Israeli Navy

Israeli Navy
Israeli navy cadets from the Israeli Naval Academy
Founded	1948
Country	Israel
Allegiance	Israel Defense Forces
Type	Navy
Size	3 corvettes 10 missile boats 3 submarines (Dolphin class) 42 patrol boats 6 support ships 19,500 personnel
Part of	Israel Defense Forces
Garrison/HQ	HaKirya, Tel Aviv
Motto	Open Sea Safe Land
Engagements	1948 Arab-Israeli War War over Water Six-Day War War of Attrition Yom Kippur War 1982 Lebanon War 1982–2000 South Lebanon conflict Second Intifada 2006 Lebanon War Blockade of the Gaza Strip Gaza War
Commanders
Commander-in-Chief	Aluf Ram Rothberg
Insignia
Ensign

The Israeli Navy (Hebrew: חיל הים הישראלי‎, Heil HaYam HaYisraeli) is the naval arm of the Israel Defense Forces, operating primarily in the Mediterranean Sea theater as well as the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea theater. The current commander in chief of the Israeli Navy is Aluf Ram Rothberg.

History

The Sa'ar 5-class corvette INS Eilat

The origins of Israeli Navy lay at the end of 1920s with the founding of the Yarkon and Zvulun marine sports clubs. In 1938, encouraged by the Jewish Agency, Dr. Shlomo Bardin founded the Marine High School in Bosmat, the Technion's Junior Technical College. 1943 witnessed the founding of the Palyam, the naval branch of the Palmach, whose training was undertaken at the maritime school. The Jewish merchant marine was also raised, operating the SS Tel-Aviv and cargo ships such as the Atid.

In 1942, eleven hundred Haganah volunteers joined the Royal Navy, mostly in technical roles (12 of them were officers by the nomination agreement of the Jewish Agency with the Royal Navy). A few reached sea service and combat service. Two of them served with the Fleet Air Arm (FAA), one of which was Edmond Wilhelm Brillant. With the end of the Second World War, Palyam members took part in clandestine immigration activities, bringing Europe's Jews to Palestine, as well as commando actions against Royal Navy deportation ships. Royal Navy volunteers, meanwhile, rejoined the Hagana.

During the last months of British Mandate in Palestine, the former Royal Navy volunteers started working on the captured clandestine immigration ships (known as the Fleet of Shadows) in Haifa harbor, salvaged a few and pressed them into service. These were to become the Navy's first ships and saw service in the 1948 Israeli War of Independence.

With the founding of the IDF in early 1948, the Israeli Navy was therefore formed from a core of the following personnel:^[1][2]

• Royal Navy Volunteers with the technical skills and discipline acquired from the Royal Navy, though with no active sea service and experience on Royal Navy Ships.
• Palyam members who had led the clandestine and immigration effort, but had no sea background in navigation or leading a ship into a battle. The captains of clandestine and immigration ships were Greek and Italian, while Palyam personnel were commanding the ship under instructions from the Haganah. Ike Aharonowitch, captain of the Exodus and a Jew, was the exception rather than the rule.
• Merchant Marine captains and chief engineers, possessing navigation skills but lacking combat skills.
• Jewish volunteers^[3][4] from the US Navy and Royal Navy, such as Commander Paul Shulman^[5] of the USN, and Commanders Solomon and Allen Burk of the Royal Navy. These, however, were often discriminated against and their experience wasted by a navy command that was based on the Palmach and its various branches. This resulted in odd situations where unskilled officers from the Palyam were in command of far more experienced naval officers.

A Shaldag class fast patrol boat

To make matters worse, Palyam personnel often resisted efforts to instill order, discipline and rank in the newly formed service. Mess rooms were initially shared by both officers and enlisted men. Ships possessed a captain with nautical skills, but also a commanding officer regarded as political. This would cause a great deal of debate between veterans of the Palyam, Royal Navy volunteers from the Haganah and USN Machal volunteers about what form the Navy should take.^[1][6][7] Commander Allen Burk is reputed to have said, out of despair, "You cannot make naval officers from cowboys".^[2]

The Israeli Navy suffered from a lack of professional command during its early days.^[1] Gershon Zak, head of the IDF "Sea Service", was a teacher and bureaucrat without any relevant experience. Having never been recruited into the IDF, Zak was a civilian and had no official rank. The early days of the Israeli Navy were therefore characterized by political infighting, as many groups and individuals jockeyed for power. Palyam politics blocked the nomination of Paul Shulman (a USN Jewish Officer with a rank of Commander who volunteered to the Israeli Navy) as Navy-Commander in Chief and he resigned in 1949. The first Navy-Commander in Chief awarded the rank of Aluf was Shlomo Shamir.^[1]

The conclusion of the 1948 war afforded the navy the time to build up its strength. Beginning in the early 1950s the navy purchased Frigates, Torpedo Boats, Destroyers and eventually Submarines. The material build-up was accompanied by the training of Israeli Navy officers in Royal Navy academies in the UK and Malta, as well as in France.

Three distinct periods characterize the history of the Israeli Navy:

• Foundation and early days
• The destroyers' age
• The missile boats era, beginning in 1965 and bearing fruit during the 1973 Yom Kippur War.^[8][9]

Until 1967 the Naval Headquarters were located at Stella-Marris, on the slopes of Mount Carmel, Haifa. After the Six-Day War it was relocated to the Kirya in Tel Aviv, next to IDF Headquarters.

Hierarchy

The INS Lahav

The Israeli Navy is small compared to other Navies and the officers chain of command is as follows with respect to Royal – Navy / USN:^[10]

Commissioned Officers

Main article: Israeli Naval Academy

• Rear-Admiral (Rear-Admiral Upper Half USN): is called Aluf (Army rank equals to Maj. General). Commander in Chief of the Navy reports to Chief of Staff called Rav-Aluf (Lt. General)
• Commodore (Rear-Admiral Lower Half USN): is called Tat-Aluf (Army rank equals to Brig. General)
• Captain: is called Aluf-Mishne (Army rank equals to Colonel)
• Commander: is called Sgan-Aluf (Army rank equals to Lt. Colonel)
• Lt. Commander: is called Rav-Seren (Army rank equals to Major)
• Lieutenant: is called Seren (Army rank equals to Captain)
• Sub-Lieutenant (Lieutenant Junior Grade USN): is called Segen (Army rank equals to Lieutenant)
• Midshipman (Ensign USN): is called Segen-Mishne (Army rank equals to Second Lieutenant)
• Cadet RN (Midshipman USN): is called Tzoer (Navy Cadet; there are 5 classes in Israeli Navy school of cadets)

Ratings (Non-Commissioned Officers)

• Fleet / Command Master Chief Petty Officer USN: is called Rav Nagad (Army Rank Sergeant Major of the Army)
• Master Chief Petty Officer USN: is called Rav Nagad Mishne (Army Rank Command Sergeant Major)
• Senior Chief Petty Officer USN: is called Rav Samal Bachir (Army Rank Sergeant Major)
• Chief Petty Officer USN: is called Rav Samal Mitkadem (Army Rank First Sergeant)
• Petty Officer 1st Class USN: is called Rav Samal Rishon (Army Rank Master Sergeant)
• Petty Officer 2nd Class USN: is called Rav Samal (Army Rank Sergeant First Class)

Enlisted

• Petty Officer Third Class USN: is called Samal Rishon (Army rank Staff Sargent)
• Seaman USN: is called Samal (Army rank Sargent)
• Seaman Apprentice USN: is called Rav Turai (Army rank Corporal)
• Seaman Recruit USN: is called Turai (Army rank Private)

Sleeve rank of Israeli Navy Commander-in-Chief is a rank of honor. This started under special permission from Lt. General Amnon Lipkin-Shahak (then chief of staff of the IDF) and allows the Navy Commander-in-Chief to have a sleeve rank of Vice Admiral which is equal to Lt.General as the rank of the IDF Chief of Staff. However de-facto the rank of Israeli Navy Commander-in-Chief is Rear Admiral and the gesture given to the navy is ceremonial only when meeting foreign commanding officers.

Same resolution, as above mentioned,applies to Commodore ceremonial only the sleeve rank is Rear – Admiral however by the IDF hierarchy and chain of command he remains de-facto a commodore.

Bases

• Haifa – Missile Boats Flotilla, the Submarine Flotilla, Patrol Boats Squadron 914.

The emblem of the Haifa naval base is two arrows – one signifying the Missile Boats Flotilla and the other the Submarine Flotilla.

• Atlit – home to Shayetet 13, the navy's elite commando unit.
• Ashdod – mainly a base for Patrol Boats Squadron 916.

The emblem of the Ashdod naval base is two opposing arrows.

• Eilat – Patrol Boats Squadron 915.

Eilat naval base was founded in 1951 and has been responsible for the Israeli Navy's Red Sea theater since 1981, when the Red Sea Naval Command Center was withdrawn from Sharm el-Sheikh in accordance with the Egyptian–Israeli peace treaty.

The emblem of the Eilat naval base represents the red roofs of Eilat.

Ships of the Israeli Navy

• The Naval Training base – located in Haifa, contains the submarine operations school, the missile boat operations school and the naval command school. The naval training base also functions as the Israeli Naval Academy.

The emblem of the Haifa training base is an owl, symbolizing wisdom and hard learning.

• Mamtam – IT, processing and computing.

Mamtam is a small unit responsible for all Israeli Navy signal and IT systems, both logistic and operational. The soldiers that serve there are mainly programmers and university graduates in engineering, computer science and other technological professions.

• Naval Shipyards
• Navy Headquarters – HaKirya, Tel Aviv.

Forces

Structure of the Israel Navy

3rd Flotilla

The Missile Boats Flotilla, based at Haifa.

• 34th Anti-Submarine Squadron פלגה נגד צוללות (ShaNeTz = shayetet neged tzolalot)

Unit's objectives

• Protecting Israeli commerce at sea from foreign fleets.
• Preventing a possible naval blockade of Israeli ports during wartime.
• Blockading enemy ports at wartime.

7th Flotilla

The Submarine Flotilla, an elite volunteer unit founded in 1959.

Unit's objectives

• Attacking enemy craft in their home ports.
• Covert information gathering.
• Acting as a support unit for other units.
• Believed to be part of the country's nuclear weapons capability.^[11]

13th Flotilla

Shayetet 13, or Flotilla 13, is an elite naval commando unit which specializes in sea-to-land incursions, counter-terrorism, sabotage operations, maritime intelligence gathering, maritime hostage rescue, and boarding. It is among the most highly trained and secretive units in the Israeli military.

Yaltam divers in training

YALTAM 707

Salvage and underwater works unit. Formed as the damage control branch of the Navy Shipyards, the unit later incorporated experienced Flotilla-13 divers.

Intelligence

The Corps' relies on its Naval Intelligence Division for naval intelligence.

Present Fleet

Main article: List of ships of the Israeli Sea Corps

A Sa'ar 5-class corvette near Tel Aviv on Israeli Independence Day, 2009

The Sa'ar 4.5 class missile boat INS Hetz, 1991

The Sa'ar 4 class missile boat INS Nitzachon, 2010

A Dolphin class submarine

A Dabur class patrol boat

A Super Dvora Mk III class patrol boat

A Nachshol class patrol boat

A Morena-class rigid-hulled inflatable boat

Corvettes

Sa'ar 5-class

Main article: Sa'ar 5-class corvette

• INS Eilat (Eilat, 1994) – Active
• INS Lahav (Blade, 1994) – Active
• INS Hanit (Spear, 1995) – Active

Missile boats

Sa'ar 4.5-class

Main article: Sa'ar 4.5-class missile boat

• INS Romach, pronounced [ʁomaχ] (Lance, 1981) – Active
• INS Keshet (Bow, 1982) – Active
• INS Hetz, pronounced [ˈχet͡s] (Arrow, 1991) – Active
• INS Kidon (Javelin, 1995) (Sa'ar 4-class built in 1974 and converted to Saar 4.5 class in 1994) – Active
• INS Tarshish (1995) – (Sa'ar 4-class built in 1975 and converted to Saar 4.5 class in 1998) – Active
• INS Yaffo (Jaffa, 1998) (Sa'ar 4-class built in 1975 and converted to Saar 4.5 class in 1998) – Active
• INS Herev, pronounced [χeʁev] (Sword, 2002) – Active
• INS Sufa (Storm, 2003) – Active

Sa'ar 4-class

Main article: Sa'ar 4-class missile boat

• INS Nitzachon (Victory, 1978) – Active
• INS Atzmaut (Independence, 1979) – Active

Submarines

Dolphin class

Main article: Dolphin class submarine

• INS Dolphin (1999)
• INS Livyathan (Whale, 1999)
• INS Tekumah (Revival, 2000)

Dolphin class AIP-capable

In 2005 Israel ordered two submarines, which are to be delivered in 2011 and 2012. These two new boats are similar to the highly advanced German U212 submarine and feature an air-independent propulsion (AIP) system. Israel is currently discussing a possible third submarine with Germany.^[12] In 2011, Israel placed an order for a sixth Dolphin submarine to be built in coming years, for which it will pay $1 billion.^[13]

Patrol Boats

• Dabur class patrol boats – 15 active, built by Sewart Seacraft and IAI-Ramta, adopted in 1973–77, numbers in a 850–920 range.
• Dvora – 9 active, adopted from 1988, numbers 811–819
• Super Dvora Mk II – 4 active, adopted from 1996, numbers 820–823
• Super Dvora Mk III – 10 active
• Shaldag class fast patrol boats – 5 active
• Shaldag Mk II – 5 ordered
• Nachshol class patrol boats (Stingray Interceptor-2000) – built by Stingray Marine – 2 active, 3 adopted from 1997–98
• Rafael Protector USV Unmanned Naval Patrol Vehicles

Support ships

• INS Bat Yam
• INS Bat Galim
• INS Drom Afrika
• INS Keshet – cargo ship
• INS Nir – costal tender ship
• INS Nahariya – coastal tender ship
• Ashdod class landing ships
• 78-ton tugs – built in Israel

Commando boats

• Dolphin type underwater crafts
• Maiale (pig) type underwater crafts
• Snunit boats
• Zaharon boats
• Moulit boats
• Morena rigid-hulled inflatable boats

Aircraft

Aircraft operated by the Israeli Navy, even when including on-board Navy mission specialists, are flown and maintained by Israeli Air Force personnel and are part of the air force command structure.

• 193 Squadron – Eurocopter AS565 Panther.
• 120 Squadron – IAI Seascan.

Unmanned aerial vehicles

• Aeronautics Defense Orbiter^[14]
• The navy has an unmanned helicopter (manufactured by Aeronautics Defense Systems) on Sa’ar 5-class corvettes.^[15]

Equipment

• Boeing Harpoon – anti-ship missile
• Rafael Barak – Ship Point Defense Missile System
• IAI Gabriel – sea-to-sea missile
• Popeye Turbo – Cruise Missile believed to be carried on Dolphin Class Submarines. May carry nuclear warheads.
• Typhoon – Naval Optronic Stabilized Weapon Platforms
• NAVLAR Artillery Rocket System
• EL/M-2221 STGR – Search, Track & Guidance/Gunnery Radar
• EL/M-2228S AMDR – Automatic Missile Detection Radar
• EL/M-2228X SGRS – Surveillance & Gunnery Radar System
• EL/M-2238 STAR -Surveillance & Threat Alert Radar
• EL/M-2226 ACSR – Advanced Coastal Surveillance Radar

Future

Patrol boats near Eilat

In a radical revamp of its surface fleet modernization program, the Israel Navy has shelved long-held plans to purchase Lockheed Martin-produced Littoral Combat Ships (LCS) due to their ever-rising cost estimate, as well as exercising a fallback option involving corvettes built by Northrop Grumman. Instead, sources say, the Navy is pushing to establish a combat shipbuilding industry through customized, locally built versions of a German corvette design.^[16] Currently in an exploration phase, the concept calls for a stretched, approximately 2,200-ton version of the MEKO A-100 built by ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems (TKMS), the Hamburg-based consortium building two Dolphin-class submarines for the Israel Navy. Countries that are building or now operating the 1,650-ton German-designed corvette include Malaysia and Poland. If carried out, the ships would likely be built locally by Israel Shipyards (which built the Sa'ar 4.5 class and earlier INS ships), with IAI acting as prime systems integrator.

The Israeli Navy also plans to buy four more Super Dvora and two Shaldag patrol boats, and has ordered two additional submarines, and is discussing with Germany the possibility of a third. The Navy is also building up an amphibious assault capability to deliver battalion-sized infantry forces and is in discussion with the Ground Forces Command to decide which battalions will be trained in landing operations.^[17]

The Navy is considering buying two large ships which would be specifically designed for the navy's needs, and which would be outfitted with electronic warfare devices, radar, and weapons systems. Israel planned to order each ship for $300 million from the German shipbuilding company Blohm + Voss. After the United Arab Emirates-owned Mar group announced that it would buy the majority of shares in the company, the Israeli defense establishment began to look into the potential outcomes of buying ships from an Arab-owned company.^[18] It is being reported that Israel is now leaning towards producing 2 modified versions of the Sa'ar 5-class corvette domestically.^[19]

List of Commanders

Ram Rothberg, commander in chief of the Israeli navy

Source: Jewish Virtual Library^[20]

• Gershon Zak, 1948–1949
• Paul Shulman, 1949
• Shlomo Shamir, 1949–1950
• Mordechai Limon, 1951–1954
• Shmuel Tankos, 1954–1960
• Yohai Bin-Nun, 1960–1966
• Shlomo Arel, 1966–1968
• Avraham Botzer, 1968–1972
• Benjamin Telem, 1972–1976
• Michael Barkai, 1976–1978
• Ze'ev Almog, 1979–1985
• Avraham Ben-Shoshan, 1985–1989
• Micha Ram, 1989–1992
• Ami Ayalon, 1992–1995
• Alex Tal, 1995–1999
• Yedidya Yaari, 1999–2004
• David Ben Ba'ashat, 2004–2007
• Eliezer Marom, 2007–2011
• Ram Rothberg, 2011–

See also

• Cherbourg Project
• INS Dakar
• Military equipment of Israel
• Betar Naval Academy
• Israel Defense Forces ranks
• Israeli Naval Academy

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d} "Anat Kidron MA Thesis, Israeli Navy Year of Foundation". Haifa University Israel. October 2000. http://herzl.haifa.ac.il/navy_heb.htm. Retrieved 2 December 2009. 
2. ^ ^{a b} "The last Battle of the Destroyer INS Eilat by Commander Yitzhak Shushan". Ma’ariv Publishing House. 1993. http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=no:%22123248675%22. Retrieved 2 December 2009. 
3. ^ "MACHAL Overseas Volunteers In Israel’s War of Independence Page 28". MOD IDF. 2007. http://www.mahal-idf-volunteers.org/about/Machal.pdf. Retrieved 2 December 2009. 
4. ^ "A Tiny, but Hard-Hitting Battle Force". By David Hanovice North American Volunteers In Israel's War of Independence. 2007. http://israelvets.com/hist_navy.html. Retrieved 5 December 2009. 
5. ^ "Paul Schulman". NY Times. 18 May 1994. http://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/18/obituaries/paul-shulman-72-headed-israeli-navy.html. Retrieved 2 December 2009. 
6. ^ "The last Battle of the Destroyer INS Eilat by Commander Yitzhak Shushan". Ma'ariv Publishing House. 1993. http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=no:%22123248675%22. Retrieved 2 December 2009. 
7. ^ Commander Shlomo, Ya'akobson a Hagana Veteran of the Royal Navy (1997). "Betaltala". MOD House. http://simania.co.il/bookdetails.php?item_id=23657. Retrieved 5 December 2009. 
8. ^ "BOATS OF CHERBOURG Abraham Rabinovich". Bluejacket Books ISBN 1557507147. 1973. http://www.usni.org/store/item.asp?ITEM_ID=782. Retrieved 3 December 2009. 
9. ^ "The Missile Boat War The 1973 Arab-Israeli War at Sea". By Dave Schueler. 2009. http://www.btinternet.com/~david.Manley/naval/Bulldogs/AIW_Campaign.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2009. 
10. ^ "IDF Ranks". IDF Spoke Man. 2009. http://dover.idf.il/IDF/English/about/insignia/ranks.htm. Retrieved 3 December 2009. 
11. ^ "Israel seeks sixth Dolphin in light of Iranian 'threat'". Janes.com. 1 October 2009. http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw091001_1_n.shtml. Retrieved 1 June 2010. 
12. ^ Pfeffer, Anshel "Israel-bound submarines banned from testing in Norway's waters" Haaretz
13. ^ Israel buys Dolphin submarine ynetnews, Shimon Shiffer Published: 5 May 2011, 12:31
14. ^ נושאת מזל"טים: חיל הים כובש את השמיים
15. ^ http://www.israeldefense.com/?CategoryID=483&ArticleID=546^{[dead link]}
16. ^ "Israel Eyes Locally Built Warship". Defensenews.com. 29 June 2009. http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=4160683. Retrieved 1 June 2010. 
17. ^ Katz, Yaakov (22 September 2009). "Navy bolsters its amphibious capability". Jerusalem Post.
18. ^ Egozi, Arie (24 June 2010). "Navy to buy ships from Arab-owned company?". YNet News. Retrieved 8 September 2011
19. ^ Azulai, Yuval (26 August 2010). "Military mulls NIS 1b plan to build warships". Globes. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
20. ^ "Israel Navy Commanders-in-Chief". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/navy_commanders.html. Retrieved 1 June 2010. 

External links

• Sea Corps Official Site
• History of the Navy North American Volunteers In Israel's War of Independence
• Israeli submarines
• World Navies Today: Israel