Mary Garden

For the plot of land surrounding a statue of Mary, Mother of Jesus, see Mary garden.

Mary Garden (20 February 1874 - 3 January 1967), was a Scottish operatic soprano with a substantial career in France and America in the first third of the 20th century. She spent the latter part of her childhood and youth in the United States and eventually became an American citizen, although she lived in France for many years and eventually retired to Scotland, where she died.^[1]

Described as "the Sarah Bernhardt of opera", Garden was an exceptional actress as well as a talented singer. She was particularly admired for her nuanced performances which employed interesting uses of vocal color. Possessing a beautiful lyric voice that had a wide vocal range and considerable amount of flexibility, Garden first arose to success in Paris during the first decade of the 20th century. She became the leading soprano at the Opéra-Comique; notably portraying roles in several world premieres, including Mélisande in Claude Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande (1902). She worked closely with Jules Massenet, in whose operas she excelled. Massenet notably wrote the title role in his opera Chérubin (1905) for her.^[2]

In 1907, Oscar Hammerstein I convinced Garden to join the Manhattan Opera House in New York where she became an immediate success. By 1910 she was a household name in America and Garden appeared in operas in several major American cities; including performing with the Boston Opera Company and the Philadelphia Opera Company. Between 1910-1932 Garden worked in several opera houses in Chicago. She first worked with the Chicago Grand Opera Company (1910–1913) and then joined the Chicago Opera Association in 1915, ultimately becoming the company's director in 1921. Although director for only one year, Garden was notably responsible for staging the world premiere of Sergei Prokofiev's The Love for Three Oranges before the company went bankrupt in 1922. Shortly thereafter she became the director of the Chicago Civic Opera where she commissioned the opera Camille by 28-year old composer Hamilton Forrest. She sang roles at the Civic Opera until 1931, notably in several United States and world premieres.

Additionally, Garden appeared in two silent films made by Samuel Goldwyn.^[3]

After retiring from the opera stage in 1934, Garden worked as a talent scout for MGM. She also gave lectures and recitals, mostly on the life and works of Claude Debussy, until 1949. She retired to Scotland and in 1951 published a successful autobiography, Mary Garden's Story.

Her voice is preserved on a number of recordings made for the Gramophone Company (including some with Debussy at the piano), Edison Records, Pathé, Columbia Records and the Victor Talking Machine Company between 1903 and 1929.^[4]

Biography

Early life and rise to stardom in Europe

Early years

Mary Garden was one of four daughters; she and two others were born in Aberdeen, Scotland, while another was born in the United States.^[5]

Her parents, both from Aberdeen in Scotland, were Robert Davidson Garden (b. 19 Jul 1855) and Mary Joss Garden (née Joss, b. 23 Feb 1860),^[6] The family moved to Chicopee, Massachusetts, United States when she was nine years old. They then moved to Hartford, Connecticut a few year later, followed by a relocation to Chicago, Illinois in 1888 when Mary was fourteen.^[4]

Voice Student

She showed promise as a young singer, and studied with Sarah Robinson-Duff in Chicago under the financial support of wealthy patrons David and Florence Mayer. In 1896 she pursued further studies in Paris, chiefly with Trabadelo and Lucien Fugère, still under the support of the Mayers. She also studied some under Jacques Bouhy, Jules Chevalier, and Mathilde Marchesi. In 1899 Garden lost the backing of her benefactors, and she began to study singing with the American soprano Sybil Sanderson. Sanderson introduced her to Jules Massenet and Albert Carré, the director of the Opéra-Comique.

Operatic Debut

Impressed with her voice, Carré invited her to join the roster at the Opéra-Comique in 1900. Garden made her professional opera debut with the company on 10 April 1900 in the title role of Gustave Charpentier's Louise. Although Garden had been preparing the role, the debut was unscheduled as she was a last minute replacement for Marthe Rioton who had become ill.^[3] From 1901 for two years, she carried on an affair with André Messager, who conducted her in Louise. She claimed that when the Opéra-Comique director Albert Carré asked her to marry him, she replied that she had someone else in her life – Messager. Her description is of a tempestuous relationship, but they remained friends until his death.^[7]

Mary Garden as Mélisande in Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande.

After her debut, Garden quickly became one of the leading sopranos at the Opéra-Comique. In 1901 she starred in two world premieres, Marie in Lucien Lambert's La Marseillaise and Diane in Gabriel Pierné's La fille de Tabarin. That same year she sang the title role in Massenet's Thaïs at Aix-les-Bains, and sang both the title roles in Massenet's Manon and Messager's Madame Chrysanthème at the Opéra de Monte-Carlo; all under the coaching of Sanderson. In 1902, Claude Debussy selected her to play the female lead at the Opéra-Comique debut of his Pelléas et Mélisande. Garden's performances met with considerable critical acclaim. She also created a sensation as Salomé in the French version of Richard Strauss's opera of that name.^[2]

Following the success of Pelléas et Mélisande, Garden periodically went to London to sing at the Royal Opera, Covent Garden while still appearing in performances in Paris. At Covent Garden she sang Manon, Juliette in Charles Gounod's Roméo et Juliette, and Marguerite in Gounod's Faust'' during the 1902 and 1903 seasons. Garden, however, did not care for London and decided to not take any more engagements in that city. Her performances at the Opéra-Comique during this time included the title role in Massenet's Grisélidis (1902), Violetta in Giuseppe Verdi's La traviata (1903), the title role in the world premiere of Xavier Leroux's La reine Fiammette (1903), and the title role in Saint-Saëns's Hélène (1905). In 1905 she sang at the Opéra de Monte-Carlo in the world premiere of Massenet's Chérubin, a role which the composer wrote specifically for her. The following year she returned to the Opéra-Comique to sing Chrysis in the world premiere of Camille Erlanger's Aphrodite.^[3]

Departure from the Opéra-Comique and later career in the United States

Mary Garden in the opera Thaïs

Persuaded by Oscar Hammerstein I to join his competition against the Metropolitan Opera, Garden quit her frequent Opéra-Comique engagements to join the Manhattan Opera House in New York City. She made her American debut in the Manhattan Opera House on November 25, 1907 in the title role in Thaïs, a role which fitted her personality and art like a glove. She further astounded American audiences with her uncanny portrayal of a young boy in Massenet's Le jongleur de Notre Dame (1908) and in the United States premiere of Pelléas et Mélisande. In 1908 she returned to Paris to join the roster at the Opéra National de Paris. She sang there for one season, notably portraying Ophelia in Ambroise Thomas's Hamlet (1908) and the title part in Henry Février's Monna Vanna (1909) among other roles. She also sang the role of Marguerite in Gounod's Faust (1909) in Brussels. Afterwords, Garden returned again to New York in 1909 to perform the title role in Richard Strauss's Salome. During the performance she lasciviously kissed the severed head of John the Baptist which shocked the morals of a number of the audience members even more than her Dance of the Seven Veils (which she performed in a body-stocking).^[3]

Mary Garden as Natoma

By 1910, Garden had become a household name within America. She left the Manhattan Opera House to join the Chicago Grand Opera Company where she sang from 1910 to 1913 in such roles as Mélisande, Fanny in Massenet's Sapho, Dulcinée in Massenet's Don Quichotte, the Prince in Massenet's Cendrillon, the title role in Georges Bizet's Carmen, and the title role in Giacomo Puccini's Tosca. During this time she also sang in other American cities, notably appearing in the world premiere of Victor Herbert's Natoma in Philadelphia on 25 February 1911 and in the title role Février's Monna Vanna in its United States premiere in Boston.^[4]

Garden next sang with the Chicago Opera Association from 1915 until 1921 where she sang such roles as the title part in Massenet's Cléopâtre and the title part in the world premiere of Henry Février's Gismonda (both 1919), and the role of Fiora in Montemezzi's L'amore dei tre re (1920) among many others. She notably became the director of the Chicago Opera Association in a notorious coup for the organization's final 1921–2 season. Although serving as director for only one year, she is notably responsible for producing the world première of Prokofiev's The Love for Three Oranges. Also during this time she appeared in two silent films made by Samuel Goldwyn, the title role in a film version of Thais (1917) and the role of Dolores Fargis in The Splendid Sinner (1918). During World War I she was decorated by the French and Serbian governments and made a Chevalier of the Légion d'Honneur in 1921.^[2]

In 1922 Garden became the director of the newly formed Chicago Civic Opera where she also performed roles until 1931. Among the many roles she performed with the Chicago Civic Opera are Charlotte in Massenet's Werther (1924), Katyusha in Franco Alfano's Risurrezione (1925, in French) and the heroine of Arthur Honegger's Judith (1927), the last two both United States premières. In 1930 she sang in the world premiere of Hamilton Forrest's Camille. That same year she returned to the Opéra-Comique to appear in several operas. In 1931 Garden sang her last role with the Chicago Civic Opera, Carmen, after which the company went bankrupt.^[2]

Garden retired from the opera stage in 1934, after making her last appearance as Katyusha in Franco Alfano's Risurrezione at the Opéra-Comique. After retiring, Garden worked as a talent scout for MGM and gave lectures and recitals, mostly on the life and works of Claude Debussy up through 1949. For much of her life she had openly encouraged young singers and even secretly paid for them to receive training. She continued to support young artists after her retirement through master classes, often allowing aspiring artists to attend for free.^[2]

She was a National Patron of Delta Omicron, an international professional music fraternity.^{[8][not in citation given]}

Personal life

Mary Garden in 1954

As portrayed in both her autobiography and that of Michael Turnbull (see below), Garden was an archetypal diva who knew exactly how to get her own way. She had a number of feuds with various musical colleagues from which she invariably emerged victorious, eventually ending up in control of the Chicago Opera. A relentless self-publicist, a woman however of genuine beauty, her flamboyant personal life was often the subject of more attention than her public performances, and her affairs with men, real or imagined, were liable to emerge as scandalous rumours in the newspapers.^[2]

Her autobiography, Mary Garden's Story (1951), is marred by inaccuracies. Always prone to embellish and exaggerate, Garden was already succumbing to dementia when the manuscript was being prepared.^[2]

It was in recognition of her personal history that Scottish Opera chose to present in their inaugural 1962 season Pelléas et Mélisande. That year marked the centenary of Debussy’s birth and the diamond jubilee of the opera. Sadly, by the time of the first performance Mary Garden was unable to accept her invitation to attend, being in hospital after a fall, and her health in decline ^[9].

Mary Garden died in Inverurie, close to Aberdeen, where she spent the last 30 years of her life. An award for opera singing at the Aberdeen International Youth Festival is made in her name ^[10] . There is a small memorial garden dedicated to her in the west-end of Aberdeen, with a small inscriptioned stone and a bench.^[2][11]

Recordings and films

Mary Garden made about 40 gramophone records between 1903 and 1929 for G & T, Columbia and Victor. They continue to be reissued and are of much interest to connoisseurs of historical recordings—although Garden herself was said to have been generally disappointed with the results. Of special interest are the four 1904 Black G&T recordings she made accompanied by Claude Debussy in Paris. There are also a small number of recordings made from radio broadcasts.^[12]

She made two silent films, Thais (1917) and a World War I romance entitled The Splendid Sinner (1918). Without her singing voice, her acting was criticized and neither film was a success. In the 1930s, Garden appeared on Cecil B. DeMille's Lux Radio programs. One such airing had Garden and Melvyn Douglas reading the play Tonight or Never which had recently been made into a motion picture.^[13]

Literary references

Garden is cited with other artistic figures of the period in Hugh MacDiarmid's poem A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle (ll.30-2):

Whaur's Isadora Duncan dancin nou,

Is Mary Garden in Chicago still

And Duncan Grant in Paris - and me fou?

References

Notes

1. ^ Garden is sometimes referred to as solely 'American' however she did not even apply for American citizenship until 8 April 1924 (Turnbull, Michael TRB: Mary Garden, page 159) and lived in Europe thereafter.
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Kutsch, K. J.; Riemens, Leo (1969). A concise biographical dictionary of singers: from the beginning of recorded sound to the present. Translated from German, expanded and annotated by Harry Earl Jones.. Philadelphia: Chilton Book Company. pp. 487pp. ISBN 0801955165. 
3. ^ ^{a b c d} Michael T.R.B. Turnbull: "Mary Garden", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed February 09, 2009), (subscription access)
4. ^ ^{a b c} Biography of Mary Garden at operissimo.com (in German)
5. ^ Mary Garden, 92, Opera Star, Dead, The New York Times, 5 Jan 1967
6. ^ Mary Joss Garden. Passport Applications, January 2, 1906 - March 31, 1925 (M1490) date of application - Mar. 11, 1921
7. ^ Opstad G. Debussy’s Mélisande – the lives of Georgette Leblanc, Mary Garden and Maggie Teyte. The Boydell Press, Woodbridge, 2009.
8. ^ Delta Omicron
9. ^ Webster, Jack (13 July 1992). "Time to sing praises of Scottish Opera". The Herald. http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/time-to-sing-praises-of-scottish-opera-s-four-principal-characters-1.802741?31519. Retrieved 30 June 2011. 
10. ^ "Mary Garden". Opera Scotland. http://www.operascotland.org/person/4366/Mary++Garden. Retrieved 30 June 2011. 
11. ^ "Soprano Won Distinction in Wide Variety of Roles Mary Garden, Opera Soprano, Dies in Scotland at 92". New York Times. January 5, 1967. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40814F83858117B93C7A9178AD85F438685F9. Retrieved 2009-02-10. "Mary Garden, the famous soprano who was once a pillar of the Chicago Civic Opera Company, died yesterday in Aberdeen, her native city. Her age was 92." 
12. ^ Discography by Jim McPherson and William R Moran in Turnbull, Michael TRB: Mary Garden (Portland, Oregon, 1997), Appendix 2.
13. ^ Jeanette MacDonald on the Radio, a list of Lux Radio programs in the mid-1930s

Sources

• Fletcher, J B: Garden, Mary in 'The New Grove Dictionary of Opera', ed. Stanley Sadie (London, 1992) ISBN 0-333-73432-7
• Garden, M and Biancolli, L: Mary Garden's Story (New York, 1951)
• Turnbull, Michael TRB: Mary Garden (Portland, Oregon, 1997)

External links

• Mary Garden at the Internet Movie Database
• Mary Garden at Flickr
• Mary Garden, Scottish-American Soprano with many photos
• Mary Garden; or, Can a Woman Love and Still Be Free? By Carrie Wilson

Persondata
Name	Garden, Mary
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	20 February 1874
Place of birth
Date of death	3 January 1967
Place of death