- Olonets Governorate
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Олонецкая губернiя
Aunuksen kuvernementti
Olonets GovernorateGovernorate of Russian Empire, Soviet Russia ←
←1801–1922 Petrozavodsk History - Established September 21 1801 - Disestablished September 18 1922 Area - (1897) 2,701.65 km2 (1,043 sq mi) Population - (1897) 364,156 Density 134.8 /km2 (349.1 /sq mi) Political subdivisions uezds: 7 (1922), 4 The Olonets Governorate or Government of Olonets was a guberniya (governorate) of north-western Imperial Russia, extending from Lake Ladoga almost to the White Sea, bounded W. by Finland, N. and E. by Arkhangelsk and Vologda, and S. by Novgorod and St. Petersburg. The area was 57,422 m², of which 6,794 m² were covered by lakes.
Contents
Geology
Its north-western portion belonged orographically and geologically to the Finland region; it is thickly dotted with hills reaching 1,000 ft. in altitude, and diversified by numberless smaller ridges and hollows running from northwest to south-east. The rest of the governorate was a flat plateau sloping towards the marshy lowlands of the south. The geological structure was very varied. Granites, syenites, and diorites, covered with Laurentian metamorphic slates, occurred extensively in the north-west. Near Lake Onega they were overlain with Devonian sandstones and limestones, yielding marble and sandstone for building; to the south of that lake carboniferous limestones and clays made their appearance. The whole was sheeted with boulder-clay, the bottom moraine of the great ice-sheet of the last glacial period. The entire region bears traces of glaciation, either in the shape of scratchings and elongated grooves on the rocks, or of eskers (asar, selgas) running parallel to the glacial striations.
Hydrology
Numberless lakes occupied the depressions, while a great many more had left evidences of their existence in the extensive marshes. Lake Onega covers 3,764 m², and reaches a depth of 400 ft (120 m). Lakes Zeg, Vygozero, Lacha, Loksha, Tulos, and Vodlozero cover from 140 to 480 m² each, and their crustacean fauna indicates a former connection with the Arctic Ocean. The south-eastern part of Lake Ladoga falls also within the government of Olonets. The rivers drain to the Baltic Sea and White Sea basins. To the former system belong Lakes Ladoga and Onega, which are connected by the Svir River and receive numerous streams; of these the Vytegra, which communicates with the Mariinsk canal-system, and the Oyat, an affluent of Lake Ladoga, are important for navigation.
Climate and Fauna
Large quantities of timber, firewood, stone, metal and flour were annually shipped on waters belonging to this governorate. The Onega River, which has its source in the south-east of the governorate and flows into the White Sea, is of minor importance.
63% of the area of Olonets was occupied by forests; those of the Crown, maintained for shipbuilding purposes, extended to more than 800,000 acres (3,000 km²).
The climate is harsh and moist, the average yearly temperature at Petrozavodsk (61 8' N.) being 33.6 °F (1 °C). 12.0 °F (-11 °C) in January, 57.4 °F (14 °C) in July; but the thermometer rarely falls below 30 °F (-1 °C)
Population
The population, which numbered 321,250 in 1881, reached 367,902 in 1897, and 401,100 (estimate) in 1906. They were principally Russians, Karelians, Chuds and Finns[1]. The people belonged mostly to the Greek Orthodox Church, or were Old Believers (Nonconformists).
Industries
Rye and oats were the principal crops, and some flax, barley, and turnips were grown, but the total cultivated area did not exceed 21/2% of the whole governorate. The chief source of wealth was timber, next to which come fishing and hunting. Mushrooms and berries were exported to St. Petersburg. There were quarries and iron-mines, saw-mills, tanneries, iron-works, distilleries, and flour-mills. More than one-fifth of the entire male population left their homes every year in search of temporary employment.
Administration division
Olonets Governorate was divided into seven provinces, of which the chief towns were Petrozavodsk, Kargopol, Lodeynoye Pole, Olonets, Povyenets, Pudozh, and Vytegra. It included the Olonets mining district, a territory belonging to the Crown, which covered 432 m² and extended into the Serdobol district of Finland; the ironworks were begun by Peter the Great in 1701–1714.
History
Olonets was colonized by Novgorod in the 11th century, and though it suffered much from Swedish invasion its towns soon became wealthy trading centres. Ivan III of Russia annexed it to Muscovy in the second half of the 16th century.
See also
- Olonetsky District of modern Russia
References
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Subdivisions of the Russian Empire Governorates Azov¹ · *Altai² · Arkhangelsk · Archangelgorod · Astrakhan · Baku · Belgorod · Belarus · Bessarabia · Bratslav · Caucasian · Chernigov · Black Sea · Derbent · Grodno · Georgian-Imeretinskaya · Georgian · Elisabethpol · Erivan · Finland · Iziaslav · Ingermanland · Irkutsk · Kazan · Kaluga · Kiev · Kharkov · Kherson · Kholm · Kovno · Kolyvan · Kostroma · Kursk · Kutaisi · Lithuania · Little Russia · Minsk · Mogilev · Moscow · Nikolayev · Nizhny Novgorod · Novhorod-Siverskyi · Novgorod · Novorossiysk · Olonets · Orenburg · Orel · Penza · Perm · *Petrograd² · Podolia · Polotsk · Poltava · Pskov · Ryazan · Samara · Saint Petersburg · Saratov · Shemakha · Siberia · Simbirsk · Slobodsko-Ukrainian · Slonim · Smolensk · Stavropol · Taurida · Tambov · Tver · Tiflis · Tobolsk · Tomsk · Tula · Ufa · Vilna · Vitebsk · Vladimir · Voznesensk · Vologda · Volhynian · Voronezh · Vyatka · Yaroslavl · Yekaterinoslav · YeniseyskOblasts Amur · Armenian · Batumi · Belostok · Bessarabia · Don Voisko · Dagestan · Zabaikalskaya · Imeretinskaya · Caucasian · Kamchatka · Kars · Caspian · Kwantung · Kuban · Orenburg Kirgiz · Omsk · Primorskaya · Sakhalin · Taurida · Tarnopolsky · Terek · Turgai · Ural · YakutOblasts of Stepnoy Krai Aqmola · Siberia Kirgiz · SemipalatinskOblasts of Turkestan Krai Transcaspian · Samarkand · Semirechenskaya · Syr Darya · Turkestan · FerganaGovernorates of Finland Åbo och Björneborgs · Vaasa · Vyborg · Kuopio · Nyland · St. Michel · Tavastehus · OuluGovernorates of Poland Ostsee Governorates³ Governorates of Galicia *Lvov · *Przemyśl · *Tarnopol · *ChernovtsySpecial Districts Dependent state formations Bukeyev Horde · Emirate of Bukhara · Kokand Khanate · Russian America · Uriankhayskiy Krai · Khanate of Khiva¹ Italics indicates renamed or abolished governorates, oblasts, etc on 1 January 1914.
² An asterisk (*) indicates governorates formed or created with renaming after 1 January 1914.
³ Ostsee or Baltic general-governorship was abolished in 1876.Categories:- States and territories established in 1801
- States and territories disestablished in 1922
- Karelia
- Governorates of the Russian Empire
- History of Russia
- History of Karelia
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