- Automated reasoning
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Automated reasoning is an area of computer science dedicated to understand different aspects of reasoning. The study in automated reasoning helps produce software which allows computers to reason completely, or nearly completely, automatically. Although automated reasoning is considered a sub-field of artificial intelligence it also has connections with theoretical computer science and even philosophy.
The most developed subareas of automated reasoning are automated theorem proving (and the less automated but more pragmatic subfield of interactive theorem proving) and automated proof checking (viewed as guaranteed correct reasoning under fixed assumptions). Extensive work has also been done in reasoning by analogy induction and abduction. Other important topics are reasoning under uncertainty and non-monotonic reasoning. An important part of the uncertainty field is that of argumentation, where further constraints of minimality and consistency are applied on top of the more standard automated deduction. John Pollock's Oscar system is an example of an automated argumentation system that is more specific than being just an automated theorem prover.
Tools and techniques of automated reasoning include the classical logics and calculi, fuzzy logic, Bayesian inference, reasoning with maximal entropy and a large number of less formal ad-hoc techniques.
Contents
Early years
The development of formal logic played a big role in the field of automated reasoning which itself led to the development of Artificial Intelligence. A formal proof is a proof in which every logical inference has been checked all the way back to the fundamental axioms of mathematics. All the intermediate logical steps are supplied, without exception. No appeal is made to intuition, even if the translation from intuition to logic is routine. Thus, a formal proof is less intuitive, and less susceptible to logical errors.[1]
Some consider the Cornell Summer meeting of 1957, which brought together a large number of logicians and computer scientists, as the origin of automated reasoning, or automated deduction.[2] Others say that it began before that with the 1955 Logic Theorist program of Newell, Shaw and Simon, or with Martin Davis’ 1954 implementation of Presburger’s decision procedure (which proved that the sum of two even numbers is even)[citation needed]. Automated reasoning, although a significant and popular area of research, went through an "AI winter" in the eighties and early nineties. Luckily, it got revived after that. For example, in 2005, Microsoft started using verification technology in many of their internal projects and is currently planning to include a logical specification and checking language in their next version of Visual C.[2]
Significant contributions
- Principia Mathematica was a milestone work in formal logic written by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell. Principia Mathematica also meaning Principles of Mathematics was written with a purpose to derive all or some of the mathematical expressions, in terms of symbolic logic. Principia Mathematica was initially published in three volumes each in 1910, 1912 and 1913.[3]
- Logic Theorist (LT) was the first ever program developed in 1956 by Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw and Herbert Simon to "mimic human reasoning" in proving theorems and was demonstrated on fifty- two theorems from chapter two of Principia Mathematica written by Whitehead and Russell. LT proved thirty eight of them.[4] Besides proving the theorems, the program found a proof for one of the theorems which was more elegant than the one provided by Whitehead and Russel. After unsuccessful attempt of publishing their results Newell, Shaw and Herbert reported in their publication in 1958: The Next Advance in Operation Research:
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- "There are now in the world machines that think, that learn and that create.
- Moreover, their ability to do there things is going to increase rapidly
- until < in a visible future < the range of problems they can handle will be
- co- extensive with the range to which the human mind has been applied."[5]
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- Examples of Formal Proofs
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Year Theorem Proof System Formalizer Traditional Proof 1986 First Incompleteness Boyer- Moore Shankar Godel 1990 Quadratic Reciprocity Boyer- Moore Russinoff Eisenstein 1996 Fundamental- of Calculus HOL Light Harrison Henstock 2000 Fundamental- of Algebra Mizar Milewski Brynski 2000 Fundamental- of Algebra Coq Geuvers et al. Kneser 2004 Four Color Coq Gonthier Robertson et al. 2004 Prime Number Isabelle Avigad et al. Selberg-Erdos 2005 Jordan Curve HOL Light Hales Thomassen 2005 Brouwer Fixed Point HOL Light Harrison Kuhn 2006 Flyspeck 1 Isabelle Bauer- Nipkow Hales 2007 Cauchy Residue HOL Light Harrison Classical 2008 Prime Number HOL Light Harrison analytic proof
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Proof systems
- Boyer-Moore Theorem Prover (NQTHM)
The design of this system was influenced by John McCarthy and Woody Bledsoe. Started in 1971 at Edinburgh, Scotland, this was a fully automatic theorem prover built using Pure Lisp. The main aspects of NQTHM were:
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- 1. the use of Lisp as a working logic.
- 2. the reliance on a principle of definition for total recursive functions.
- 3. the extensive use of rewriting and "symbolic evaluation".
- 4. an induction heuristic based the failure of symbolic evaluation.[6]
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- HOL Light
Written in Objective CAML, HOL Light is designed to have a simple and clean logical foundation and an uncluttered implementation. It is essentially another proof assistant for classical higher order logic.[7]
- Coq
Developed in France, Coq is another automated proof assistant, which can automatically extract executable programs from specifications, as either Objective CAML or Haskell source code. Properties, programs and proofs are formalized in the same language called the Calculus of Inductive Constructions (CIC).[8]
Applications
Automated reasoning has been most commonly used to build automated theorem provers. In some cases such provers have come up with new approaches to proving a theorem. Logic Theorist is a good example of this. The program came up with a proof for one of the theorems in Principia Mathematica which was more efficient (less number of steps for solving a theorem) than the one provided by Whitehead and Russel. Automated reasoning programs are being applied to solve a growing number of problems in formal logic, mathematics and computer science, logic programming, software and hardware verification, circuit design, and many others, "Automated Reasoning. The TPTP (Sutcliffe and Suttner 1998) is a library of such problems that is updated on a regular basis. There is also a competition among automated theorem provers held regularly at the CADE conference (Pelletier, Sutcliffe and Suttner 2002); the problems for the competition are selected from the TPTP library.[9]
See also
References
- ^ C. Hales, Thomas "Formal Proof", University of Pittsburgh. Retrieved on 2010-10-19
- ^ a b "Automated Deduction (AD)", [The Nature of PRL Project]. Retrieved on 2010-10-19
- ^ "Principia Mathematica".Retrieved on 2010-10-19
- ^ "The Logic Theorist and its Children". Retrieved 2010-10-18
- ^ Shankar, Natarajan "Little Engines of Proof" Computer Science Laboratory, SRI International. Retrieved 2010-10-19
- ^ "The Boyer- Moore Theorem Prover". Retrieved on 2010-10-23
- ^ Harrison, John "HOL Light: an overview". Retrieved on 2010-10-23
- ^ A Short Introduction to Coq "Introduction to Coq". Retrieved 2010-10-23
- ^ "Automated Reasoning" , "Stanford Encyclopedia". Retrieved on 2010-10-10
External links
Conferences and workshops
- International Joint Conference on Automated Reasoning (IJCAR)
- Conference on Automated Deduction (CADE)
- International Conference on Automated Reasoning with Analytic Tableaux and Related Methods
- International Workshop on the Implementation of Logics
- Workshop Series on Empirically Successful Topics in Automated Reasoning
Journals
- Journal of Automated Reasoning
Communities
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