Oswald of Worcester

For other uses, see Oswald (disambiguation).

Oswald of Worcester
Archbishop of York
Province	York
Diocese	Diocese of York
See	Archbishop of York
Appointed	972
Reign ended	29 February 992
Predecessor	Edwald
Successor	Ealdwulf
Other posts	Bishop of Worcester
Orders
Consecration	961
Personal details
Birth name	Oswald
Died	29 February 992 Worcester
Buried	Worcester
Sainthood
Feast day	28 February
Venerated in	Roman Catholic Church

Oswald of Worcester (died 29 February 992) was Archbishop of York from 972 to his death in 992. He was of Danish ancestry, but brought up by his uncle, Oda, who sent him to France to the abbey of Fleury to become a monk. After a number of years at Fleury, Oswald returned to England at the request of his uncle, who died before Oswald returned. With his uncle's death, Oswald needed a patron and turned to another kinsman, Oskytel, who had recently become Archbishop of York. His activity for Oskytel attracted the notice of Archbishop Dunstan who had Oswald consecrated as Bishop of Worcester in 961. In 972 Oswald was promoted to the see of York, although he continued to hold Worcester also.

As bishop and archbishop, Oswald was a supporter and one of the leading promoters (together with Æthelwold) of Dunstan's reforms of the church, including monastic reforms.^[1] Oswald founded a number of monasteries, including Ramsey Abbey, and reformed other seven, including Winchcombe in Gloucestershire and Pershore and Evesham in Worcestershire. Oswald also switched the cathedral chapter of Worcester from secular clergy to monks. While archbishop, he brought the scholar Abbo of Fleury to teach, and he spent two years in England, mostly at Ramsey. Oswald died in 992, while washing the feet of the poor. A hagiographical life was written shortly after his death, and he was quickly hailed as a saint.

Early life

Oswald, of Danish parentage, was brought up by his uncle Oda, Archbishop of Canterbury, and was also related to Oskytel, later Archbishop of York.^[2] He was also related to the cniht Osulf, who received land while Oswald was bishop of Worcester.^[3] Oswald was instructed by a Frankish scholar Frithegod.^[4] He held the office of dean of Winchester, but he was sent by his uncle to France and entered the monastery of Fleury about 950,^[2] where he was ordained in 959. While at Fleury he met Osgar of Abingdon and Germanus of Winchester.^[2] The influence of Fleury was to be evident later in Oswald's life, when it was one of the inspirations for the Regularis Concordia, the English code of monastic conduct agreed to in 970.^[5]

Return to England

Oswald returned to England in 958 at the behest of his uncle, but Oda died before Oswald returned. Lacking a patron, Oswald turned to Oskytel, recently named Archbishop of York. It is possible that Oswald along with Oskytel traveled to Rome for Oskytel's pallium, but this story is only contained in a 12th century Ramsey Abbey chronicle, so it may not be authentic.^[4] Even if he did not travel to Rome, Oswald was active in ecclesiastical affairs at York until Dunstan obtained Oswald's appointment to the see, or bishopric, of Worcester.^[2] He was consecrated as Bishop of Worcester in 961.^[6] Soon after his consecration, he persuaded Germanus to come back to England and made him head of a small religious community near Westbury-on-Trym.^[2] After the establishment of this group about 962, Oswald grew worried that because the monastery was located on lands owned by the see of Worcester, his successors in the see might disrupt the community. He was offered the site of Ramsey Abbey in Huntingdonshire by Æthelwine, son of Æthelstan Half-King, and Oswald established a monastery there about 971 that attracted most of the members of the community at Westbury. This foundation at Ramsey went on to become Ramsey Abbey.^[7] Ramsey was Oswald's most famous foundation,^[8] with its church dedicated in 974. Later, Oswald invited Abbo of Fleury to come and teach at Ramsey.^[9] Oswald directed the affairs of Ramsey Abbey until his death, when the dean Eadnoth became the first abbot.^[4] He gave a magnificent Bible to Ramsey, which was important enough to merit a mention in Oswald's Life.^[10] Alongside the gift of the book, Oswald also contributed wall hangings and other textiles to the abbey.^[11]

A medieval manuscript of Abbo of Fleury's work

Oswald supported Dunstan and Æthelwold, Bishop of Winchester, in their efforts to purify the Church from secularism. Aided by King Edgar, he took a prominent part in the revival of monastic discipline along the precepts of the Rule of Saint Benedict. His methods differed from Æthelwold's, who often violently ejected secular clergy from churches and replaced them with monks.^[12] Oswald also organized the estates of his see into administrative hundreds known as the Oswaldslow, which helped stabilize the ecclesiastical revenues.^[9] He constantly visited the monasteries he founded, and was long remembered as father of his people both as bishop and archbishop.^[12] It was Oswald who changed the cathedral chapter of Worcester from priests to monks,^[13] although the exact method that he employed is unclear. One tradition says that Oswald used a slow approach in building up a new church of monks next to the cathedral, allowing the cathedral's priests to continue performing services in the cathedral until the monastic foundation was strong enough to take over the cathedral.^[8] Another tradition claims that, instead, Oswald expelled any of the clergy in the cathedral that would not give up their wives and replaced them with monks immediately. Oswald also reformed Winchcombe Abbey, along with the monasteries of Westbury Abbey, Pershore Abbey, and Evesham Abbey. It is also possible that monasteries were established in Gloucester and Deerhurst, but evidence is lacking for their exact foundation dates.^[4]

Archbishop of York

In 972 Oswald was made Archbishop of York^[6] and journeyed to Rome to receive a pallium from Pope John XIII. It is possible that he also traveled on Edgar's behalf to the court of the Emperor Otto I, and that these two journeys had been combined.^[4][14] He continued to hold the see of Worcester in addition to York.^[6] The holding of Worcester in addition to York became traditional for almost the next fifty years. Although it was uncanonical, it had many advantages for York in that it added a much richer diocese to their holdings, and one which was more peaceful as well.^[15] When Edgar died in 975, Ælfhere, Ealdorman of Mercia, broke up many monastic communities, some of which were Oswald's foundations.^[16] Ramsey, however, was not disturbed, probably due to the patronage of Æthelwine, Ealdorman of East Anglia, son of Æthelstan Half-King. Ælfhere was a supporter of Ethelred the Unready, the son of Edgar's third marriage, while Oswald supported the son of Edgar's first marriage, Edward the Martyr,^[4] in the dispute over who would succeed King Edgar.^[17]

In 985, Oswald invited Abbo of Fleury to come to Ramsey to help found the monastic school there. Abbo was at Ramsey from 985 to 987, where he taught computus, or the methods for calculating Easter. It was also often used in trying to calculate the date of the Last Judgment.^[18] A surviving manuscript gives a list compiled by Oswald, setting forth estates that had been taken from the diocese of York.^[19]

Death and sainthood

Oswald died on 29 February 992 in the act of washing the feet of the poor at Worcester,^[12] as was his daily custom during Lent, and was buried in the Church of Saint Mary at Worcester. He promoted the education of the clergy and persuaded scholars to come from Fleury and teach in England.^[16] A Life of Oswald was written after his death, probably by Byrhtferth, a monk of Ramsey Abbey.^[20] Two manuscripts, a psalter (Harley MS 2904 in the British Library) and a pontifical (MS 100, part 2 from Sidney Sussex College of Cambridge University), probably belonged to Oswald and would have been used in his daily devotions.^[4]

Almost immediately after his death miracles were reported at his funeral and at his tomb. His remains were translated to a different burial spot in the cathedral ten years after his death. His feast day is celebrated on 28 February.^[21]

Primary sources

There is a Vita sancti Oswaldi auctore anonymo (Anonymous Life of Saint Oswald), written soon after Oswald's death (probably by Byrhtferth) that did much to spread his cult throughout England. Later, Eadmer wrote Vita sancti Oswaldi (Life of Saint Oswald) and Miracula sancti Oswaldi (Miracles of Saint Oswald) at the request of the chapter of Worcester.^[4] There is also a life written by Senatus, prior of Worcester, and important biographical information in the Historia Rameseiensis.

Citations

1. ^ Lawrence Medieval Monasticism p. 101
2. ^ ^{a b c d e} Knowles The Monastic Order in England p. 40
3. ^ Richardson The Governance of Mediaeval England p. 57
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Brooks "Oswald (St Oswald) (d. 992)" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
5. ^ Lawrence Medieval Monasticism pp. 102–103
6. ^ ^{a b c} Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 224
7. ^ Knowles The Monastic Order in England p. 51
8. ^ ^{a b} Stenton Anglo Saxon England p. 450
9. ^ ^{a b} Knowles The Monastic Order in England p. 488
10. ^ Dodwell Anglo-Saxon Art p. 95
11. ^ Dodwell Anglo-Saxon Art p. 129
12. ^ ^{a b c} Knowles The Monastic Order in England p. 55
13. ^ Knowles The Monastic Order in England p. 621
14. ^ Byrhtferth's Life only mentions the journey of an abbot and thegn (miles) to the German court, Historians of the Church of York I, p. 435.
15. ^ Stenton Anglo Saxon England 3rd ed. p. 436
16. ^ ^{a b} Knowles The Monastic Order in England p. 53
17. ^ Williams Æthelred the Unready p. 9
18. ^ Fletcher Bloodfeud p. 92
19. ^ Wormald Making of English Law p. 186
20. ^ Knowles The Monastic Order in England p. 494
21. ^ Walsh A New Dictionary of Saints p. 459

References

• Brooks, N. P. (2004). "Oswald (St Oswald) (d. 992)" (Subscription or UK public library membership required). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/20917. Retrieved 2008-04-22. 
• Dodwell, C. R. (1985). Anglo-Saxon Art: A New Perspective (Cornell University Press 1985 ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-9300-5. 
• Fletcher, R. A. (2003). Bloodfeud: Murder and Revenge in Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516136-X. 
• Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X. 
• Knowles, David (1976). The Monastic Order in England: A History of its Development from the Times of St. Dunstan to the Fourth Lateran Council, 940–1216 (Second reprint ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-05479-6. 
• Lawrence, C. H. (2001). Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages (Third ed.). New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-40427-4. 
• Lutz, Cora E. (1977). Schoolmasters of the Tenth Century (First ed.). Archon Books. ISBN 0-208-01628-7. 
• Richardson, H. G.; Sayles, G. O. (1963). The Governance of Mediaeval England. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 
• Stenton, F. M. (1971). Anglo-Saxon England (Third ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280139-5. 
• Walsh, Michael J. (2007). A New Dictionary of Saints: East and West. London: Burns & Oats. ISBN 0-8601-2438-X. 
• Williams, Ann (2003). Aethelred the Unready: The Ill-Counselled King. London: Hambledon & London. ISBN 1-85285-382-4. 
• Wormald, Patrick (1999). The Making of English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth Century. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-22740-7. 

External links

• Prosopography of Anglo Saxon England entry on Oswald
• Anonymous life of Oswald (in Latin), pg. 399 ff.
• 2 more lives of St. Oswald, plus relevant extracts of the Historia Rameseiensis, pg. 1 ff.
• St. Oswald and the Church of Worcester (1919)

Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Dunstan	Bishop of Worcester 961–?	Succeeded by Ealdwulf
Preceded by Edwald	Archbishop of York 971–992	Succeeded by Ealdwulf

Persondata
Name	Oswald
Alternative names
Short description	Bishop of Worcester; Archbishop of York
Date of birth
Place of birth
Date of death	29 February, 992
Place of death	Worcester