Reichstag building

Infobox Historic building
name=Reichstag

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caption=The Reichstag at the end of the nineteenth century
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location_town=Berlin
location_country=Germany
architect=Paul Wallot
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construction_start_date= 9 June 1884
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The Reichstag building in Berlin was constructed to house the "Reichstag", the first parliament of the German Empire. It was opened in 1894 and housed the Reichstag until 1933, when it was severely damaged in a fire supposedly set by a Dutch communist, Marinus van der Lubbe, who was later beheaded for the crime. That verdict has been a subject of controversy over the years. [Marinus van der Lubbe was officially pardoned by the German state in January 2008, 75 years after his conviction and beheading. In 1967 a Berlin court had symbolically changed the sentence of van der Lubbe to an eight-year prison and in 1980 the same court had lifted the sentence altogether. In 1981 a West German court overturned the conviction of van der Lubbe on the grounds that he was insane, however campaigners pressed for full state pardon on account of van der Lubbe having been convicted by a Nazi court. The full state pardon of van der Lubbe was made possible by a law passed in Germany in 1998. This exoneration is symbolic and will not lead to compensation for van der Lubbe's heirs.
Source: Kate Connolly, "75 years on, executed Reichstag arsonist finally wins pardon", The Guardian, Saturday 12 January 2008. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/jan/12/secondworldwar.germany] ] The National Socialist German Workers Party used this event as casus belli to begin a purge of "traitors" in Berlin and to ban the KPD, the German Communist Party. The Reichstag building again became the seat of the German parliament in 1999 after a reconstruction led by internationally renowned architect Norman Foster.

Today's parliament of Germany is called the "Bundestag." The "Reichstag" as a parliament dates back to the Holy Roman Empire and ceased to act as a true parliament in the years of the Nazi regime (1933–1945). In today's usage, the German term "Reichstag" or "Reichstagsgebäude" (Reichstag building) refers to the building, while the term "Bundestag" refers to the institution.

History of the building

Construction of the building began only well after 1871. Previously, the parliament had assembled in several other buildings in the Leipziger Straße in Berlin; but these were generally considered too small, so in 1872 an architectural contest with 103 participating architects was carried out to erect an all-new building. Work did not start until ten years later though, due to various problems with purchasing property for the new building and arguments between Wilhelm I, Otto von Bismarck, and the members of the "Reichstag" about how the construction should be performed.

In 1882, another architectural contest was held, with 189 architects participating. This time the winner, the Frankfurt architect Paul Wallot, would actually have his plan executed. On 9 June 1884, the foundation stone was finally laid by Wilhelm I. Before construction was completed in 1894, Wilhelm I died (in 1888, the Year of Three Emperors). His successor, Wilhelm II, objected to parliament as an institution to a much greater extent. The original building was most acclaimed for the construction of an original cupola of steel and glass, an engineering masterpiece of the time.

In 1916 the iconic words "Dem Deutschen Volke" ("To the German people") were carved above the main facade of the building, much to the displeasure of Kaiser Wilhelm II who had tried to block the adding of the inscription due to its democratic significance. After World War I had ended and Kaiser Wilhelm II had abdicated, during the revolutionary days of 1918, Philipp Scheidemann proclaimed the institution of a republic from one of the balconies of the "Reichstag" building on 9 November. The building continued to be the seat of the parliament of the Weimar Republic (1919–1933), which was still called "Reichstag".

Third Reich

The building was set on fire on 27 February 1933, under circumstances still not entirely clear (see Reichstag fire). This proved to be a valuable excuse for the Nazis to suspend most rights provided for by the 1919 constitution in the Reichstag Fire Decree in an effort to weed out the communists and increase state security.

During the 12 years of National Socialist rule, the "Reichstag" building was not used for parliamentary sessions. Instead, the few times where the "Reichstag" convened at all, it did so in the "Krolloper" building, a former opera house opposite the "Reichstag" building. This applies as well to the session of 23 March 1933, in which the "Reichstag" disposed of its powers in favour of the Nazi government in the Enabling Act, another step of the so-called "Gleichschaltung", the legal steps through which the Nazis seized power. The building (which was unusable after the fire anyway) was instead used for propaganda presentations and, during World War II, for military purposes. It was also considered to be turned into a Flak Tower, due to its general similarity, but was found to be structurally unsuitable.

The building, having never been fully repaired since the fire, was further damaged by air raids. During the Battle of Berlin in 1945, it became one of the central targets for the Red Army most probably for its symbolic significance. Today, visitors to the building can still see Soviet graffiti on smoky walls inside as well as on some of the roof, which was preserved during the reconstructions after reunification (see below).

Cold War

When the Cold War emerged, the building was physically within West Berlin, but only a few meters from the border of East Berlin, which ran around the back of the building and in 1961 was closed by the Berlin Wall. During the Berlin blockade, an enormous number of West Berliners assembled before the building on 9 September 1948, and Mayor Ernst Reuter held a famous speech that finalised in the call, "Ihr Völker der Welt, schaut auf diese Stadt!" (Peoples of the world, look upon this city!)

After the war, the building was essentially a ruin. In addition, there was no real use for it, since the capital of West Germany had been established in Bonn in 1949. Still, in 1956, after some debate, it was decided that the "Reichstag" should not be torn down, but be restored instead. Unfortunately, the cupola of the original building, which had also been heavily damaged in the war, was demolished. Another architectural contest was held, and the winner, Paul Baumgarten, reconstructed the building from 1961–1964.

The artistic and practical value of his work was the subject of much debate after German reunification. Due to the provisions set forth for Berlin by the Allies in the 1971 Four Power Agreement on Berlin, the "Bundestag", the parliament of West Germany of that time, was not allowed to assemble formally in West Berlin (even though East Germany was in violation of this provision since it had declared East Berlin its capital anyway). Until 1990, the building was thus used only for occasional representative meetings, and one off events such as a free concert given by the British Rock Band Barclay James Harvest on the 30th August 1980. [ [http://www.bjharvest.co.uk/bjh-biog.htm Barclay James Harvest Biography ] ] It was also used for a widely lauded permanent exhibition about German history called "Fragen an die deutsche Geschichte" (Questions on German history).

Reunification

The official German reunification ceremony on 3 October 1990, was held at the "Reichstag" building, including Chancellor Helmut Kohl, President Richard von Weizsäcker, former Chancellor Willy Brandt and many others. The event included huge firework displays, and was fondly remembered by many. One day later, the parliament of the united Germany would assemble in an act of symbolism in the "Reichstag" building.

However, at that time, the role of Berlin had not yet been decided upon. Only after a fierce debate, considered by many one of the most memorable sessions of parliament, the "Bundestag" concluded on 20 June 1991, with a quite slim majority that both government and parliament should return to Berlin from Bonn.

In 1992, Norman Foster won yet another architectural contest for the reconstruction of the building. His winning concept looked very different from what was later executed. Notably, the original design did not include a cupola.

Before reconstruction began, the Reichstag was wrapped by the Bulgarian artist Christo and his wife Jeanne-Claude in 1995, attracting millions of visitors. The project was financed by the sale of parts of the wrapping material during and after the event.

During the reconstruction, the building was first almost completely gutted, taking out everything except the outer walls, including all changes made by Baumgarten in the 1960s. Although not undisputed for its lack of respect for the building's original design and furniture, the reconstruction, completed in April 1999, is widely regarded as a success. The "Reichstag" is one of the most visited attractions in Berlin, not least because of the huge glass dome that was erected on the roof as a gesture to the original 1894 cupola, giving an impressive view over the city, especially at night.

Reichstag dome

The Reichstag dome is the iconic large glass dome at the top of the building. The dome has a 360 degree view of the surrounding Berlin cityscape. The main hall of the parliament below can also be seen from the cupola, and natural light from above radiates down to the parliament floor. A large sun shield tracks the movement of the sun electronically and blocks direct sunlight which might blind those below. Construction work was finished in 1999 and the seat of parliament was transferred to the "Reichstag" in April of that year. The dome is open to anyone without prior registration, although the waiting queues can be very long, especially in summer.

Notes

Gallery

ee also

*Reichskanzlei
*Christo and Jeanne-Claude

External links

* [http://www.berlin.de/english Website of Berlin]
* [http://www.bundestag.de/ Website of German parliament]
* [http://www.stadtpanoramen.de/en/berlin/pariser_platz.html Panorama Reichstag] - Interactive Panorama from the Platz der Republik
* [http://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/2002/christo/74fs.htm Wrapped "Reichstag"]
* [http://www.photo.net/photo/pcd1669/reichstag-45 Photo of the Reichstag from 1993]
* [http://www.geocities.com/isanders_2000/reichstag.htm Photos of the Reichstag from 1989 and Photos of the 1945 Battle for the Reichstag.]