICRC staff killed by SPLA (abducted in February, murdered in April).
  • Southern, SomaliaJanuary 27, 1999One Kenyan aid worker killed by gunmen.
  • LesothoFebruary 4, 1999Irish aid worker (Ken Hickley) robbed and murdered.
  • Bundibugyo, UgandaApril 23, 1999Many aid workers flee area to avoid attacks by Allied Democratic Forces.
  • Belgrade, SerbiaMay 26, 1999Three aid workers put on trial for spying.
  • AngolaJune 15, 1999Two aid workers killed when gunmen ambush and rob them.
  • TajikistanOctober 2French aid worker killed.
  • Northern KosovoNovember 15, 199924 people on board a WFP aid flight died when it crashed.

2000

  • Balad, SomaliaJanuary 3, 2000One local CARE staff shot dead in an ambush.
  • North of Mogadishu, SomaliaJanuary 4, 2000One CARE worker shot dead in an ambush.
  • SudanJanuary 9, 20002 CARE staff killed and 2 missing after an ambush.
  • SomaliaJanuary 31, 2000Attacks on a convoy of aid vehicles leave 20 people dead.
  • EthiopiaFebruary 9, 2000A medical organisation suspends operations in part of Ethiopia after the killing of a staff member.
  • Ambon, IndonesiaMay 22, 2000Foreign aid workers pulled out of Ambon to escape growing inter-communal violence.
  • Sierra LeoneJune 19, 2000One British aid worker (Alan Smith) freed after being held for one month by rebels.
  • Baghdad, IraqJune 28, 2000Two FAO workers shot and killed.
  • South SudanAugust 6, 2000Eight aid workers killed in Sudan when vehicle was attacked near the border with Uganda.
  • Atambua, Belu District, West Timor, IndonesiaSeptember 6, 2000Five UNHCR staff members, Mr Samson Aregahegn (Supply Officer); Mr Carlos Caceres-Collazo (Protection Officer); and Mr Pero Simundza (Telecommunications Operator) and two Indonesians were killed when their office was attacked by militia.
  • Macenta, GuineaSeptember 17, 2000The death of one UNHCR staff member and the abduction of another.
  • Southern border GuineaDecember 7, 2000Hundreds of people are left dead as rebels destroy the UNHCR centre.
  • AfghanistanDecember 9, 2000Seven people working for UN mine clearance programme killed in ambush.
  • Aceh, IndonesiaDecember 10, 2000Three aid workers killed.
  • BurundiDecember 30, 2000A British voluntary worker is one of 20 people killed by gunmen.

2001

  • Eastern Democratic Republic of CongoFebruary 27, 2001Six Red Cross staff killed.
  • Mogadishu, SomaliaMarch 27, 2001MSF compound attacked by gunmen.
  • Alkhan-Kala, ChechnyaApril 18, 2001Viktor Popkov fatally wounded and two others injured in a shooting attack.
  • Tajikistan, – June 16, 2001Kidnappers ask for release of detained militants after taking a group of aid workers hostage.
  • Banda Aceh, IndonesiaOctober 4, 2001Three more people, including a Red Cross worker who had been tortured were killed.
  • AfghanistanNovember 15, 2001Eight western aid workers released after three months captivity by Taliban.

2002

  • Mogadishu, SomaliaFebruary 23, 2002A Swiss woman who ran a small aid agency was shot dead.
  • Mogadishu, SomaliaFebruary 28, 2002One Somali UN worker kidnapped hours after region declared too dangerous for permanent UN presence.

2003

  • Gaza StripMarch 16, 2003Rachel Corrie an American member of ISM was killed by an Israel Defence Forces (IDF) bulldozer when attempting to prevent the demolition of a Palestinian's home.
  • Baghdad, IraqAugust 19, 2003The bombing of the UN Headquarters at the Canal Hotel killed at least 24 people and wounded over 100.
  • Baghdad, IraqOctober 27, 2003An attack on the ICRC building kills at least 12 people.
  • Ghazni, eastern AfghanistanNovember 16, 2003UNHCR staff person Bettina Goislard was shot dead by motorcycle-borne gunman while travelling by car.
  • Kandahar, southern AfghanistanMarch 24, 2003ICRC Staff member Ricardo Munguia shot and killed in ambush north of Kandahar City.

2004

  • Kabul, AfghanistanFebruary 26, 2004Five Afghans working for the Sanayee Development Foundation were killed when their vehicle was ambushed northeast of Kabul.
  • Mosul, IraqMarch 15, 2004Larry Elliott, Jean Dover Elliott, Karen Denise Watson, and David McDonnall were killed in a drive-by shooting. They were US missionaries for Southern Baptist International Mission Board.
  • Kabul, AfghanistanApril 28, 2004Two Afghan aid workers and a soldier were killed in an attack in the Panjwayi district of southern Kandahar city.
  • Badghis province, AfghanistanJune 2, 2004Five staff working for Médecins Sans Frontières were killed on the road between Khairkhana and Qala i Naw, resulting in the complete withdrawal of MSF from Afghanistan. The names of the murdered staff were: Hélène de Beir, Willem Kwint, Egil Tynaes, Fasil Ahmad and Besmillah.
  • Darfur, SudanOctober 10, 2004A Save the Children vehicle was hit by an anti-tank landmine in the Um Barro area of North Darfur, Sudan. Two members of staff travelling in the vehicle were killed, Rafe Bullick (British, Programme Manager, North Darfur) and Nourredine Issa Tayeb (Sudanese, Water Engineer).

2005

  • Baghdad, IraqApril 16, 2005Marla Ruzicka and her Iraqi translator, Faiz Ali Salim, were killed by a suicide car bombing on Airport Road in Baghdad.
  • South Sudan/Uganda, – November 5, 2005Collin Lee who worked for International Aid Services died when his jeep, containing his wife and driver, was ambushed by the LRA in South Sudan.

2006

  • Vavuniya, Sri LankaMay 15An employee of the Norwegian Refugee Council is shot dead on his way back from work.
  • Muttur, Sri LankaAugust 4 or August 517 workers from the aid group Action Against Hunger were found murdered on August 6 in northeastern Sri Lanka. They were working on post-2004 tsunami reconstruction. There had been fierce fighting the area for more than a week. (See Muttur massacre.)

2007

  • Colombo, Sri LankaJune 3 , 2007Two Red cross workers were abducted and murdered in Sri Lanka.
  • El Bared refugee camp, LebanonJune 11, 2007Two Lebanese Red Cross workers were killed and a third wounded.[1]
  • Darfurbetween 1 January 2006 and 31 August 2007A total of 12 humanitarian workers were killed, including four working for the Government's water project.
  • Central African RepublicJulyAn MSF volunteer logistician was killed by gunfire while trying to assess the need for humanitarian aid in the country.
  • SomaliaDecemberTwo nurses, one Argentine and the other one Spanish, were abducted. After one week, they were released.
  • BurundiOn Saturday June 23, 2007 Burundi security forces shot dead Vladimir Rushtiko, a Russian diplomat after he drove through a checkpoint
  • BurundiOn Monday, December 31, 2007, at 6:30 pm, an Action Against Hunger vehicle was targeted by shooters in the city of Ruygi in the East of Burundi. Five people, including three female expatriate staff of Action Against Hunger, were inside the targeted vehicle. One of them, a French psychologist of Action Against Hunger, died upon arrival at the hospital in Gitega as a results of her injuries. The second victim suffered a gunshot wound and underwent surgery in Gitega. The third Action Against Hunger expatriate escaped uninjured from the shooting.
  • Algeria11 December 2007, 10 United Nations staff died in a double car bombing in the Algerian capital, Algiers, which killed at least 26 people and injured 177.

2008

  • Kabul, AfghanistanJanuary 14Six people, including at least one aid worker from the USA, was killed in an attack on the Serena Hotel.
  • Kandahar, AfghanistanJanuary 26An aid worker and her Afghan driver were kidnapped in Kandahar and are presumed dead.
  • Kismayo, SomaliaJanuary 28Three Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) staff were killed as they were on their way back from the hospital to the compound.
  • Colombo, Sri LankaMay 16An Batticaloa-based employee of the Norwegian Refugee Council is abducted while visiting the capital and disappears, presumed dead.
  • Arusha, TanzaniaJune 30An Australian working with the Australian not-for-profit organisation foodwatershelter was killed during a robbery.
  • Logar Province, AfghanistanAugust 13Three female International Rescue Committee (IRC) workers and their local driver were killed in an ambush as they drove back to Kabul.
  • Merka, SomaliaOctober 17A senior programme assistant for the World Food Programme (WFP) was shot and killed as he left a mosque.
  • Kabul, AfghanistanOctober 20An aid worker with SERVE Afghanistan was killed as she walked to work.
  • Gurilel, SomaliaOctober 25A local worker with the aid agency Iida was killed as she returned from work.

2009

  • Several aid workers were kidnapped while in northern Yemen.[9]
  • Two Chechen aid workers were kidnapped and murdered in Chechnya.[10]
  • An Irish charity worker was killed during a mugging in Zanzibar.[11]
  • Pakistan5 October 2009 3 United Nations staff killed in a suicide bombing attack against the office of the World Food Programme in the capital city Islamabad.
  • Afghanistan - 28 October 2009 5 United Nations staff, two Afghan security personnel, and an Afghan civilian were killed by three Taliban attackers in an assault on the Bekhtar Guesthouse in Kabul. Nine other UN staff, also there working for the presidential election, were wounded. The attackers used AK-47s, grenades, and suicide vests.[12]

2010

  • Afghanistan: On 7 August 2010, 10 men and women working for a Christian aid agency were murdered by Taliban. Two Afghan interpreters, six Americans, a British woman and a German woman who had been running an eye clinic in the country died of gunshot wounds. Sabjullah Mujaheed, a Taliban spokesman, said later that they had been killed because they were missionaries and spies for the United States.[13]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Abby Stoddard, Adele Harmer and Victoria DiDomenico (2009) Providing Aid in Insecure Environments: Trends in violence against aid workers and the operational response (2009 Update) Overseas Development Institute
  2. ^ Maier, Karl (January 4, 1993). "Unicef quits town after British aid man killed". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/unicef-quits-town-after-british-aid-man-killed-1476428.html. 
  3. ^ Mdlongwa, Francis (February 23, 1993). "Somali gunmen murder Irish nurse". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/somali-gunmen-murder-irish-nurse-1474693.html. 
  4. ^ The Christine Witcutt Memorial Fund, Christine Witcutt (19411993), http://www.cwcentre.org/christine.html, retrieved 2009-07-30 
  5. ^ BBC News (September 15, 2001), Centre marks aid worker's memory, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/1545194.stm, retrieved 2009-07-30 
  6. ^ Timeline for Former Yugoslavia June 1991 to August 1997, http://www.fnmuseet.dk/aarskrift/Timeline.pdf, retrieved 2009-07-30 
  7. ^ Toomer, Kevin (2007), worker fatalities/Fatal Incidents Aid Workers DB/Fatal Incidents data.html Aid Worker Fatalities Data, http://www.patronusanalytical.com/aid worker fatalities/Fatal Incidents Aid Workers DB/Fatal Incidents data.html, retrieved 2009-07-30 
  8. ^ Christian Jennings, Red Cross / Red Crescent Emblem, http://www.crimesofwar.org/thebook/redcross-rescrescent.html, retrieved 2009-07-30 
  9. ^ Yemen Reports Kidnapping of 9 Foreigners
  10. ^ The New York TimesTwo Chechen Aid Workers Are Killed
  11. ^ Volunteer aid worker murdered in Zanzibar
  12. ^ "UN chief condemns Kabul killings". BBC News. October 28, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8329543.stm. 
  13. ^ [D+C article 10/2010: Acceptance of humanitarian aid agencies no longer self-evident http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/179937/index.en.shtml]

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