Orlando Metcalfe Poe

Orlando Metcalfe Poe
Orlando M. Poe, taken at the end of the Civil War.
Born	March 7, 1832(1832-03-07) Navarre, Ohio
Died	October 2, 1895(1895-10-02) (aged 63) Detroit, Michigan
Place of burial	Arlington National Cemetery
Allegiance	United States of America Union
Service/branch	United States Army Union Army
Years of service	1856 - 1895
Rank	Brevet Brigadier General
Battles/wars	American Civil War

Orlando Metcalfe Poe (March 7, 1832 – October 2, 1895) was an United States Army officer and engineer in the American Civil War. After helping General William Tecumseh Sherman's March to the Sea, he was responsible for much of the early lighthouse construction on the Great Lakes.

Early life

Poe was born in Navarre, Ohio. He attended the United States Military Academy, graduating sixth in his class in 1856. From then until 1861 he served as assistant topographical engineer on the survey of the northern Great Lakes; during this time he was promoted to first lieutenant.

Civil War service

At the start of the American Civil War, Poe assisted in organizing the volunteers from Ohio; later, he was made a member of Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan's staff in western Virginia and took part in the Rich Mountain campaign. He went with McClellan to Washington and assisted by organizing the defense of Washington, D.C., and was promoted to colonel of volunteers that September, when he was placed in charge of the 2nd Michigan Volunteer Infantry. He commanded them successfully from Yorktown through the Battle of Seven Pines during the Peninsula Campaign and was then given field command of a brigade prior to the Northern Virginia Campaign of 1862. His brigade anchored the far right of the Union line at the August 29–30 battle of Second Bull Run but was only lightly engaged. Several days later on September 1, Poe and his men participated in the Battle of Chantilly. His brigade was present, but not active during the December 1862 Battle of Fredericksburg.

Poe was appointed brigadier general of volunteers effective November 29, 1862, however the appointment was rejected by Congress in the spring of 1863. Poe reverted to his old rank of lieutenant in the regular army but was soon promoted to captain and then transferred to the Western Theater, where, in his capacity as chief engineer of the XXIII Corps, he was a key factor in the defense of Knoxville, Tennessee. This city was successfully defended against a siege led by Confederate Lt. Gen. James Longstreet, which culminated in the November 29, 1863, Battle of Fort Sanders. For essentially this action, Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman selected Poe as his chief engineer in 1864. Poe oversaw the burning of Atlanta, for which action he was honored by Sherman. He continued to serve as chief engineer during Sherman's March to the Sea as well as in the war's concluding Carolinas Campaign.^[1]

Postbellum career

Orlando Poe

In Summer 1865 Poe became the Lighthouse Board's chief engineer; in 1870 he was promoted to the position of Chief Engineer of the Upper Great Lakes 11th Lighthouse District. In this capacity he designed eight "Poe style lighthouses" and oversaw construction of several. Poe was named District Engineer for the Eleventh Lighthouse District, Those lights are New Presque Isle Light (1870) on Lake Huron, Lake Michigan's South Manitou Island Light (1872), Grosse Point Light (1873) in Evanston, Illinois, Lake Superior's Au Sable Light (1874), Racine, Wisconsin's Wind Point Light (1880); Outer Island Light (1874) in the Apostle Islands, Little Sable Point Light (1874) on Lake Michigan, Manistique, Michigan's Seul Choix Light (1895) and Spectacle Reef Light.^[2] As Superintending Engineer, he designed a unique lighthouse — in terms of location, construction materials, methods, hardships and costs — at the Spectacle Reef Light on Lake Huron.^[3] That light has been described as "the best specimen of monolithic stone masonry in the United States.", and "one of the greatest engineering feats on the Great Lakes."^[4] Poe solved the logistics problem of building a lighthouse on the remote Stannard Rock in Lake Superior with the proposal to use all the costly apparatus and machinery used to build the Spectacle Reef Light.^[5] The exposed crib of the Stannard Rock Light is rated in the top ten engineering feats in the United States.^[6] Many of these lights were of Italianate architecture, a chief example being that of the Gross Point Light.^[7]

From 1873 through 1883 Poe served as engineering Aide-de-camp on the staff of William T. Sherman, who was then commanding general of the U.S. Army. In 1883 he was made Superintending Engineer of improvement of rivers and harbors on Lakes Superior and Huron, where he helped to develop the St. Marys Falls Canal. Many consider his crowning achievement to be the design and implementation of the first Poe Lock in the American Soo Locks in Sault Ste. Marie, as it was instrumental in making possible the shipping industry, including steel craft freighters, in the upper Great Lakes. Consequently, it was pivotal to the creation of the basic steel industry in the United States.^[8] Poe's creation was dismantled in the early 1960s with a larger, more modern lock being built on the same site. This new passageway was renamed the Poe Lock and serves the largest of the Great Lakes freighters to this day.

Poe died in Detroit on October 2, 1895 of an infection following an on-duty accident at the "Soo Locks," and was subsequently buried at Arlington National Cemetery.^[9] Poe Reef and the Poe Reef Light in Lake Huron bear his name.

General Poe's personal "Carte de visite" was recently auctioned off, and contained many unique civil war pictures and memorabilia.^[10]

See also

	United States Army portal
	American Civil War portal

• History of the modern steel industry
• List of American Civil War generals

Notes

1. ^ Pepper, Terry, Seeing the Light, Orlando Metcalfe Poe: The Great Engineer of the Western Great Lakes biography.
2. ^ Wobser, David, Boatnerd.com, Orlando Poe.
3. ^ Michigan Lighthouse Conservancy, Spectacle Reef Light.
4. ^ Detroit News Interactive map on Michigan lighthouses.
5. ^ Oleszewski, Wes(1999), Lighthouse Adventures: Heroes, haunts, & havoc on the Great Lakes, pp. 21-37, Avery Color Studios, Inc, Gwinn, Michigan, USA, ISBN 1-1892384-01-9
6. ^ "Stannard Rock Light". National Park Service Maritime Heritage Project, Inventory of Historic Light Stations, Michigan Lighthouses. http://www.nps.gov/history/maritime/light/stannard.htm. Retrieved June 9, 2009. 
7. ^ Terras, Donald J. (1998-08-03). "National Historic Landmark Nomination: Grosse Point Light Station" (PDF). National Park Service. http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Text/76000707.pdf. Retrieved 2008-07-20.  - "Accompanying 9 images" (PDF). http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Photos/76000707.pdf. 
8. ^ Terras, Donald J., "Grosse Point Light Station Study", National Historic Landmark, 1999.
9. ^ "Orlando Metcalfe Poe". Arlington National Cemetery. http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/ompoe.htm. Retrieved 2009-05-31. 
10. ^ Lot 189 : PROPERTY ORIGINALLY FROM THE COLLECTION OF CAPTAIN ORLANDO METCALFE POE CIVIL WAR. CARTE-DE-VISITE Sotheby's catalog #136, Orland Poe's "Carte de Visite".

References

• Taylor, Paul, "Orlando M. Poe: Sherman's Right Hand Man" in North & South, vol. 10, no. 6 (June 2008).

Further reading

• Taylor, Paul. Orlando M. Poe: Civil War General and Great Lakes Engineer. Kent, Ohio: Kent State Univ. Press, 2009. ISBN 978-1-60635-040-9.
• Evans, David, Sherman's Horsemen: Union Cavalry Operations in the Atlanta Campaign (Indiana University Press, 1996). ISBN 0253213193; ISBN 9780253213198.
• Putnam, George R. (January 1913). "Beacons of the Seas: Lighting the Coasts of the United States". National Geographic Magazine XXIV (1): 19. http://books.google.com/?id=LNQKAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#PPA19,M1. Retrieved August 10, 2009. .
• Putnam, George R. Lighthouses and Lightships of the United States, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1933), pp. 44, 156.
• The New York Times, Thursday, October 3, 1895 Obituary of Orlando M. Poe.

External links

• Bush, Bryan S. (Civil War historian/author), "Brevet Brig. General Orlando Metcalfe Poe".
• "Orlando Metcalfe Poe". Find a Grave. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6528. Retrieved 2008-10-18. 
• Lighthouse Digest The Lighthouse Man Who Was Ordered to Burn Atlanta, November, 2005.
• Map Illustrating the Siege of Atlanta, 1864 by General Orlando M. Poe, David Rumsey Map collection.
• National Park Service Maritime Heritage Project, Architects, Engineers and Contractors.
• Terry Pepper, Seeing the Light, Orlando Metcalfe Poe: The Great Engineer of the Western Great Lakes biography.
• Rabineau, Roland, Let's Talk Lighthouses, Poe biography.
• U.S. Corps of Topographical Engineers, Orlando M. Poe.
• Wobser, David, Boatnerd.com, Orlando Poe.
• Orlando M. Poe Collection, 1836-ca. 1890, University of Louisville Libraries

Persondata
Name	Poe, Orlando
Alternative names
Short description	Union Army general
Date of birth	March 7, 1832
Place of birth	Navarre, Ohio
Date of death	October 2, 1895
Place of death	Detroit, Michigan