November 1927

November 1927

January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October 1927 - November - December

The following events occurred in November 1927:

Contents

November 1, 1927 (Tuesday)

  • The first communist government in China was proclaimed by Peng Pai, encompassing the counties of Haifeng and Lufeng near Hong Kong. The "Haifeng Soviet of Workers, Peasants and Soldiers" was created three weeks later, but Nationalist Chinese troops recaptured the area four months later.[1]
  • The first currency for the British Mandate in Palestine, the "Palestine pound", was introduced. After the creation of Israel and the independence of Jordan, and a redemption offer, the Palestinian pound ceased to be legal tender after 1952.[2]
  • Died: Florence Mills, 32, African-American performer, of a burst appendix; and Karl Plauth, 31, aircraft designer and World War One ace who had downed 17 planes for Germany; in a flying accident;

November 2, 1927 (Wednesday)

  • The Soviet Communist Party declared an amnesty for former White Army officers.[3]
  • American native T.S. Eliot became a naturalized British citizen.[4]
  • Born: Steve Ditko, American comic-book writer and artist, co-creator of Spider-Man; in Johnstown, Pennsylvania

November 3, 1927 (Thursday)

  • Rainfall began in Vermont, continuing into the next day, claiming its first victims.[5] Described as the "worst natural disaster in the state's history".[6] The final death toll was 132 people, of which 114 were in Vermont.[7]
  • Forty people were killed at the Sydney Harbour when the steamer Tahiti struck the passenger ferry Greycliffe.[8]
  • The Bridge of San Luis Rey, by Thornton Wilder, was first published in the United States. The first run of 4,500 copies was priced at $2.50 and sold out within a month.[9]
  • The Rodgers and Hart musical A Connecticut Yankee, based on Mark Twain's novel A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, was first performed, at the Vanderbilt Theater on Broadway.[10]

November 4, 1927 (Friday)

  • A cyclone struck the town of Nellore, 98 miles northwest of Madras in India, killing almost 300 people.[11]
  • Captain Hawthorne C. Gray, who had reached a record altitude of 42,470 feet (12,945 meters) in a balloon on May 4, attempted to set an official record. Because his timer failed, he ran out of bottled oxygen while at an altitude of 40,000 feet, lost consciousness, and died. His body, and the balloon, were found in a tree near Sparta, Tennessee, the next day.[12][13]
  • Legalized and state regulated prostitution in Germany, known as the "Bremen System", was abolished.[14]
  • A 7.1 magnitude earthquake struck off of the coast of Lompoc, California, causing damage there and at Guadalupe and Arroyo Grande, but no injuries.[15]
  • Born: Bobby Breen, child movie star and singer, as Robert Borsuk in Montreal

November 5, 1927 (Saturday)

  • The Saturday Evening Post published the article "The Seeing Eye", written by Dorothy Harrison Eustis, introducing Americans to the news from Germany about dogs trained to assist blind veterans. Morris Frank, a 20-year old blind man in Nashville, wrote back to Eustis, who was inspired to train the first American seeing eye dog in the United States. Frank began using the dog the following April, and training of dogs began in the U.S. in February 1929.[16]
  • A three story building in Shanghai collapsed during a meeting of female textile workers who were gathering to form a labor union. Reportedly, the women had just elected officers when the third floor collapsed, bringing down the building.[17]
  • Alfredo Jauregui, one of several persons convicted of the assassination in 1917 of Bolivian President Jose Manuel Pando, was executed by firing squad. He had been chosen, by lottery, to serve as lone conspirator to receive the death penalty. "Chosen by Lot, Then Slayer Is Executed", November 6, 1927, p1
  • The Ikhwan Revolt began in Saudi Arabia when a party of Berber tribesmen, the Ikhwan attacked and killed foreign construction workers and policemen who had been working on a police post in Busaiya.[18]
  • Died: Marceline Orbes, 53, who, as "Marceline the Clown", was world-renowned during the late 19th and early 20th century; by suicide; and Augusta Dejerine-Klumpke, 68, pioneering neurologist who had been the first woman to become a member of the Societe de Neurologie

November 6, 1927 (Sunday)

  • The Italian Army became the first to make a mass drop of parachutists, as troops bailed out of airplanes near Milan, to landing at Cinisello Balsamo.[19]

November 7, 1927 (Monday)

  • The last anti-government protests (until 1991) in the Soviet Union took place on the tenth anniversary of the Communist victory in Russia, when the annual parade was joined by another group of marchers demonstrating against First Secretary Joseph Stalin. Government police broke up the protests, and Leon Trotsky, Grigory Zinoviev, and Lev Kamenev were condemned for organizing an opposition.[20][21]
  • Pope Pius XI, answering the request of an American Roman Catholic bishop, gave his blessing for marriages performed in airplanes. A spokesman for the Vatican quoted the Pope as saying, "Provided other ecclesiastical formalities are complied with, there is no reason to prohibit these marriages." [22]

November 8, 1927 (Tuesday)

November 9, 1927 (Wednesday)

  • Rebellion broke out in Lithuania at the city of Taurage by citizens dissatisfied with the regime of President Antanas Smetona regime. Ultimately, 209 people were convicted of charges arising from the insurrection, and eleven were executed.[25]

November 10, 1927 (Thursday)

  • General Motors declared the largest dividend in history up to that time, paying a total of $3.75 per share on each of its 17,400,000 shares for a total of $65,250,000 to its investors. The money paid represented the regular quarterly dividend of $1.25, plus an additional $2.50. "[26]
  • The gunboat USS Panay and the submarine USS Argonaut were both launched. The Panay would be attacked and sunk by Japanese aircraft on December 12, 1937, slightly less than four years before America's entry into World War II, while the Argonaut would be sunk by the Japanese in 1943.
  • Born: Sabah, Lebanese singer and actress, as Jeanette Gergi Feghali in Beirut

November 11, 1927 (Friday)

  • France and Yugoslavia signed a treaty of amity and arbitration. Although it had no military significance, the Franco-Yugoslavian treaty angered the Italian government, which signed a defense treaty with Albania on November 22.[27]
  • Born: Mose Allison, American jazz pianist, in Tippo, Mississippi
  • Died: Frances Gardiner Davenport, American author and expert on treaties

November 12, 1927 (Saturday)

  • The Holland Tunnel, running underneath the Hudson River between Jersey City, New Jersey and Canal Street in Manhattan, was opened at 5:00 pm to the public. Over the next two hours, 20,000 people walked through it before it was opened to traffic at midnight. President Coolidge pressed a button that rang a large brass bell at the entrance. At midnight, pedestrians were permanently barred from the tunnel, and cars began driving through from Jersey City.[28][29]
  • Mahatma Gandhi made his first and last visit to Ceylon.
  • Born: Yutaka Taniyama, Japanese mathematician who postulated the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture ("every elliptic curve defined over the rational field is a factor of the Jacobian of a modular function field"), referred to as the modularity theorem; in Kisai (committed suicide, 1958)
  • Died: Father Margarito Flores, 28 was executed by a firing squad as part of the anti-clerical persecution of Mexican President Plutarco Calles. Flores would be canonized as a Roman Catholic saint in 2000.

November 13, 1927 (Sunday)

  • Mindogon Mgboundoulou, father of 6-year old Jean-Bedel Bokassa, was beaten to death after releasing persons being detained by the Compagnie Forestiere de la Sangha-Oubangi. Bokassa's mother, Marie Yokowo, killed herself a week later. "[I]t would be no exaggeration to say that [Bokassa] learned the art of violence at an early age from some of its most seasoned practitioners," one author would note later. Bokassa would oversee the murder of thousands of his countrymen as leader of the Central African Republic.[30]
  • An attempt was made on the life of Mexican presidential candidate, General Alvaro Obregon, by a group of Cristeros, Christian clerics who had been persecuted by the government. Two bombs were thrown at his car, and he was slightly cut by glass from the windshield. Father Miguel Agustin Pro Juarez was later executed for the crime.[31]

November 14, 1927 (Monday)

  • Pittsburgh Gasometer Explosion: At 8:45 a.m., a natural gas storage tank of the Equitable Gas Company in the North Side of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania exploded, killing 26 people.[32]
  • The Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party voted to expel both Trotsky and Zinoviev from membership, along with 81 of their associates. The resolution became effective on December 2, when the Fifteenth Congress of the CPSU purged 93 other Party members associated with the "Trotsky-Zinoviev faction".[21]
  • Born: McLean Stevenson, American TV actor, in Normal, Illinois (d. 1996)

November 15, 1927 (Tuesday)

  • Jerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein's musical Show Boat was given its pre-Broadway tryout, at the National Theatre in Washington, D.C. It would open on Broadway on December 27. Because the production ran too long, 90 minutes was cut. Legend has it that the most famous number in Show Boat, the song "Ol' Man River", was almost removed.[33]
  • The most regular outbursting comet, 29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann, was discovered by astronomers Arno Wachmann and Arnold Schwassmann.[34]

November 16, 1927 (Wednesday)

  • The USS Saratoga, the second United States Navy aircraft carrier, was commissioned. After World War II, the Saratoga was sunk in an atomic test on July 25, 1946.[35]
  • Died: Adolph Joffe, 44, Soviet diplomat, committed suicide four days after the expulsion of his ally, Leon Trotsky, from the Communist Party.
  • Died: Tiger Flowers, 32, former middleweight boxing champion, following minor surgery for a growth above his eye. Four days earlier, he had knocked out Leo Gates in four rounds in a bout in New York.[36]

November 17, 1927 (Thursday)

  • President Coolidge declared in a speech to the Union League of Philadelphia that America was "entering upon a new era of prosperity". Less than two years later, the stock market would crash, and [37]
  • The Mexican Supreme Court voided enforcement of a 1925 law that had abrogated a 1923 agreement between the U.S. and Mexico that had allowed drilling for oil [38]
  • Born: Fenella Fielding, English comedienne, in London
  • Died: Moulay Youssef, 45, Sultan of Morocco.[39] General Mougin, French Director of the Moroccan military, supported Prince Idris, Youssef's eldest son, as the successor, while the Grand Vizier, Mohammed El Mokri, supported Youssef's youngest son, Sidi Mohammed, who won out and was crowned Mohammed V.[40]

November 18, 1927 (Friday)

  • President Coolidge commuted the prison sentence of Black Nationalist leader Marcus Garvey, who had been convicted of defrauding contributors in raising funds for his "Back to Africa" movement. After his release, Garvey, a native of Jamaica, was deported from the U.S. onboard the ship SS Saramacca.[41]
  • Humphrey Bogart and fellow actor Helen Menken were divorced, 18 months after their May 20, 1926, marriage, after she alleged cruelty and at least two occasions of battery. However, the two re-established their friendship even after Bogart remarried.[42]
  • Born: Hank Ballard, American musician and songwriter best known as author of "The Twist"; 1990 inductee into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame; as John Henry Kendricks (d. 2003)

November 19, 1927 (Saturday)

  • The first Phillips 66 service station was opened, inaugurating the chain of gasoline and auto repair centers at Wichita, Kansas. The very first filling station had been opened in 1907, in Seattle, for Standard Oil Company.[43]
  • Fifty years after its founding in Bowling Green, Kentucky, Ogden College signed an agreement with Western State Normal School and Teachers College, closing the college and turning the campus over to what would become Western Kentucky University. The original 20 year lease was extended and will now run until 2059. The college's name survives as the "Ogden College of Science and Engineering" on the WKU campus.[44]
  • The ship Cap Arcona made her maiden voayage, departing Hamburg to Argentina. The German luxury liner would later be the prison for thousands of concentration camp inmates, who would die when that ship and others were bombed by the Royal Air Force on May 3, 1945.[45]

November 20, 1927 (Sunday)

  • Born: Ed W. Freeman, American soldier who was the inspiration for the film We Were Soldiers, in Neely, Mississippi. Freeman waited 36 years to receive the Medal of Honor for his heroism in the Vietnam War on November 14, 1965. (d. 2008)
  • Died: John Stillwell Stark, 86, American music publisher who popularized ragtime music.

November 21, 1927 (Monday)

  • The Colorado state police opened fire with machine guns on 500 unarmed coal miners at the Columbine Mine Rocky Mountain Fuel Company in Lafayette, Colorado during a strike, killing five of them. The incident was referred to as the "Columbine Massacre" prior to the 1999 high school shooting in Littleton, Colorado.[46]
  • The Soviet government passed a proposal by Joseph Stalin to make it a capital crime to leave the U.S.S.R. and to refuse to return. In addition to the confiscation of a violator's property, a person convicted of "placing oneself outside the law" of the U.S.S.R. was subject to execution "24 hours after confirmation of his identity". The law was used to carry out assassinations of anyone harmful to the regime, no matter where they lived.[47]
  • Actress Edith Luckett Robbins filed a petition for divorce against her husband, Kenneth Robbins, for desertion. The divorce was granted by a court in Trenton, New Jersey, in February. Edith then married Dr. Loyal Davis, who adopted her daughter, Ann Frances Robbins, who would take on the name Nancy Davis, later Nancy Reagan.[48]
  • Born:: Georgia Frontiere, majority owner of the NFL's St. Louis Rams, who moved the team to her hometown from Los Angeles in 1995; as Violet Frances Irwin in St. Louis (d. 2008); and Joseph Campanella, American TV actor, in Lewistown, Pennsylvania

November 22, 1927 (Tuesday)

  • Italy and Albania signed a mutual defense treaty, popularly called the Second Pact of Tirana, which "gave Italy de facto control over Albania as a protectorate".[49] Italy would conquer the Balkan nation in 1939, installing its monarch as King Viktor Emanueli.
  • Detroit's NHL team played its first game in Detroit, and its first home game in the United States, after spending its first year playing across the border in Windsor, Ontario. The Detroit Cougars defeated the Ottawa Senators, and after changing their name to the Falcons, became the Detroit Red Wings in 1932.[50]
  • The Alvin Theater opened on Broadway, with George Gershwin's musical Funny Face as its first presentation. The name was not based on anyone named Alvin, but was an amalgam of the names of producers Alex Aarons and Vinton Freedley.[51]
  • Died: St. Pedro Esqueda Ramirez, 40, one of the Cristeros martyrs who was executed by the Mexican government.

November 23, 1927 (Wednesday)

  • U.S. Army pilot Rusty Rowell located the secret mountain base of El Chipote, used by Sandinista rebels for raids against the Nicaraguan National Guard, and American troops occupying Nicaragua.[52]
  • Born: Cardinal Angelo Sodano, Secretary of State of the Vatican from 1990 to 2006; in Isola d'Asti. He was the highest ranking Vatican officer from April 2 to April 19, 2005.
  • Died: Miguel Agustín Pro, 36, Mexican Jesuit priest who became one of the most famous of 20th Century Catholic martyrs upon his execution on charges of conspiracy; and Stanisław Przybyszewski, 59, Polish dramatist.

November 24, 1927 (Thursday)

  • On Thanksgiving Day at California's Folsom Prison, the maximum security inmates were watching a holiday program at the cell house, when the group overwhelmed the eight guards and attempted an escape. As luck would have it, the assistant turnkey had transferred the keys to the prison to another employee shortly before the outbreak. Two guards and seven prisoners died in a riot by around 400 inmates of the 1,200 inmates, before 300 members of the California National Guard arrived to assist 200 civil officers, bringing with them tanks and machine guns. The group released their hostages unharmed upon surrendering the next morning.[53]
  • Born: Ahmadou Kourouma, Ivorian novelist, in Boundiali (d. 2003); Emma Lou Diemer, American composer, in Kansas City, Missouri; and Alfredo Kraus, Spanish tenor, in Las Palmas, the Canary Islands (d. 1999)
  • Died: Ion I. C. Brătianu, 63, Prime Minister of Romania on five occasions since 1909; William H. G. Bullard, U.S. Navy Admiral, radio engineer, and first chairman of the Federal Radio Commission (forerunner of the FCC); and Shushanik Kurghinian, 51, Armenian feminist writer and poet

November 25, 1927 (Friday)

  • The Special Tribunal for the Defense of the State was created by the Fascist government of Benito Mussolini.[54]
  • The International Radio-Telegraphy Convention was signed in Washington by representatives of 51 nations, and took effect on January 1, 1929.[55]
  • New York debut of 11 year old violinist Yehudi Menuhin.[56]
  • Born: Dick Wellstood, American jazz pianist, in Greenwich, Connecticut (d. 1987)

November 26, 1927 (Saturday)

  • In the most anticipated game of the 1927 college football season, a crowd of 123,000[57] turned out at Soldier Field in Chicago to watch Notre Dame (6-1-1) play against the USC (7-0-1). Notre Dame won 7-6, on the strength of a blocked extra point attempt, to hand the Trojans their first loss.[58]
  • Maria Kutschera, a 22 year old tutor, married her widowed employer, former Austro-Hungarian Navy Captain Georg von Trapp, and became stepmother to his seven children. Together, they formed the Trapp Family Singers, and their story became the inspiration for the Broadway musical, and later the film, The Sound of Music.[59]

November 27, 1927 (Sunday)

  • China's first professional music educational institution, the National College of Music, was created. Based in Shanghai, the school had Cai Yuanpei as its first President, and Xiao Youmei as its first Dean of Studies. Under the Communist regime, the college received its current name as the Shanghai Conservatory of Music.[60]
  • Iran-Afghanistan nonaggression treaty
  • Tornado ripped through Washington, D.C.
  • Born: William E. Simon, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, 1974-77 (d. 2000)
  • Died: Deluvina Maxwell, former Navajo Indian slave who

November 28, 1927 (Monday)

November 29, 1927 (Tuesday)

  • Amanullah Khan, King of Afghanistan, became the first Afghan monarch to depart his kingdom to travel abroad. His tour of Europe lasted until his return on June 1, 1928.[61]
  • Born: Vin Scully, American baseball broadcaster known as "The Voice of the Dodgers"; in the Bronx

November 30, 1927 (Wednesday)

  • The Soviet Union's proposal for a General and Complete Disarmament" presented by the Soviet delegation to the League of Nations.[62]
  • Born: Robert Guillaume, American TV actor (Benson), in St. Louis

References

  1. ^ Hung-yok Ip, Intellectuals in Revolutionary China, 1921-1949: Leaders, Heroes and Sophisticates (RoutledgeCurzon, 2005) p52
  2. ^ Rosa Valdivieso, West Bank and Gaza: Economic Performance, Prospects, and Policies (International Monetary Fund, 2001) p122
  3. ^ Golfo Alexopoulos, Stalin's Outcasts: Aliens, Citizens, and the Soviet State, 1926-1936 (Cornell University Press, 2003) p33
  4. ^ Naomi E. Pasachoff, A Student's Guide to T. S. Eliot (Enslow Publishers, Inc., 2008) p78
  5. ^ "Vermont in Grip of Floods; 3 Drowned", Milwaukee Sentinel, November 4, 1927, p1; "HUNDREDS FEARED DEAD IN NEW ENGLAND FLOOD", Milwaukee Sentinel, November 5, 1927, p1-2
  6. ^ [1]
  7. ^ "Flood Deaths Reach 132 as Aid is Rushed", November 8, 1927, p1
  8. ^ John Miller, Australia's Greatest Disasters: The Tragedies that Have Defined the Nation (Exisle Publishing, 2007) p23; "Appalling Harbour Catastrophe- Heavy Loss of Life", The Sydney Mail, November 9, 1927, p24
  9. ^ Robin Gibbs Wilder, Jackson R. Bryer, eds., The Selected Letters of Thornton Wilder (HarperCollins, 2009) p130
  10. ^ Geoffrey Block, Richard Rodgers (Yale University Press, 2003) p48
  11. ^ "300 Reported Dead In Indian Cyclone", Milwaukee Sentinel, November 5, 1927, p1
  12. ^ Jeffrey R. Davis, et al., Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008) p6
  13. ^ "Mute Testimony of Sealed Apparatus May Set Height Record for Dead Balloonist", St. Petersburg Times, November 6, 1927
  14. ^ Frank Trentmann, Paradoxes of Civil Society: New Perspectives on Modern German and British History (Berghahn Books, 2000) p270
  15. ^ Angus M. Gunn, Encyclopedia of Disasters: Environmental Catastrophes and Human Tragedies (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007) p310
  16. ^ Steve Swanbeck, The Seeing Eye (Arcadia Publishing, 2002) p7
  17. ^ "Building Falls; 135 Chinese Die", Milwaukee Sentinel, November 6, 1927, p1
  18. ^ Clive Leatherdale, Britain and Saudi Arabia, 1925-1939: the Imperial Oasis (Frank Cass & Co., 1983) p95
  19. ^ Gene Eric Salecker, Blossoming Silk Against the Rising Sun: U.S. and Japanese Paratroopers at War in the Pacific in World War II (Stackpole Books, 2010) p xi
  20. ^ Roman Brackman, The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life (Taylor & Francis, 2003) p178
  21. ^ a b Leonard Schapiro, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1960) p310
  22. ^ "Marriages in Air Approved by Pope", November 8, 1927, p1
  23. ^ Mihir Bose, Raj, Secrets, Revolution: A Life of Subhas Chandra Bose (Grice Chapman Publishing, 2004) p84; Benjamin Zachariah, Nehru (Routledge, 2004) p61
  24. ^ Jay W. Baird, To Die for Germany: Heroes in the Nazi Pantheon (Indiana University Press, 1992) p447
  25. ^ Sarunas Liekis, 1939: The Year that Changed Everything in Lithuania's History (Rodopi, 2010) p33
  26. ^ $65,250,000 Dividend by General Motors Biggest in History", New York Times, November 11, 1927
  27. ^ H. James Burgwyn, Italian Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period, 1918-1940 (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997) pp41-42
  28. ^ Angus K. Gillespie, Crossing Under the Hudson: The Story of the Holland and Lincoln Tunnels (Rutgers University Press, 2011) pp49-52; Dan McNichol, The Roads That Built America: The Incredible Story of the U.S. Interstate System (Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2005) p195;
  29. ^ "UNITES MANHATTAN AND JERSEY CITY - $48,000,000 Vehicular Tunnel Opens Today", Providence Evening Tribune, November 12, 1927, p1
  30. ^ Brian Titley, Dark Age: The Political Odyssey of Emperor Bokassa (McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002) p7
  31. ^ Letizia Argenteri, Tina Modotti: Between Art and Revolution (Yale University Press, 2003) p84
  32. ^ "EXPLOSION ROCKS PITTSBURGH", Providence Evening Tribune, November 14, 1927, p1
  33. ^ Will Friedwald, Stardust Melodies: The Biography of Twelve of America's Most Popular Songs (Random House, 2002) pp106-107
  34. ^ Martin Mobberley, Hunting and Imaging Comets (Springer, 2010) p229
  35. ^ Chris Bishop and Chris Chant, Aircraft Carriers (Zenith Imprint, 2004) p29
  36. ^ "This Week In Black History", Jet Magazine, March 4, 2002, p20
  37. ^ B. Mark Smith, Toward Rational Exuberance: The Evolution of the Modern Stock Market (Macmillan, 2002); John Brooks, Once in Golconda: A True Drama of Wall Street 1920-1938 (John Wiley and Sons, 1999) pp89-90; "Coolidge Visions New Era of Progress in America", New York Times, November 18, 1927, p1
  38. ^ Stephen H. Haber, et al., The Politics of Property Rights: Political Instability, Credible Commitments, and Economic Growth in Mexico, 1876-1929 (Cambridge University Press, 2003); "Mexico Declares Oil-Law Clauses Void", Los Angeles Times, November 18, 1927, p1
  39. ^ "Sultan Dies at Fez, Morocco", Los Angeles Times, ‎November 18, 1927‎
  40. ^ C. R. Pennell, Morocco since 1830: A History (NYU Press, 2000) p208
  41. '^ Cary D. Wintz, African American Political Thought, 1890-1930: Washington, Du Bois, Garvey, and Randolph (M.E. Sharpe, 1996) pp13-14
  42. ^ James Robert Parish, The Hollywood Book of Breakups (John Wiley & Sons, 2006)
  43. ^ William Kaszynski, The American Highway: The History and Culture of Roads in the United States (McFarland, 2000) p48
  44. ^ "Ogden College", in The Kentucky Encyclopedia (University Press of Kentucky, 1992) pp688-689
  45. ^ Benjamin Jacobs and Eugene Pool, The 100-Year Secret: Britain's Hidden WWII Massacre (Globe Pequot, 2004 p40
  46. ^ James Whiteside, Regulating Danger: The Struggle for Mine Safety in the Rocky Mountain Coal Industry (University of Nebraska Press, 1990) p29; "Police Turn Machine Guns on Colorado Mine Strikers, Killing 5 and Wounding 20", New York Times, November 22, 1927, p1
  47. ^ Dmitri Volkogonov and Harold Shukman, Autopsy for an Empire: The Seven Leaders Who Built the Soviet Regime (Simon and Schuster, 1999) p100
  48. ^ Bob Colacello, Ronnie & Nancy: Their Path to the White House, 1911 to 1980 (Warner Books, 2004)
  49. ^ Robert Elsie, Historical Dictionary of Albania (Scarecrow Press, 2010) p499
  50. ^ Don Weekes and Kerry Banks, The Unofficial Guide to Even More of Hockey's Most Unusual Records (Greystone Books, 2004) p175
  51. ^ Howard Pollack, George Gershwin: His Life and Work (University of California Press, 2006) p411
  52. ^ Lester D. Langley, The Banana Wars: United States Intervention in the Caribbean, 1898-1934 (Rowman & Littlefield, 1983) pp191-192
  53. ^ "400 PRISONERS SURRENDER AFTER SIEGE", Miami News, November 25, 1927, p1
  54. ^ R. J. B. Bosworth, Mussolini's Italy: Life Under the Fascist Dictatorship, 1915-1945 (Penguin, 2007) p241
  55. ^ Gordon Bussey, Wireless, the Crucial Decade: History of the British Wireless Industry, 1924-34 (IET, 1990) p28
  56. ^ Roy Malan, Efrem Zimbalist: A Life (Hal Leonard Corporation, 2004) p176; "Boy Violinist Stirs Hearers to Cheers", New York Times, November 26, 1927, p13
  57. ^ [2] "Stadium History" Soldier Field.com]
  58. ^ "Notre Dame Scores 7-6 Victory Over Southern California," Syracuse Herald, Nov. 27, 1927, pXX-1
  59. ^ Charmian Carr and Jean A. S. Strauss, Forever Liesl: A Memoir of the Sound of Music (Penguin, 2001) p224
  60. ^ C. C. Liu, A Critical History of New Music in China (Chinese University Press, 2010) p101
  61. ^ Mikhail I. Volodarsky, The Soviet Union and Its Southern Neighbours: Iran and Afghanistan, 1917-1933 (Frank Cass & Co., 1994) pp142-143
  62. ^ Edmund Jan Osmańczyk and Anthony Mango, Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements (Taylor & Francis, 2003) pp2155-2156

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