New World porcupine

New World Porcupines Temporal range: Late Oligocene–Recent PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
North American Porcupine
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Rodentia
Suborder:	Hystricomorpha
Infraorder:	Hystricognathi
Parvorder:	Caviomorpha
Family:	Erethizontidae Bonaparte, 1845
Genera
Erethizon  Coendou  Sphiggurus  Echinoprocta  Chaetomys

The New World porcupines, or Erethizontidae, are large arboreal rodents, distinguished by the spiny covering from which they take their name. They inhabit forests and wooded regions across North America, and into northern South America. Although both the New World and Old World porcupine families belong to the Hystricognathi branch of the vast order Rodentia, they are quite different and are not closely related.

Characteristics

New World porcupines are stout animals, with blunt rounded heads, fleshy mobile snouts, and coats of thick cylindrical or flattened spines ("quills"). The spines are mixed with long soft hairs. They vary in size from the relatively small prehensile-tailed porcupines, which are around 30 cm (12 in) long, and weigh about 900 g (32 oz), to the much larger North American Porcupine, which has a body length of 86 cm (34 in), and weighs up to 18 kg (40 lb).^[1]

They are distinguished from the Old World porcupines in that they have rooted molars, complete collar-bones, entire upper lips, tuberculated soles, no trace of a first front-toe, and four teats.

They are less strictly nocturnal than Old World species in their habits, and some types live entirely in trees while others have dens on the ground. Their long and powerful prehensile tails help them balance when they are in the tree tops. Their diet consists mainly of bark, leaves and conifer needles but can also include roots, stems, berries, fruits, seeds, nuts, grasses and flowers. Some species also eat insects and small reptiles.^[2] Their teeth are similar to those of Old World porcupines, with the dental formula $Upper: 1.0.1.3, lower: 1.0.1.3$

Solitary offspring (or, rarely, twins) are born after a gestation period of up to 210 days, depending on the species. The young are born fully developed, with open eyes, and are able to climb trees within a few days of birth.^[1]

Species

They include four genera, of which the first is represented by the North American Porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum), a stout, heavily built animal, with long hairs almost or quite hiding its spines, four front and five hind-toes, and a short, stumpy tail. It is a native of the greater part of Canada and the United States, wherever there is any remnant of the original forest left.

The tree porcupines (Coendou, Sphiggurus, and Echinoprocta) contain 16 species. They are found throughout tropical South America, with two extending into Mexico. They are of a lighter build than the ground porcupines, with short, close, many-coloured spines, often mixed with hairs, and prehensile tails. The hind-feet have only four toes, owing to the suppression of the first, in place of which they have a fleshy pad on the inner side of the foot; between this pad and the toes, branches and other objects can be firmly grasped as with a hand. These three genera are often united into a single genus Coendou.

Genus Chaetomys, distinguished by the shape of its skull and the greater complexity of its teeth, contains C. subspinosus, a native of the hottest parts of Brazil. This animal is often considered a member of the Echimyidae on the basis of its premolar.

Classification

• Family Erethizontidae
  • Subfamily Chaetomyinae
    • Genus Chaetomys
      • Chaetomys subspinosus – Bristle-spined Rat
  • Subfamily Erethizontinae
    • Genus Coendou – prehensile-tailed porcupines
      • Coendou bicolor – Bicolored-spined Porcupine
      • Coendou quichua – Andean Porcupine
      • Coendou nycthemera – Black Dwarf Porcupine
      • Coendou prehensilis – Brazilian Porcupine
      • Coendou rothschildi – Rothschild's Porcupine
      • Coendou sanctemartae – Santa Marta Porcupine
    • Genus Echinoprocta
      • Echinoprocta rufescens – Stump-tailed Porcupine
    • Genus Erethizon
      • Erethizon dorsatum – North American Porcupine
    • Genus Sphiggurus
      • Sphiggurus ichillus – Streaked Dwarf Porcupine
      • Sphiggurus insidiosus – Bahia Porcupine
      • Sphiggurus melanurus – Black-tailed Hairy Dwarf Porcupine
      • Sphiggurus mexicanus – Mexican Hairy Dwarf Porcupine
      • Sphiggurus pruinosus – Frosted Hairy Dwarf Porcupine
      • Sphiggurus roosmalenorum – Roosmalen's Dwarf Porcupine
      • Sphiggurus spinosus – Paraguaian Hairy Dwarf Porcupine
      • Sphiggurus vestitus – Brown Hairy Dwarf Porcupine
      • Sphiggurus villosus – Orange-spined Hairy Dwarf Porcupine

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Woods, Charles (1984). Macdonald, D.. ed. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 686–689. ISBN 0-87196-871-1. 
2. ^ Macdonald (Ed), Professor David W. (2006). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-920608-2. 

External links

• Erethizontidae, Mammal Species of the World, 3rd edition.