Bundestag

This article is about the current parliament of Germany. For the governing body of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866, see Bundesversammlung (German Confederation).

Federal Diet of Germany Deutscher Bundestag
Type
Type	Lower house
Leadership
President of the Bundestag	Norbert Lammert, CDU since 18 October 2005
Vice Presidents of the Bundestag	Wolfgang Thierse, SPD Gerda Hasselfeldt, CSU Hermann Otto Solms, FDP Katrin Göring-Eckardt, Greens Petra Pau, The Left since 27 October 2009
Structure
Members	620
Political groups	Government (331)      CDU (195)      CSU (43)      FDP (93) Opposition Parties      SPD (146)      The Left (76)      The Greens (68)
Elections
Last election	27 September 2009
Meeting place
Reichstag Mitte, Berlin Germany
Website
http://www.bundestag.de

Germany

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The Bundestag (Federal Diet; pronounced [ˈbʊndəstaːk]) is a federal legislative body in Germany. In practice Germany is governed by a bicameral legislature, of which the Bundestag serves as the lower house and the Bundesrat the upper house. The Bundestag is established by the German Basic Law of 1949, as the successor to the earlier Reichstag. Norbert Lammert is the current President of the Bundestag.

History

With the dissolution of the German Confederation in 1866 and the founding of the German Empire (Deutsches Reich) in 1871, the Reichstag was established as the German parliament in Berlin. Two decades later, the current parliament building was erected. The Reichstag delegates were elected by direct and equal male suffrage (and not the three-class electoral system prevailing in Prussia until 1918). The Reichstag did not participate in the appointment of the Chancellor until the parliamentary reforms of October 1918. After the Revolution of November 1918 and the establishment of the Weimar Constitution, women were given the right to vote for (and serve in) the Reichstag, and the parliament could use the no-confidence vote to force the chancellor or any cabinet member to resign. In March 1933, one month after the Reichstag fire, the then president, Paul von Hindenburg, a retired war hero, gave Hitler ultimate power through Enabling Act of 1933, he remained at the post of Federal Government Chancellor (though he called himself the Furhur). After this the Reichstag met only rarely to unanimously rubber-stamp the decisions of the government. It last convened on 26 April 1942.

With the new constitution of 1949, the Bundestag was established as the new (West) German parliament. Because West Berlin was not officially under the jurisdiction of the Constitution and because of the Cold War, the Bundestag met in Bonn in several different buildings, including (provisionally) a former water works facility. In addition, citizens of West Berlin were unable to vote in elections to the Bundestag, and were instead represented by 20 non-voting delegates, indirectly elected by the city's House of Representatives.

The Bundeshaus in Bonn is the former Parliament Building of Germany. The sessions of the German Bundestag were held there from 1949 until its move to Berlin in 1999. Today it houses the International Congress Centre Bundeshaus Bonn and in the north areas the branch office of the Bundesrat (Upper House). The southern areas became part of German offices for the United Nations in 2008.

The former Reichstag building housed a history exhibition (Fragen an die deutsche Geschichte) and served occasionally as a conference center. The Reichstag building was also occasionally used as a venue for sittings of the Bundestag and its committees and the Bundesversammlung, the body which elects the German Federal President. However the Soviets harshly protested against the use of the Reichstag building by institutions of the Federal Republic of Germany and tried to disturb the sittings by flying supersonic jets close to the building.

Since 1999, the German parliament has again assembled in Berlin in its original Reichstag building, which dates from the 1890s and underwent a significant renovation under the lead of British architect Sir Norman Foster. Parliamentary committees and subcommittees, public hearings and faction meetings take place in three auxiliary buildings, which surround the Reichstag building: the Jakob-Kaiser-Haus, Paul-Löbe-Haus and Marie-Elisabeth-Lüders-Haus.

In 2005, a small aircraft crashed close to the German parliament. It was then decided to ban private air traffic over Central Berlin.

Tasks

Together with the Bundesrat, the Bundestag is the legislative branch of the German political system.

Although most legislation is initiated by the executive branch, the Bundestag considers the legislative function its most important responsibility, concentrating much of its energy on assessing and amending the government's legislative program. The committees (see below) play a prominent role in this process. Plenary sessions provide a forum for members to engage in public debate on legislative issues before them, but they tend to be well attended only when significant legislation is being considered.

The Bundestag members are the only federal officials directly elected by the public; the Bundestag in turn elects the Chancellor and, in addition, exercises oversight of the executive branch on issues of both substantive policy and routine administration. This check on executive power can be employed through binding legislation, public debates on government policy, investigations, and direct questioning of the chancellor or cabinet officials. For example, the Bundestag can conduct a question hour (Fragestunde), in which a government representative responds to a previously submitted written question from a member. Members can ask related questions during the question hour. The questions can concern anything from a major policy issue to a specific constituent's problem. Use of the question hour has increased markedly over the past forty years, with more than 20,000 questions being posed during the 1987-90 term. Understandably, the opposition parties are active in exercising the parliamentary right to scrutinize government actions.

One striking difference when comparing the Bundestag with the British Parliament is the lack of time spent on serving constituents in Germany. This is in part due to Germany's electoral system. A practical constraint on the expansion of constituent service is the limited personal staff of Bundestag deputies. Despite these constraints especially those deputies that are elected directly normally try to keep close contact with their constituents and to help them with their problems, particularly when they are related to federal policies or agencies.

Constituent service does also take place in the form of the Petition Committee. In 2004, the Petition Committee received over 18,000 complaints from citizens and was able to negotiate a mutually satisfactory solution to more than half of them. In 2005, as a pilot of the potential of internet petitions, a version of e-Petitioner was produced for the Bundestag. This was a collaborative project involving The Scottish Parliament, International Teledemocracy Centre and the Bundestag ‘Online Services Department’. The system was formally launched on 1 September 2005, and in 2008 the Bundestag moved to a new system based on its evaluation.^[1]

Election

Vladimir Putin addresses the Bundestag

Members serve four-year terms; elections are held every four years, or earlier in the relatively rare case that the Bundestag is being dissolved prematurely by the president. The Bundestag can be dissolved by the president on the recommendation of the chancellor if the latter has lost a vote of confidence in the Bundestag. This has happened three times as of 2005: 1972 under Chancellor Willy Brandt, 1982 under Chancellor Helmut Schmidt and 2005 under Chancellor Gerhard Schröder.

All candidates must be at least eighteen years old; there are no term limits. The election uses the MMP electoral system, a hybrid of the first-past-the-post election system and party-list proportional representation. In addition, the Bundestag has a minimum threshold of either 5% of the national party vote or three (directly elected) constituency representatives for a party to gain additional representation through the system of proportional representation.

Thus, small minority parties cannot easily enter the Bundestag and prevent the formation of stable majority governments as they could under the Weimar constitution. Since 1961, only two new parties (Bündnis 90/Die Grünen and PDS/Die Linke) have entered the Bundestag.

The most recent election, the German federal election, 2009, was held on September 27, 2009.^[2]

Distribution of seats in the Bundestag

Bundestag ballot: constituency vote on left, party list (showing top five list candidates) vote on right

Half of the Members of the Bundestag are elected directly from 299 constituencies (first-past-the-post system), the other half are elected from the parties’ Land lists in such a way as to achieve proportional representation for the total Bundestag (if possible).

Accordingly, each voter has two votes in the elections to the Bundestag. The first vote, allowing voters to elect their local representatives to the Bundestag, decides which candidates are sent to Parliament from the constituencies. The second vote is cast for a party list; it determines the relative strengths of the parties represented in the Bundestag.

At least 598 Members of the Bundestag are elected in this way. In addition to this, there are certain circumstances in which some candidates win what are known as overhang seats when the seats are being distributed.

The 598 seats are distributed among the parties that have gained more than 5% of the second votes or at least 3 direct mandates. Each of these parties is allocated seats in the Bundestag in proportion to the number of votes it has received (d'Hondt method until 1987, largest remainder method until the 2005 election, now Sainte-Laguë method).

When the total number of mandates gained by a party has been determined, they are distributed between the Land lists. The distribution of the seats of that party to the 16 Lands is proportional to that party's second vote results in the Lands. The first of the mandates allocated to each Land go to the candidates who have won direct mandates in that Land. The rest are assigned in order to the candidates on the Land list put forward before the election.

Overhang seat: If a party has gained more direct mandates in a Land than it is entitled to according to the results of the second vote, it does not forfeit these mandates because all directly elected candidates are guaranteed a seat in the Bundestag.

Detail of the Land list seats won by each party in 2009

Election result

e • d Summary of the 27 September 2009 German Bundestag election results

Parties		Constituency					Party list					Total seats
		Votes	%	+/−	Seats	+/−	Votes	%	+/−	Seats	+/−	Seats	+/−	%
	Christian Democratic Union[A]	13,852,743	32.0	-0.6	173	+67	11,824,794	27.3	−0.5	21	−53	194	+14	31.2
	Christian Social Union of Bavaria[A]	3,190,950	7.4	−0.9	45	+1	2,830,210	6.5	−0.9	0	−2	45	−1	7.2
	Social Democratic Party	12,077,437	27.9	−10.5	64	−81	9,988,843	23.0	−11.2	82	+5	146	−76	23.5
	Free Democratic Party	4,075,115	9.4	+4.7	0	±0	6,313,023	14.6	+4.8	93	+32	93	+32	15.0
	The Left	4,790,007	11.1	+3.1	16	+13	5,153,884	11.9	+3.2	60	+9	76	+22	12.2
	Alliance '90/The Greens	3,974,803	9.2	+3.8	1	±0	4,641,197	10.7	+2.6	67	+17	68	+17	10.9
	Pirate Party	46,750	0.1	+0.1	0	±0	845,904	2.0	+2.0	0	±0	0	±0	0
	National Democratic Party	768,175	1.8	−0.0	0	±0	635,437	1.5	−0.1	0	±0	0	±0	0
	Human Environment Animal Welfare	16,881	0.0	+0.0	0	±0	230,572	0.5	+0.3	0	±0	0	±0	0
	The Republicans	30,045	0.1	−0.0	0	±0	193,473	0.4	−0.1	0	±0	0	±0	0
	Ecological Democratic Party	105,276	0.2	+0.2	0	±0	132,395	0.3	+0.3	0	±0	0	±0	0
	Family Party	17,837	0.0	−0.1	0	±0	120,716	0.3	−0.1	0	±0	0	±0	0
	Others	289,798	0.7	+0.2	0	±0	447,094	1.0	−0.2	0	±0	0	±0	0
Totals		43,235,817	100.0	±0.0	299	±0	43,357,542	100	±0.0	323	+8	622	+8	±0

^A The Christian Democratic Union and the Christian Social Union of Bavaria call themselves sister parties. They do not compete against each other in the same geographical regions and they form one group within the Bundestag.

Distribution of seats by party in the 17th Bundestag

Initial distribution of seats in the 17th Bundestag.

Current distribution of seats in the Bundestag:
+	CDU and CSU:	237	(38.1%)	including 22 overhang seats
+	SPD:	146	(23.5%)
+	FDP:	93	(15%)
+	The Left:	76	(12.2%)
+	Alliance '90/Greens:	68	(10.9%)

See the List of Bundestag Members for lists of changes and current members.

List of Bundestag by session

Historic seat distribution in the German Bundestag (at the beginning of each session)
Bundestag	Session	Seats	CDU/CSU	SPD	FDP	Alliance '90 / The Greens1	The Left2	German Party	Others Sonstige
1st Bundestag	1949–1953	402	139	131	52	–	–	17	633
2nd Bundestag	1953–1957	487	243	151	48	–	–	15	304
3rd Bundestag	1957–1961	497	270	169	41	–	–	17	–
4th Bundestag	1961–1965	499	242	190	67	–	–	–	–
5th Bundestag	1965–1969	496	245	202	49	–	–	–	–
6th Bundestag	1969–1972	496	242	224	30	–	–	–	–
7th Bundestag	1972–1976	496	225	230	41	–	–	–	–
8th Bundestag	1976–1980	496	243	214	39	–	–	–	–
9th Bundestag	1980–1983	497	226	218	53	–	–	–	–
10th Bundestag	1983–1987	498	244	193	34	27	–	–	–
11th Bundestag	1987–1990	497	223	186	46	42	–	–	–
12th Bundestag	1990–1994	662	319	239	79	8	17	–	–
13th Bundestag	1994–1998	672	294	252	47	49	30	–	–
14th Bundestag	1998–2002	669	245	298	43	47	36	–	–
15th Bundestag	2002–2005	603	248	251	47	55	2	–	–
16th Bundestag	2005–2009	614	226	222	61	51	54	–	–
17th Bundestag	2009–	622	239	146	93	68	76	–	–

  Parties in the ruling coalition

¹ 1983 to 1990 The Greens, 1990 to 1994 Alliance 90, since 1994 Alliance 90/The Greens
² 1990 to 2005 PDS (Party of Democratic Socialism), 2005 to 2007 The Left Party.PDS, since 2007 The Left
³ BP 17, KPD 15, WAV 12, Centre Party 10, DKP-DRP 5, SSW 1, Independents 3
⁴ GB-BHE 27, Centre Party 3

Historic seat distribution in the German Bundestag (at the beginning of each session). The graph shows not the absolute number of seats, but rather the relation of the number of seats a party has to the overall number of seats in that session, in percent. The colours stand for the following parties: Black: CDU/CSU, red: SPD, yellow: FDP, green: Greens, pink: PDS/Left Party, brown: German Party, grey: others.

Presidents since 1949

Presidents of the Bundestag
	Name	Party	Beginning of term	End of term	Length of term
1	Erich Köhler* (1892–1958)	CDU	7 September 1949	18 October 1950	1 year 1 month 11 days
2	Hermann Ehlers** (1904–1954)	CDU	19 October 1950	29 October 1954	4 years 10 days
3	Eugen Gerstenmaier*** (1906–1986)	CDU	16 November 1954	31 January 1969	14 years 2 months 15 days
4	Kai-Uwe von Hassel (1913–1997)	CDU	5 February 1969	13 December 1972	3 years 10 months 8 days
5	Annemarie Renger† (1919–2008)	SPD	13 December 1972	14 December 1976	4 years 1 day
6	Karl Carstens§ (1914–1992)	CDU	14 December 1976	31 May 1979	2 years 5 months 17 days
7	Richard Stücklen (1916–2002)	CSU	31 May 1979	29 March 1983	3 years 9 months 29 days
8	Rainer Barzel*** (1924–2006)	CDU	29 March 1983	25 October 1984	1 year 6 months 26 days
9	Philipp Jenninger*** (b. 1932)	CDU	5 November 1984	11 November 1988	4 years 6 days
10	Rita Süssmuth (b. 1937)	CDU	25 November 1988	26 October 1998	9 years 11 months 1 day
11	Wolfgang Thierse (b. 1943)	SPD	26 October 1998	18 October 2005	6 years 11 months 22 days
12	Norbert Lammert (b. 1948)	CDU	18 October 2005

*resigned for medical reasons
**died in office
***resigned for political reasons
†first woman to hold the post
§ resigned when he became President of Germany

Organization

The Marie-Elisabeth-Lüders-Haus, one of the official buildings of the complex

Parliamentary groups

The most important organizational structures within the Bundestag are parliamentary groups (Fraktionen; sing. Fraktion), which are formed by political parties represented in the chamber which incorporate more than 5% of the Bundestag legislators; CDU and CSU have always formed a single united Fraktion. The size of a party's Fraktion determines the extent of its representation on legislative committees, the time slots allotted for speaking, the number of committee chairs it can hold, and its representation in executive bodies of the Bundestag. The Fraktionen, not the members, receive the bulk of government funding for legislative and administrative activities.

The leadership of each Fraktion consists of a parliamentary party leader, several deputy leaders, and an executive committee. The leadership's major responsibilities are to represent the Fraktion, enforce party discipline, and orchestrate the party's parliamentary activities. The members of each Fraktion are distributed among working groups focused on specific policy-related topics such as social policy, economics, and foreign policy. The Fraktion meets every Tuesday afternoon in the weeks in which the Bundestag is in session to consider legislation before the Bundestag and formulate the party's position on it.

Parties which do not fulfill the criterion for being a Fraktion but have at least three seats by direct elections (i.e. which have at least three MPs representing a certain electoral district) in the Bundestag can be granted the status of a group of the Bundestag. This applied to the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS) from 1990-1998. This status entails some privileges which are in general less than those of a Fraktion. In the current Bundestag, there are no such groups (the PDS had only two MPs in parliament until 2005 and could thus not even considered a group anymore; the party has now returned to the Bundestag with full Fraktion status).

Executive bodies

The Bundestag's executive bodies include the Council of Elders and the Presidium. The council consists of the Bundestag leadership, together with the most senior representatives of each fraktion, with the number of these representatives tied to the strength of the Parliamentary groups in the chamber. The council is the coordination hub, determining the daily legislative agenda and assigning committee chairpersons based on Parliamentary group representation. The council also serves as an important forum for interparty negotiations on specific legislation and procedural issues. The Presidium is responsible for the routine administration of the Bundestag, including its clerical and research activities. It consists of the chamber's president (usually elected from the largest fraktion) and vice presidents (one from each fraktion).

Committees

Most of the legislative work in the Bundestag is the product of standing committees, which exist largely unchanged throughout one legislative period. The number of committees approximates the number of federal ministries, and the titles of each are roughly similar (e.g., defense, agriculture, and labor). Between 1987 and 1990, the term of the eleventh Bundestag, there were twenty-one standing committees. The distribution of committee chairs and the membership of each committee reflect the relative strength of the various Parliamentary groups in the chamber. In the eleventh Bundestag, the CDU/CSU chaired eleven committees, the SPD eight, the FDP one, and the environmentalist party, the Greens (Die Grünen), one. Members of the opposition party can chair a significant number of standing committees. These committees have either a small staff or no staff at all.

Principle of discontinuation

As is the case with some other parliaments, the Bundestag is subject to the principle of discontinuation, meaning that a newly elected Bundestag is legally regarded to be a body and entity completely different from the previous Bundestag. This leads to the result, that any motion, application or action submitted to the previous Bundestag, e.g. a bill referred to the Bundestag by the Federal Government, is regarded as completed by non-decision (German terminology: “Die Sache fällt der Diskontinuität anheim”). Thus any bill that has not been decided upon by the beginning of the new electoral period must to be brought up by the government again, if it aims to uphold the motion, this procedure in effect delaying the passage of the bill. Furthermore, any newly elected Bundestag will have to freshly decide on the rules of procedure (Geschäftsordnung), which is done by a formal decision of taking over such rules from the preceding Bundestag by reference.

Any Bundestag is considered dissolved only once a newly elected Bundestag has actually gathered in order to constitute itself (Article 39 sec. 1 sentence 2 of the Basic Law), which has to happen within 30 days of its election (Article 39 sec. 2 of the Basic Law). Thus, it may happen (and has happened) that the old Bundestag gathers and makes decisions even after the election of a new Bundestag that has not gathered in order to constitute itself. For example, elections to the 16th Bundestag took place on 18 September 2005,^[3] but the 15th Bundestag still convened after election day to make some decisions on German military engagement abroad,^[4] and was entitled to do so, as the newly elected 16th Bundestag did not convene for the first time until 18 October 2005.^[5]

See also

• Politics of Germany
• Bundesrat
• Parliamentwatch

References

1. ^ Trenel, M. (2007). "Öffentliche Petitionen beim deutschen Bundestag - erste Ergebnisse der Evaluation des Modellversuchs = An Evaluation Study of Public Petitions at the German Parliament". TAB Brief Nr 32. Deutscher Bundestag. http://www.tab.fzk.de/de/brief/brief32.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-16. ^{[dead link]}
2. ^ Hawley, Charles (15 January 2009). "Political Landscape in Flux ahead of 2009 Votes". Der Spiegel. http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,601451,00.html. Retrieved 2009-06-20. 
3. ^ "Press Release: Verkürzte Fristen zur vorgezogenen Neuwahl des Deutschen Bundestages". www.bundeswahlleiter.de. Bundeswahlleiter = Federal Director for Elections. 2005-07-25. http://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/wahlen/pm-wahl-16-dbt/pd040211.htm. Retrieved 2008-10-20. ^{[dead link]}
4. ^ "Stenographischer Bericht der 187. Sitzung des 15. Deutschen Bundestages am 28. September 2005 = Stenographic report of the 187th session of the 15th Deutscher Bundestag on 2005-09-28". dip21.bundestag.de. Deutscher Bundestag. 2005-09-28. http://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/btp/15/15187.pdf. Retrieved 2008-10-20. 
5. ^ "Stenographischer Bericht der 1. Sitzung des 16. Deutschen Bundestages am 18. Oktober 2005 = Stenographic report of the 1st session of the 16th Deutscher Bundestag on 2005-10-18". dip21.bundestag.de. Deutscher Bundestag. 2005-10-18. http://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/btp/16/16001.pdf. Retrieved 2008-10-20. 

External links

• Official website
• 2009 elections
• German election database
• Map of constituencies
• distribution of power

Coordinates: 52°31′07″N 13°22′34″E / 52.51861°N 13.37611°E / 52.51861; 13.37611