Followers of Christ

This article is about a particular church. For an article about the original followers of Christ, see Apostle (Christian).

The Followers of Christ is a Christian denomination based in the U.S. state of Oregon. The church has attracted controversy for its practices of faith healing and of shunning members who violate church doctrine, including those who seek medical care. According to authorities^[who?] in Oregon and other places where church members are found, numerous children have suffered premature deaths from treatable causes due to their parents' refusal to seek medical care; a former Oregon state medical examiner claims the infant mortality rate within the Followers of Christ community is 26 times greater that of the general population.^[1][2] Church members and others^[who?] have argued that parents should have the right to select whatever methods of healing they deem appropriate for their children and that public policy, which requires use of conventional medicine over faith healing, constitutes a violation of freedom of religion.

History

The Followers of Christ church was founded in Chanute, Kansas by Marion Reece (sometimes spelled Riess^[3]), rooted in Holiness and Pentecostal traditions. The church moved to Ringwood, Oklahoma in the 1890s, where leadership passed to Elder Morris, who is the father of the current Oklahoma leader, Marion Morris.^[3] During the 1920s, Charlie Smith (the founder's brother-in-law) and George White began missions in California and Idaho. George White's nephew Walter White became a minister in the church. Walter moved to Oregon City, Oregon in the 1940s, after a dispute with other ministers.^[4][2][5] White and his congregation built a house of worship on Molalla Avenue in Oregon City, then a largely rural timber and farming community, now a suburb of Portland. He was a fiery speaker and maintained tight control over his congregation.^[4] White died in 1969, and the church has functioned without a minister since that time.^[6] The elders associated with White had also died by the early 1990s, and the leaderless Oregon community became more isolated and inward-focused, and ceased recruitment of new members.^[2] Only children of existing followers are admitted to join their worship services. Members who were deemed too worldly were expelled and shunned, as were those who disagreed with their interpretation of scriptures.^[4]

Estimates of the Oregon church's membership in 2008 ranged from 1,200^[6] to 2,300.^[7][8] The Followers of Christ also have congregations in Oklahoma, Idaho^[4] and California,^[9] and local communities operate independently of Followers of Christ churches in other areas.^[4]

The Oregon City congregation owns a church building, as well as a cemetery in Carus, where deceased church members are routinely buried.^[10]

Doctrines

The Followers of Christ is Pentecostal in orientation, and believes in a literal interpretation of Scripture, including in the power of faith healing. In the context of Pentecostal Christianity, the use of prayer and laying on of hands by church elders is believed able to cure illness.^[9][5] Unlike many other churches which include faith healing as part of their doctrine such as Christian Science, most members of the Followers of Christ refuse all forms of medicine and professional medical care. The church practices shunning of those who violate or challenge church doctrine, including those who seek medical treatment; it has been alleged that many Followers clandestinely see doctors in defiance of church teaching.^[6] The church relies on the Authorized Version of the Bible, and practices adult baptism by immersion, fasting and footwashing. Their view of salvation is predicated on repentance, followed by works in following Christ's commandments (time for which God is thought to allow following initial repentance).^[3]

The church is also known for legalism^[11][12] and a male-dominated society.^[6] The members of the church frequently greet each other with kisses on the lips;^[2] members of the church are often pejoratively referred to as "kissers" by others in Oregon City, and in other communities where large concentrations of Followers of Christ are found.^[13] According to church members, children raised in the church attend public schools, but do not socialize outside the church once reaching middle-school age.^[14]

Though the foccwp.com members may be labeled as kissers, see above, nonetheless, one can point further to a consensus among many that the following lines (from biblestudytools.com) ring true. "In those days Hezekiah became ill and was at the point of death. The prophet Isaiah son of Amoz went to him and said, "This is what the LORD says: Put your house in order, because you are going to die; you will not recover(alt live)." Though you will find none to read the bible with in prison nor in our hell, nonetheless biblestudytools.com seems to suggest that there remains consensus on this point (New International Version, NIV, American Standard Version, ASV, English Standard Version, ... etc.

Controversy

During the latter part of the twentieth century, the church began to attract attention from authorities in the state of Oregon due to an unusually high mortality rate among its children. Larry Lewman, a former medical examiner in the state, alleges that during a ten-year period twenty-five children perished due to the lack of medical intervention—a death rate 26 times higher than among the general population.^[2] An investigation by The Oregonian claimed that at least 21 out of 78 minors found to be buried in the church cemetery died of preventable causes, including simple infections which would be easily treated with routine antibiotics. Of the 78 children examined, 38 had died within the first year following birth.^[5][15] High death rates among children have also been noticed among Followers of Christ members in Idaho and Oklahoma.^[4] The high death rate among church children attracted national media attention, including coverage of the church by Time magazine,^[5] ABC News newsmagazine 20/20,^[16] and the PBS program Religion & Ethics Newsweekly.^[17]

Prior to 1999, authorities in Oregon were largely powerless to combat these deaths. Like many states, Oregon has laws protecting parents who practice faith healing from prosecution. The laws in Oregon at the time were especially liberal in the protections granted to parents; granting immunity from manslaughter charges to parents whose children perished due to an alleged reliance on faith healing over traditional medicine.^[5] The widespread immunity granted by the state was opposed by many in the medical community, including the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Medical Association. The opposition was also supported by several former church members, including parents whose children had died from causes believed to be preventable; these parents have reported being ostracized from the church as a result of their advocacy.^[5]

On the other side of the debate were other faith-healing churches and civil liberties groups, who argued that parents' freedom of religion was paramount, and outweighed the state's interest in protecting children from harm.^[5] Christian Science, a religion which practices spiritual-healing,^[18] also works with law-makers to ensure that every citizen is entitled to a choice in health care. In addition, many wished to ensure that the law differentiated between parents who acted in good faith, and parents who were genuinely abusive to their children.^[19] The debate in Oregon mirrored other debates concerning faith healing which have occurred throughout the United States; many of which have eliminated religious immunity laws for homicide.^[20]

In January 1999, a bill was introduced in the Oregon Legislature to repeal the "religious beliefs" defense to charges of manslaughter, homicide, and child abuse.^[21] After much debate, a modified version of the law was subsequently passed later that year.

An Alberta, Canada couple who were members of a different church were successfully prosecuted by authorities when their child died under similar circumstances; the law there did not provide the same faith-healing exemptions that were found in Oregon.^[22]

In March 2008, controversy was renewed when a 15-month old church toddler, Ava Worthington, died of pneumonia; the first known death to occur under circumstances potentially covered by the 1999 law. Authorities in Clackamas County, Oregon filed charges of manslaughter against the parents in the case.^[7] Just three months later, on June 18, 2008, Ava's 16-year-old Uncle, Neil Beagley died from an easily treatable condition (a long-term bladder blockage that forced urea into the bloodstream).^[23][24] In neither case did the families seek medical help. On July 23, 2009, the parents of Ava Worthington were acquitted of manslaughter charges in the death of their daughter, but the father was found guilty of one lesser charge which carries a potential sentence of a year in jail.^[1][25] On February 2, 2010, by a 10–2 jury verdict in Clackamas County, the parents of Neil Beagley were found guilty of criminally negligent homicide, with sentencing scheduled for February 18, 2010.^[26] Both were sentenced to 16 months in prison on March 8, 2010.^[27]

In January 2011, HB2721 was introduced into the Oregon Legislature which would remove religious belief as an affirmative defense for homicide.^[28] It passed March 3, 2011.^[29] The measure was later signed into law June 9th, 2011.^[30]

In June 2011, Timothy and Rebecca Wyland were convicted of first-degree criminal mistreatment and sentenced to 90 days in jail for using faith healing instead of seeking medical care for their infant daughter Aylana. During early infancy, Aylana developed a hemangioma that became so large that it engulfed her left eye, leaving her on the verge of blindness. She has since improved under court-ordered care. ^[31]

On September 29, 2011, a Clackamas County, Oregon, jury unanimously found church members Dale and Shannon Hickman guilty of second degree manslaughter in connection with the September 26, 2009, death of their infant son David, less than nine hours after his birth. Mrs. Hickman went into labor two months before her due date, and the couple decided she would give birth in her mother's home, instead of a hospital. When the three pound, seven ounce, infant developed severe health problems shortly after his birth, instead of seeking emergency medical care, Mr. Hickman, according to The Oregonian, "Responded by holding his newborn son, praying for him and anointing him with olive oil." At trial, prosecutors argued that the couple had ample time after the premature birth to get medical assistance. An expert witness testified that had they done so, the infant would have had a 99 percent chance of survival. In response to a question at the trial, Mr. Hickman said he did not call 911, "Because he was praying." Mrs. Hickman testified that she did not call for help because her church required her to defer to her husband. Oregon mandatory sentencing laws call for a minimum prison sentence of six years and three months for this conviction, although, because the Hickmans were indicted before HB 2721 (discussed above) was enacted, their potential sentence could be capped at 18 months imprisonment and a $250,000 fine. Both Hickmans are 26 years old. They have two other children.^[32]

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Jurors explain their 'not guilty' verdict in faith healing trial, July 27, 2009
2. ^ ^{a b c d e} Justin Bishop (1998-08-31). "Holy Orders". University of Oregon. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,989006,00.html. Retrieved 2008-03-24. 
3. ^ ^{a b c} Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc.. p. 1137. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0. 
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Peters, Shawn Francis (2008). When Prayer Fails: Faith Healing, Children, and the Law. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 186–188. ISBN 9780195306354. 
5. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} David van Biema (1998-08-31). "Faith Or Healing? Why the law can't do a thing about the infant-mortality rate of an Oregon sect". Time Magazine. http://www.skeptictank.org/hs/fhkiler2.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-24. 
6. ^ ^{a b c d} Mark Larabee (1998-06-28). "Doubt, secrecy circle Followers of Christ". The Oregonian. 
7. ^ ^{a b} Jessica Bruder and Dana Tims (2008-03-22). "Child's death may put faith law to test". The Oregonian. http://www.oregonlive.com/news/oregonian/index.ssf?/base/news/1206156310185280.xml&coll=7&thispage=1. Retrieved 2008-03-24. 
8. ^ Mark Larabee and Peter D. Sleeth (1998-07-06). "Followers' roots reveal numerous splinters". The Oregonian. 
9. ^ ^{a b} Linnard-Palmer, Luanne (2006). When Parents Say No: Religious and Cultural Influences on Pediatric Healthcare Treatment. Indianapolis, Indiana: Sigma Theta Tau International. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-930538-30-6. 
10. ^ Bruder, Jessica; Dana Tims (April 5, 2008). "Parents Plead Not Guilty in Death". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/04/AR2008040403314.html. Retrieved 2011-01-04. 
11. ^ "Watchman Fellowship Index of Cults and Religions". Watchman Fellowship. http://www.wfial.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=archives.index. Retrieved 2008-03-24. 
12. ^ Walker, James K. (2007). The Concise Guide to Today's Religions and Spirituality. Eugene, Oregon: Harvest House Publishers. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-7369-2011-7. 
13. ^ Jensen, Thom (17 December 2010). "Former Follower of Christ church member's advice: 'Just leave'". Portland, Oregon: KATU TV. http://oregoncity.katu.com/content/former-follower-christ-church-members-advice-just-leave. Retrieved 28 May 2011. 
14. ^ "Faith healing raises questions of law's duty". positiveatheism.org. http://www.positiveatheism.org/writ/deadbabies.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-24. 
15. ^ Hamilton, Marci (2005). God Versus the Gavel. New York, New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 35. ISBN 9780521853040. 
16. ^ "Taking Faith Healing too Far?". 20/20 (ABC News). 1999-01-06. http://www.skeptictank.org/hs/fhkiler1.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-24. 
17. ^ "Faith Healing". Religion & Ethics (233). 1999-04-16. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/week233/cover.html. 
18. ^ [1]
19. ^ Mark Larabee (1999-06-28). "Balancing rights makes faith-healing bills thorny". The Oregonian. 
20. ^ Mark Larabee (1998-11-28). "The battle over faith healing". The Oregonian. 
21. ^ Mark Larabee (1999-01-22). "Bill aims to lift all Oregon religious shields". The Oregonian. 
22. ^ "Alberta couple gets mixed verdict in case of son who died of diabetes". Sympatico Newsexpress. 2000-06-09. 
23. ^ Teen from faith healing family dies at Ore. home, Seattle Times
24. ^ Neil Beagley's death may not be criminal, Chicago Tribune
25. ^ [2]
26. ^ http://www.oregonlive.com/clackamascounty/index.ssf/2010/02/beagley_verdict_comes_in_from.html Retrieved 2010-02-06
27. ^ Dungca, Nicole (2010-03-08). "Jeffrey and Marci Beagley sentenced to 16 months of prison for their son's faith-healing death". The Oregonian. http://www.oregonlive.com/clackamascounty/index.ssf/2010/03/jeffrey_and_marci_beagley_sent.html. Retrieved 2010-03-08. 
28. ^ Steve Mayes (2011-02-21). "Oregon lawmakers appear ready to end legal protections for faith-healing parents". The Oregonian. http://www.oregonlive.com/oregon-city/index.ssf/2011/02/oregon_lawmakers_appear_ready_to_end_faith-healing_protections_for_parents_of_dying_children.html. Retrieved 2011-02-23. 
29. ^ Ryan Kost, The Oregonian (10 march 2011). "Oregon House unanimously votes to end faith healing exception". http://www.oregonlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2011/03/bill_ending_faith_healing_exce.html. Retrieved 28 May 2011. 
30. ^ "House Bill 2721". gov.oregonlive.com. http://gov.oregonlive.com/bill/2011/HB2721/. 
31. ^ Mayes, STEVE (2011-06-248). "Rebecca and Timothy Wyland sentenced to 90 days in jail, probation in Oregon City faith healing". The Oregonian. http://www.oregonlive.com/oregon-city/index.ssf/2011/06/oregon_city_faith_healing_couple_sentenced_to_90_days_in_jail_and_three_years_probation.html. Retrieved 2011-07-12. 
32. ^ Mayes, Steve (September 29, 2011). "Jury convicts Dale, Shannon Hickman of manslaughter in faith-healing trial". The Oregonian. http://www.oregonlive.com/oregon-city/index.ssf/2011/09/jury_reaches_verdict_in_faith-.html. Retrieved September 29, 2011.