Blesmol

Taxobox
name = Blesmols
fossil_range = Early Miocene - Recent

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image_width = 200px
image_caption = Naked Mole Rat
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Mammalia
ordo = Rodentia
subordo = Hystricomorpha
infraordo = Hystricognathi
parvordo = Phiomorpha
familia = Bathyergidae
familia_authority = Waterhouse, 1841
subdivision_ranks = Genera
subdivision = "Georychus"
"Fukomys"
"Cryptomys"
"Heliophobius"
"Bathyergus"
"Heterocephalus"The blesmols, also known as mole rats, or African mole-rats, are burrowing rodents of the family Bathyergidae. They represent a distinct evolution of a subterranean life among rodents much like the pocket gophers of North America, the tuco-tucos in South America, or the fossorial muroids.

Distribution

Modern blesmols are found strictly in sub-Saharan Africa. Fossil forms are also restricted almost exclusively to Africa, although a few specimens have been found in Israel. Nowak (1999) also reports that †"Gypsorhynchus" has been found in fossil deposits of Mongolia.

Anatomy

Blesmols are somewhat mole-like animals with cylindrical bodies and short limbs. They range from convert|9|to|30|cm|abbr=onin length, and from convert|30|to|1800|g|abbr=onin weight, depending on the species. Blesmols, like many other fossorial mammals, have greatly reduced eyes and ear pinnae, a relatively short tail, loose skin, and (aside from the hairless Naked Mole Rat) velvety fur. Blesmols appear to be entirely blind, although they may use the surfaces of their eyes for sensing air currents. Despite their small or absent pinnae, they have a good sense of hearing, although their most important sense appears to be that of touch. Like other rodents, they have an excellent sense of smell, and they are also able to close their nostrils during digging to prevent them clogging with dirtcite book |editor=Macdonald, D.|author= Jarvis, Jennifer U.M.|year=1984 |title= The Encyclopedia of Mammals|publisher= Facts on File|location=New York|pages= 708-711|isbn= 0-87196-871-1] .

Most blesmol species dig using their powerful incisors and, to a lesser extent, the foreclaws, although dune blesmols dig primarily with their feet, restricting them to soft, sandy soil. Dune blesmols aside, some species have been reported to be able to extend their burrows by an inch (convert|2.5|cm|abbr=on) into the walls of concrete enclosuresfact|date=November 2007. Their unique skull shape is associated with delivering sheer power to the lateral masseter muscle which is responsible for the powerful bite of the anterior portion of the mouth. The incisors of blesmols are projected forward and protrude from the mouth even when the mouth is closed. This condition allows the animals to burrow with their teeth without getting dirt in their mouths. The number of cheek teeth varies greatly between species, an unusual feature among rodents, so that the dental formula for the family is:dentition2|1.0.2-3.0-3|1.0.2-3.0-3

Technical characters

The skull morphology of blesmols sets them apart from all other rodents. As with all members of their suborder, their jaws are hystricognathous, but, unlike their relatives, they have a highly reduced infraorbital foramen. The medial masseter muscle shows only minimal passage through the infraorbital foramen leading most authorities to consider them protrogomorphous. They are therefore the only protrogomorphous hystricognaths.

Behavior

Blesmols live in elaborate burrow systems and different species exhibit varying degrees of sociality. Most species are solitary, but two species, the damaraland blesmol ("Fukomys damarensis") and the naked mole rat ("Heterocephalus glaber") are considered to be the only two eusocial mammals. These species are characterized by having a single reproductively active male and female in a colony where the remaining animals are sterile.

These animals prefer loose, sandy soils and are often associated with arid habitats. They rarely come to the surface, spending their entire life underground. Blesmols are herbivorous, and primarily eat roots, tubers, and bulbs. They are even able to pull smaller plants underground by their roots, without having to leave their burrows, enabling them to eat leaves, stems, and other parts of the plant that would otherwise be inaccessible. Blesmols burrow in search of food, and the great majority of their tunnel complex consists of these foraging burrows, surrounding a smaller number of storage areas, nests, and latrine chambers.

Most species breed only once or twice during the year, although some breed all year round. They generally have small litters of two to five young, perhaps because their environment is sufficiently safe that they do not need to rapidly replace their population as many other rodents do. However, some species have much larger litters, averaging twelve young in the naked mole rat, and sometimes much larger.

Classification

Although there is some controversy, the closest living relatives of the blesmols appear to be other African hystricognaths in the families Thryonomyidae (cane rats) and Petromuridae (dassie rats). Together these three living families along with their fossil relatives represent the infraorder Phiomorphacite book |author= Savage, RJG, & Long, MR|year=1986 |title= Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide|publisher= Facts on File|location=New York|pages= 124|isbn= 0-8160-1194-X] .

At present 22 species of blesmols from 6 genera are accepted, but this number is likely to increase. Like other fossorial rodents such as pocket gophers, tuco-tucos, and blind mole rats, blesmols appear to speciate rapidly. They become geographically isolated easily leading to various chromosomal forms and genetically distinct races. Some studies have suggested that the genus "Bathyergus" represents the basal-most lineage but most researchers accept that "Heterocephalus" holds that positionfact|date=November 2007.

*Family Bathyergidae
**Subfamily Bathyerginae
***"Georychus" - Cape Blesmol
****"Georychus capensis" - Cape Blesmol
***"Fukomys"
****"Fukomys amatus" - Zambian Blesmol
****"Fukomys anselli" - Ansell's Blesmol
****"Fukomys bocagei" - Bocage's Blesmol
****"Fukomys damarensis" - Damaraland Blesmol
****"Fukomys darlingi" - Mashona Blesmol
****"Fukomys foxi" - Nigerian Blesmol
****"Fukomys kafuensis" - Kafue Blesmol
****"Fukomys mechowi" - Mechow's Blesmol
****"Fukomys micklemi" - Kataba Blesmol
****"Fukomys ochraceocinereus" - Ochre Blesmol
****"Fukomys whytei" - Malawian Blesmol
****"Fukomys zechi" - Ghana Blesmol
***"Cryptomys"
****"Cryptomys anomalus" - Unnamed
****"Cryptomys holosericeus" - Unnamed
****"Cryptomys hottentotus" - Hottentot Mole Rat
****"Cryptomys natalensis" - Natal Mole Rat
****"Cryptomys nimrodi" - Matabeleland Mole Rat
***"Heliophobius" - Silvery Blesmol
****"Heliophobius argenteocinereus" - Silvery Blesmol
***"Bathyergus" - Dune blesmols
****"Bathyergus janetta" - Namaqua Dune Mole Rat
****"Bathyergus suillus" - Cape Dune Mole Rat
**Subfamily Heterocephalinae - Naked Mole Rat
***"Heterocephalus" - Naked Mole Rat
****"Heterocephalus glaber" - Naked Mole Rat

References

*Ingram, C. M., H. Burda, and R. L. Honeycutt. 2004. Molecular phylogenetics and taxonomy of the African mole-rats, genus "Cryptomys" and the new genus "Coetomys" Gray, 1864. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:997-1014.
*Kingdon, J. 1997. The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals. Academic Press Limited, London.
*McKenna, M.C. and S. K. Bell. 1997. Classification of Mammals above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York.
*Nowak, R. M. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, Vol. 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, London.