Charles Heywood

For the U.S. politician, see Charles D. Heywood. For those of a similar name, see Charles Hayward (disambiguation).

Charles Heywood
9th Commandant of the Marine Corps (1891-1903)
Nickname	"Boy Colonel"[1]
Born	October 3, 1839(1839-10-03) Waterville, Maine
Died	February 26, 1915(1915-02-26) (aged 75) Washington, D.C.
Place of burial	Arlington National Cemetery
Allegiance	United States of America Union
Service/branch	United States Marine Corps
Years of service	1858-1903
Rank	Major General
Commands held	Commandant of the Marine Corps
Battles/wars	American Civil War

Major General Charles Heywood (October 3, 1839–February 26, 1915) was the ninth Commandant of the Marine Corps. He served as an officer for over 45 years and was the first Marine to reach the rank of major general. During Heywood's term as Commandant, the size of the Corps more than tripled, from 2,175 Marines to 7,810 total.

Biography

Early career

Charles Heywood was born on October 3, 1839 in Waterville, Maine. He was appointed second lieutenant in the Marine Corps from New York, on April 5, 1858. During that year he was stationed at the Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C., and at Brooklyn, New York.

While on duty in Brooklyn, he served in the 1858 quarantine riots at Staten Island, New York. He performed special duty on the USS Niagara and later on board the USS St. Louis, of the Home Squadron, the ship seeking filibusters in Central America. He was invalided from Aspinwall (Colón), Panama, in January 1860, and later was ordered to the sloop of war Cumberland, flagship of the Squadron of Observation at Vera Cruz, Mexico. In March 1861, he returned to duty on board the Cumberland and with that vessel took part in the destruction of the Norfolk Navy Yard during the Civil War.

In May 1861, 2ndLt Heywood was promoted to first lieutenant, and as such landed with the Marines at Hatteras Inlet, where he was present at the capture of both Fort Clark and Fort Hatteras. He was advanced to captain in November of that year, and during the winter of 1861-62 participated actively in a number of boat expeditions in the James River.

In the fight between the Cumberland and the CSS Virginia in March 1862, his conduct was particularly noteworthy while commanding the after gun deck division, firing the last gun in the fight and saving himself by jumping overboard as the Cumberland went down with her flag flying. He was most favorably mentioned for his gallant conduct and received the brevet rank of major for his services during the engagement.

For some time afterwards, he was actively employed, both on shore and at sea, in the search for the notorious raider CSS Alabama, until he applied for duty on board the flagship USS Hartford. He was ordered to that vessel as Fleet Marine Officer of the West Gulf Squadron.

Major Heywood served on shore at Pensacola and was on board the Hartford in the Battle of Mobile Bay, where he received the brevet rank of lieutenant colonel for gallant and meritorious services. During that engagement he had charge of two nine-inch guns. His services during the Civil War thus secured for him two brevet ranks for distinguished gallantry in the presence of the enemy.

From 1865 to 1867, he performed duty on board various ships, serving as Admiral Farragut's Fleet Marine Officer on the European Station and later in the same capacity in the North Atlantic Squadron. During this period he also served for a time at Washington, Norfolk and Brooklyn. On November 1, 1876, he attained regular rank of major to which he had been brevetted more than ten years before, and was ordered to command the Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C.

During the serious labor riots of the summer of 1877, Major Heywood commanded a battalion of Marines at Baltimore, Philadelphia, and Reading, Pennsylvania. He was honorably mentioned by General Hancock, United States Army, who was in general command, and received thanks from the Navy Department for his services. His next years of duty carried him to widely separated posts — Mare Island, California, and Brooklyn, New York.

In April 1885, he organized, within twenty-four hours from the time of the order, a battalion of 250 Marines for duty on the Isthmus of Panama to open the transit. Subsequently under his command on the Isthmus were 800 Marines in addition to a strong detachment of United States Navy and the artillery. For his arduous services the admiral commanding asked Major Heywood to "receive his grateful acknowledgements." Major Heywood was promoted to lieutenant colonel on March 9, 1888.

Service as Commandant

On January 30, 1891, Lt. Col. Heywood was appointed Colonel Commandant of the Marine Corps. At that time the Marine Corps consisted of 75 officers and 2,100 enlisted men, which gradually rose during his tenure of office until at the time of his retirement in 1903, it had reached the total of 278 officers and 7,532 enlisted personnel, the highest strength up to that point. The Marines at that time were armed with obsolescent M1884 Springfield rifles and .45-70 blackpowder ammunition.^[2] Training consisted mostly of route marches and drill practice, as there were rarely enough funds to permit regular target practice.

As Commandant, Heywood attempted to improve the fighting ability of Marines in their role as naval infantry, while simultaneously attempting to integrate the Marine Corps more fully into modern naval sea operations. To this end Heywood instituted a regular program of marksmanship training, while having marines train to become gun crews for the secondary batteries aboard the navy's cruisers and battleships.^[3]

Although the Marines were scheduled to receive new smokeless powder 6 mm Lee rifles in 1895, delays in production and insufficient appropriations caused the Marine Corps to retain their old M1884 .45-70 Springfield rifles as late as 1897.^[4] Commandant Heywood was said to have refused initial deliveries of small allotments of Lee rifles to Marine battalions until he was given assurances that an appropriation would be made to the Corps for at least 3,000 Lee rifles, improved target ranges, and enough ammunition to continue existing marksmanship training programs.^[5]

Despite Heywood's efforts, the declaration of war with Spain in 1898 found the Marine Corps ill-prepared for combat in terms of training with modern small arms, battle drills, and small-unit exercises.^[6][7] With no battalion-sized Marine forces at hand, Commandant Heywood ordered a scratch battalion of Marines formed from around 650 Marines stationed across New England, which sailed from Brooklyn, New York just five days later aboard the USS Panther, a former banana boat that had been hastily converted into a troop transport upon the outbreak of hostilities.^[3] Designated the First Battalion, and commanded by Lt. Col. Robert W. Huntington, the unit was scheduled to make an opposed landing in Cuba to secure a harbor at Guantánamo Bay. The Panther proved to be a poor substitute for a purpose-designed transport ship, and troop morale plummeted in the tight and sweaty confines of the Panther's holds; later that same year, Commandant Heywood would request in his report to the Secretary of the Navy that the USS Resolute, a converted passenger steamship, should be retained in naval service as a permanent troopship.^[6] To make matters worse, Lt. Col. Huntington's marines had only just been issued their Lee rifles together with ten rounds each for familiarization purposes, and officers had to instruct enlisted men on the operation and maintenance of their new rifles on the top deck of the old freighter as it sailed south from New York.^[6] Fortunately, during two stopovers at U.S. ports en route to Cuba, Lt. Col. Huntington managed to institute a schedule of rifle marksmanship, small unit training, and battle drills before the Marines made their assault landing on enemy shores.^[6]

Heywood was the first Commandant to establish a regular system of examinations for officers for promotion and set up the system of officers' schools, which has continued with slight interruption since then. He adopted the current practice of issuing good conduct medals for the betterment of the discipline in the Marine Corps. By increasing the efficiency and morale of the Corps, Heywood hoped to make the Corps an essential auxiliary to the naval service. Under his administration the number of Marine Corps posts were increased from twelve to twenty-one. There was scarcely a regular post at which MajGen Heywood was not able to provide new barracks or officers' quarters.

By special acts of Congress, Heywood was promoted to brigadier general in March 1899 and to major general in July 1902. He was the first Marine to hold the rank of Major General.

Major General Heywood closed a most distinguished career of over forty-five years as a commissioned officer in the Marine Corps, when on October 3, 1903, in accordance with law, having attained the age of 64 years, he was placed on the retired list.

Eleven years after his retirement, on February 26, 1915, Heywood died from chronic heart disease in Washington, D.C. at the age seventy five.^[8] He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.^[9]

See also

	Biography portal
	American Civil War portal
	United States Marine Corps portal

Notes

1. ^ Shulimson, Jack (2004). "Chapter 9: Charles Heywood". Commandants of the Marine Corps. p. 115. http://books.google.com/books?id=Qns8bW_SESYC&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a#PPA115,M1. 
2. ^ The Oxford Companion to American Military History: Weaponry, Marine Corps, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0195071980, 9780195071986 (1999), p. 798: While the Marines evaluated a few of the Navy's M1885 Remington-Lee repeating turnbolt rifles, it unaccountably adopted the aging single-shot trapdoor Springfield as its official service rifle.
3. ^ ^{a b} Simmons, Edwin H., United States Marines: A History (4th ed.), Naval Institute Press, ISBN 1557508682, 9781557508683 (2003), pp. 66-67
4. ^ Heywood, Charles (Col. Commandant), Annual Reports of the Navy, Report of the Commandant of the Marine Corps, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office (1897) p. 558
5. ^ Hearn, Chester, Illustrated Directory of the United States Marine Corps, Zenith Imprint Press, ISBN 0760315566, 9780760315569 (2003), p. 74
6. ^ ^{a b c d} Daugherty, Leo J., Pioneers of Amphibious Warfare, 1898-1945: profiles of fourteen American Military Strategists, McFarland Press, ISBN 0786433949, 9780786433940 (2009), pp. 22-27, 31
7. ^ Denny, F.L., Annual Reports of the Navy, Report of the Secretary of the Navy, U.S. Marine Corps Quartermaster Estimates, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office (1897), pp. 572-573: the September 22, 1897 report of the Marine Corps Quartermaster to the Secretary of the Navy urgently requested an additional $10,000 in funding to purchase sufficient 6 mm ammunition to allow Marines to conduct live fire and target practice with the Lee rifle, warning that due to a lack of cartridges for familiarization and target practice that enlisted Marines were "entirely unfamiliar with the use of this arm", and that all target practice still had to be conducted using the old single-shot Springfield and .45-70 blackpowder ammunition.
8. ^ Shulimson, p. 144.
9. ^ "Charles Heywood, Major General, United States Marine Corps". ArlingtonCemetery.net. April 11, 2003. http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/cheywood.htm. Retrieved March 28, 2009. 

References

 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Marine Corps.

• "Major General Charles Heywood, USMC". Who's Who in Marine Corps History. United States Marine Corps History Division. http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/HD/Whos_Who/Heywood_C.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-28. 
• Hamersly, Lewis Randolph (1889). The Records of Living Officers of the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps (sixth ed.). http://books.google.com/books?vid=0waiEcVzn9_RgiLXel&id=REQUIE_aDoIC&printsec=titlepage#PRA8-PA352,M1. Retrieved 2007-04-09. 
• Allan Reed Millett and Jack Shulimson, ed (2004). "Chapter 9: Charles Heywood". Commandants of the Marine Corps. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 115–145. ISBN 9780870210129. http://books.google.com/books?id=Qns8bW_SESYC. 

Military offices
Preceded by Col Charles McCawley	Commandant of the United States Marine Corps 1891–1903	Succeeded by MajGen George F. Elliott

Persondata
Name	Heywood, Charles
Alternative names
Short description	9th Commandant of the Marine Corps
Date of birth	October 3, 1839
Place of birth	Waterville, Maine
Date of death	February 26, 1915
Place of death	Washington, D.C.