Halifax Harbour

Map of Halifax Harbour

Halifax Harbour, October 13, 2006. Facing mouth of Harbour, Georges Island on left, McNabs Island in centre, and cruise ship Sea Princess moored on right.

Halifax Harbour is a large natural harbour on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, Canada, located in the Halifax Regional Municipality.

Harbour description

The harbour is called Jipugtug by the Mi'kmaq first nation, anglisized as Chebucto. It runs in a northwest-southeast direction.

Based on average vessel speeds, the harbour is strategically located approximately one hour's sailing time north of the Great Circle Route between the Eastern Seaboard and Europe. As such, it is the first inbound and last outbound port of call in eastern North America with transcontinental rail connections.

Halifax Harbour from the air looking South including the Halifax Peninsula, Dartmouth, and Bedford

The harbour is largely formed by a drowned glacial valley which succumbed to sea level rise since glaciation. The Sackville River now empties into the upper end of the harbour in Bedford Basin, however its original river bed has been charted by the Canadian Hydrographic Service throughout the length of the harbour and beyond.

The harbour includes the following geographic areas:

• Northwest Arm Another drowned river valley now largely used by pleasure boats.
• The Narrows A constricted passage to Bedford Basin.
• Bedford Basin A sheltered bay and the largest part of the harbour.

Islands

The harbour is home to several small islands.

A tall ship, the barque Europa beside Georges Island in Halifax Harbour in 2004

The harbour limit is actually formed by the northern end of its largest island - McNabs Island. The largest island entirely within the harbour limits is Georges Island, a glacial drumlin similar to its dryland counterpart at Citadel Hill. Several small islands are located in the Bedford Basin near Bedford and Burnside.

In the Northwest Arm, there is a small peninsula known as Deadman's Island, named for the burial location of War of 1812 prisoners of war.^[1] Just 200 m west of Deadman's Island is the equally small Melville Island, which is connected to the mainland by road. Melville Island forms the eastern boundary of Melville Cove and is also the location of the Armdale Yacht Club. Melville Cove is also the name of the adjacent residential community.

Although outside the defined harbour limits, Lawlor Island and Devils Island are also frequently included in descriptions of Halifax Harbour and the surrounding area.

Navigation

Halifax's official harbour limit for navigational purposes is delineated by a line running from Herring Cove on the west side of the main channel, to the northern end of McNabs Island, then from McNabs Island across the Eastern Passage to the actual community of Eastern Passage on the east side of the island. The harbour is marked by an extensive network of buoys and lighthouses, starting with Sambro Island Lighthouse at the harbour approaches, the oldest operating lighthouse in North America.

Sambro Island from the northwest

Deep draught vessels must use the main channel into the harbour, which runs on the west side of McNabs Island. The west entrance point marking the beginning of the inner approach using this channel is located near Chebucto Head, approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) south of the limit.

Shallow draught vessels (less than 2.5 m, 8.5 ft) may use the Eastern Passage, which runs on the east side of McNabs Island; however, continuous silting makes charted depths unreliable.

Entrance to Halifax Harbour as seen from Georges Island

Large vessels have compulsory pilotage, with harbour pilots boarding at the pilot station off Chebucto Head. Vessels wishing to transit The Narrows between the outer harbour and Bedford Basin must travel one at a time; this rule was established after the disastrous Halifax Explosion of December 6, 1917 when a collision between the French munitions ship Mont-Blanc and the Norwegian Imo destroyed part of Halifax and Dartmouth.

Canada's navy, Maritime Command (MARCOM) maintains a large base housing its Atlantic fleet Maritime Forces Atlantic (MARLANT) along the western side of The Narrows, as well as an ammunition depot (CFAD Bedford) on the northeastern shore of Bedford Basin. There are strict security regulations relating to vessels navigating near MARCOM facilities and anchorages.

There are two large suspension bridges crossing The Narrows:

• the Angus L. Macdonald Bridge, opening in 1955
• the A. Murray MacKay Bridge, opening in 1970

Port facilities

After Confederation in 1867, boosters of Halifax expected federal help to make the city's natural harbor Canada's official winter port and a gateway for trade with Europe. Halifax's advantages included its location just off the Great Circle route made it the closest to Europe of any mainland North American port. But the new Intercolonial Railway (ICR) took an indirect, southerly route for military and political reasons, and the national government made little effort to promote Halifax as Canada's winter port. Ignoring appeals to nationalism and the ICR's own attempts to promote traffic to Halifax, most Canadian exporters sent their wares by train though Boston or Portland. No one was interested in financing the large-scale port facilities Halifax lacked. It took the First World War to at last boost Halifax's harbor into prominence on the North Atlantic.^[2]

The Halifax Port Authority is a federally-appointed agency which administers and operates various port properties on the harbour. Previously run by the National Harbours Board, the HPA is now a locally-run organization.

HPA facilities include:

• South End Container Terminal - Piers 36-42 (currently operated by Halterm Limited, with several gantry and post-Panamax cranes)
• Halifax Grain Elevator
• Ocean Terminals - Piers 23-34
• Seawall - Piers 20-22, Cruise Ship Pavilion and Pier 21 museum
• Richmond Terminals - Piers 9 and 9A
• Richmond Offshore Terminals - Piers 9B-9D (multi-user supply base for offshore oil and gas exploration/production)
• Fairview Cove Container Terminal - (currently operated by Cerescorp)
• National Gypsum Wharf - (currently operated by National Gypsum to serve Wrights Cove gypsum terminal)
• Woodside Atlantic Wharf - (vessel lay-up and repair, oil platform servicing)
• Imperial Oil Wharves - (currently operated by Imperial Oil to serve Dartmouth refinery)
• Ultramar Oil Wharves - (currently operated by Ultramar to serve the petroleum storage facility)
• Eastern Passage Autoport - (currently operated by CN)

All HPA facilities are serviced by CN. It provides on-dock daily train service to Montreal, Toronto, Detroit and Chicago. The railway also operates the Halifax Intermodal Terminal (HIT) adjacent to the Richmond Terminals.

In addition to HPA facilities, the following users have port facilities:

• Irving Shipbuilding operates the Halifax Shipyard, a medium-sized vessel construction and repair yard. The yard contains two floating drydocks (the largest is Panamax size) plus one graving dock and various shore-based operations.
• MARLANT operates the HMC Dockyard, Dockyard Annex, CFAD Bedford, and York Redoubt through CFB Halifax. There are also military docking facilities located adjacent to the Shearwater Heliport.
• Canadian Coast Guard operates CCG Base Dartmouth, housing part of the Atlantic and Arctic fleets as well as pollution response and navigation aids maintenance facilities.
• Bedford Institute of Oceanography maintains docking facilities for various government scientific vessels. Shannon Hill, above the BIO campus is also home to CCG's "Halifax Marine Communications and Traffic Services" which operates Halifax Coast Guard Radio and the Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) centre ("Halifax Traffic"), providing continuous radar coverage of all harbour activity.

• There are several marinas on the harbour:
  • Armdale Yacht Club (Northwest Arm)
  • Bedford Basin Yacht Club (Bedford)
  • Dartmouth Yacht Club (Wrights Cove)- Burnside
  • Royal Nova Scotia Yacht Squadron (Northwest Arm)
  • Shearwater Yacht Club (Shearwater)
  • St. Mary's Boat Club (Northwest Arm)
  • Waegwoltic Club (Northwest Arm)

• There are 2 Automated Weather stations within the harbour
  • McNabs Island
  • Weather buoy Station 44258

Pollution

Main article: Harbour Solutions

Halifax Harbour has long been polluted as a result of two centuries of direct raw sewage discharge into its waters. The harbour's deep water, tidal dispersal of surface wastes and a relatively small population of the city of Halifax resulted in the harbour's presenting few health concerns until the late 20th century when sewage build-up caused the shut-down of all harbour beaches.

The Halifax Harbour Solutions Project, initiated in the year 2000, was the culmination of three decades of discussion and planning regarding how the urban area would solve the expensive problem of sewage treatment and disposal. The CAD$400 million project was expected to be completed in late 2008 when the final of three new treatment plants was opened.

Testing of harbour waters in July 2008, with two of the three sewage treatment plants on-line, indicated that they are safe for swimming. Municipal public beaches at Black Rock Beach in Point Pleasant Park and at the Dingle Beach in Sir Sandford Fleming Park were officially re-opened on Saturday, August 2, 2008 (Natal Day weekend) after a 30-year closure due to sewage contamination in the water. Lifeguards are now providing supervision during regular hours through to Labour Day weekend. However repeated breakdowns in the new system have resulted in swimming bans being regularly re-imposed and periodic resumption of raw sewage discharge. From early 2009 on swimming was no longer allowed in the harbour because the plant flooded and stopped working.^[3] On the weekend of July 4, 2010 some beaches (like Black Rock Beach) reopened.^[4]

Shipwrecks

Halifax Harbour is noted for many shipwrecks both in the inner and outer harbour. A few ships were sunk at the edge of the harbour approaches during World War II by German U-Boats but the vast majority were claimed by harbour accidents. Mapping of the harbour revealed about 45 shipwrecks in the harbour. Near the mouth of the harbour, over 50 magnetic anomalies have been discovered, most of which also represent shipwrecks with many others buried underneath the muddy sediments. All historic shipwrecks in Halifax Harbour are protected by Nova Scotia's Special Places Act which makes it illegal to remove artifacts without a permit. Noteworthy wrecks include (with sinking dates):

• Athelviking: Torpedoed by German submarine U-1232 on January 14, 1945.^[5]
• Barge in Bedford Basin as the result of the Magazine explosion of 1945.
• SS British Freedom - sunk the same day as the Athelviking by U-1232.^[6]
• Clayoquot, December 24, 1944
• Deliverance, June 15, 1917
• Erg, July 6, 1943: 19 lives lost.^[7]
• Good Hope, March 16, 1929
• Governor Cornwallis, December 22, 1944 by fire^[8]
• Gertrude de Costa, March 18, 1950^[9]
• Havana, April 26, 1906: Rammed by the steamer Strathcona, at night while anchored.^[10]
• Kaaparen, June 14, 1942: Collision while forming a convoy.^[11]
• Fragments of SS Mont-Blanc blown up in the Halifax Explosion, the world's largest man-made accidental explosion.

References

1. ^ [1]
2. ^ James D. Frost, "Halifax: the Wharf of the Dominion, 1867-1914." Journal of the Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society 2005 8: 35-48.
3. ^ "Trucks pump sewage out of new treatment plant". CBC News. January 19, 2009. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/nova-scotia/story/2009/01/19/sewage-plant.html. Retrieved 16 July 2010. 
4. ^ Taplin, Jennifer (July 5, 2010). "Quiet weekend for reopened beaches". Halifax: Metro Halifax. http://www.metronews.ca/halifax/local/article/570715--quiet-weekend-for-reopened-beaches. Retrieved 16 July 2010. 
5. ^ "Athelviking". Shipwrecks of Nova Scotia. http://nswrecks.net/ns-datapages/athelviking-dat.htm. Retrieved 16 July 2010. 
6. ^ Rainault, Jared. "S.S. British Freedom". Darryls Diving Services On-Line Magazine. http://www.scubaont.com/magazine/locations/ns/free98.htm. Retrieved 16 July 2010. 
7. ^ "Erg". Shipwrecks of Nova Scotia. http://nswrecks.net/ns-datapages/erg-dat.htm. Retrieved 16 July 2010. 
8. ^ Natural Resources Canada: Description of Shipwrecks (Halifax) - Governor Cornwallis
9. ^ "Gertrude De Costa". Shipwrecks of Nova Scotia. http://nswrecks.net/ns-datapages/gertrudedecosta-dat.htm. Retrieved 16 July 2010. 
10. ^ "Havana". Shipwrecks of Nova Scotia. http://nswrecks.net/ns-datapages/havana-dat.htm. Retrieved 16 July 2010. 
11. ^ "Kaaparen". Shipwrecks of Nova Scotia. http://nswrecks.net/ns-datapages/kaaparen-dat.htm. Retrieved 16 July 2010. 

External links

• Halifax Port Authority - official website
• Halifax-Dartmouth Bridge Commission
• Halifax Harbour: A Geological Journey documentary
• Station 44258 - Halifax Harbour
• Harbour Solutions Waste Water Treatment Project
• Natural Resources Canada Halifax Harbour

Coordinates: 44°37′N 63°33′W / 44.617°N 63.55°W / 44.617; -63.55 (Halifax Harbour)