Martin A. Samuels

Martin A. Samuels, MD, DSc (hon), FAAN, MACP, FRCP, is an eminent American physician, teacher of medicine and internationally recognized expert in the field of neurology. A leading authority on the relationships between neurology and the rest of medicine, he has notably linked the nervous system with cardiac function, highlighting the mechanisms and prevention of neurogenic cardiac disease.

Education and Training

Born in Cleveland, Ohio on June 24, 1945, Samuels attended Cleveland Heights High School, where he was an honors graduate and president of the 3,300 student body. He delivered the graduation address, elected by his class, and was later elected to the Cleveland Heights High School Hall of Fame.

Samuels credits his own childhood pediatrician in Cleveland, Dr. J.W. Epstein, with providing early inspiration for his future career path in medicine. He was also exposed to medicine, and specifically the brain-heart connection, before medical school through his cousin, Matthew Levy, a cardiovascular physiologist at Mount Sinai Hospital and Case Western Reserve Medical School.

Samuels received his Bachelor of Arts degree in biology from Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts in 1967, where, as elected class speaker, he delivered an address titled "Lumberjackets and Dogs." In 1971 he received his Doctor of Medicine degree from the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, where he was elected to the Pi Kappa Epsilon Honor Society and was selected as class speaker to deliver a memorable Honors Day Address titled "Mark Hopkins on One End and I on the Other." The University of Cincinnati later awarded him an honorary Doctor of Science degree (2005). In 2011, Samuels was asked to deliver the Honors Day Address, titled "Invaders from Mars with Commentary by Robbie Burns," to mark the 40th anniversary of his prescient 1971 graduation address. Samuels also received an honorary Master of Arts degree from Harvard University in 1993.

During medical school, Samuels was influenced by a number of mentors, including Benjamin Felson, Richard Vilter, Edward Gall, Roger Crafts, Evelyn Hess, Gustave Eckstein and Charles Aring, the latter of whom drew him into the field of neurology. He spent a period of time in hepatology and immunology research with the late Dame Professor Sheila Sherlock at the Royal Free Hospital in London. The work resulted in his first scientific publication in Gut showing that a serum factor present in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis was responsible for the autoimmune nature of the disease.^[1]

Following medical school, Samuels trained first by completing a full residency in internal medicine at the Boston City Hospital, serving as the medical chief resident in 1974-5, and then as a fellow in neuropathology (1975-76) and senior resident in neurology (1976-77) at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Samuels is board certified in both Internal Medicine and Neurology.

Clinical Career

Samuels is repeatedly cited as one of the leading clinical neurologists in the United States, and is the only neurologist cited in all editions of Castle & Connolly Best Doctors in America. He is known for broad knowledge of both general internal medicine and neurology, which allow for his consultation on complex problems, particularly in the interface between those two areas of medicine.

Following his formal training, Samuels created a new neurology service, of which he served as chief until 1988, at the West Roxbury (MA) Veterans Administration Medical Center, a Harvard Medical School-affiliated hospital. There he was instrumental in the merger of two VA hospitals to create the Brockton-West Roxbury VA Medical Center, a model that has since been replicated throughout the VA system.

In 1988, Samuels was recruited to the Brigham and Women’s Hospital to create a Department of Neurology from a small division in the department of medicine. In 1995, the department was formally instituted, with Samuels as its founding chair. Since its launch, the relatively new department has grown to include over 250 academic appointments, including 16 full professors, six with endowed chairs, at the Harvard Medical School; one of the largest programs in basic, translational and clinical research with 15 laboratories and over $40,000,000 in annual research support; 14 divisions; an inpatient neurology service; an epilepsy monitoring unit; a 20-bed neurological-neurosurgical intensive care unit; and ambulatory programs in all major areas of neurological medicine. Basic and clinical research from the department comprises important work on Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and cancer neurology.

In addition to serving as chairman of the department, Samuels maintains an active clinical practice at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital, seeing patients with complex neurological problems referred from around the world. He serves regularly as the attending neurologist for inpatient and consultation services (named the Martin A. Samuels Neurology Consultation Service in 2010) at the Brigham, and regularly provides guidance to neurology residents and students on treating the most complex problems.

For his clinical accomplishments, Samuels has been honored with Membership in the American Neurological Association, Fellowship in the American Academy of Neurology, Fellowship in the Royal College of Physicians (London) and Mastership in the American College of Physicians. He has been the discusser in 12 New England Journal of Medicine Clinical Pathology Conferences -- the most ever discussed by a single person.^{[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]}

Major Research & Publications

Samuels is a leading expert on the interface between neurology and the rest of medicine, including neurocardiology, neurohematology, neurohepatology, neuronephrology, neurorheumatology, and the neurological aspects of organ transplantation and acid-base and electrolyte disturbances. His most well-known intellectual contributions relate to the mechanisms and prevention of neurogenic cardiac disease.^[14]

Notably, Samuels has studied “voodoo death,” or death caused by fright or intense emotion, which triggers a series of neuro-physiological changes through high levels of adrenaline. He has articulated a unifying hypothesis that explains the mechanisms whereby the nervous system can produce cardiac arrhythmias and myocardial necrosis in a number of clinical contexts including subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage, cerebral infarction, brain tumor, epilepsy and psychological stress. This research, the subject of Samuels’ well-known lecture “Voodoo Death Revisited: The Modern Lessons of Neurocardiology,” has been published in various medical journals and national media articles over the past 25 years, and earned Samuels the prestigious H. Houston Merritt Award, granted every two years by the American Academy of Neurology for clinically relevant research.^[15] Samuels is frequently invited to present on this research for prominent groups such as the Cleveland Clinic Heart-Brain Summit (2006) and the International Academy of Cardiology's 15th World Congress on Heart Disease, where he delivered the H. Jeremy C. Swan Memorial Lecture in 2010.

Samuels has written and edited several books with impact in the field of neurology education. He was neurological editor for Stein's Internal Medicine^[16], a leading textbook of internal medicine. He is co-author, with Allan H. Ropper, of the widely read neurology textbook Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology, 9th edition^[17]; co-author, with Steven K. Feske, of Office Practice of Neurology^[18]; and medical section editor of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience^[19]. Samuels has also written for and edited several academic medical journals. He is the founding editor of Journal Watch Neurology, a monthly newsletter of important advances in neurology published by the New England Journal of Medicine's publisher, the Massachusetts Medical Society; a member of the editorial boards of The Neurologist and European Neurology; and a regular peer reviewer for Neurology, the New England Journal of Medicine, the Annals of Internal Medicine, Circulation and World Neurology.

Samuels was one of the first neurologists to become interested in neurologic therapeutics, and was the originator of the Manual of Neurologic Therapeutics, the most widely used reference on neurological treatment. The eighth edition of the manual, named Samuels’s Manual of Neurologic Therapeutics, was published in 2010.^[20] He was also the first proponent of the hospitalist system on neurological services; he edited the textbook Hospitalist Neurology^[21], which is now commonly used in medical centers worldwide.

Samuels has also made several lecture tours in England, bringing neurological expertise to general practitioners in that country, which provided the basis for his book Shared Care in Neurology, which he co-developed with Dr. Bernard Shevlin, a general practitioner in England, and the American neurologist Dr. Karl Misulis.^[22] Samuels has also made several trips to South Africa under the auspices of the Neurological Association of South Africa. He was the 2009 recipient of the L.P. Muller Award from the Erlangen Society for Autonomic Research at the University of Nuremberg, Germany, and was the special lecturer at the Japanese Society of Neurological Therapeutics in 1992.

Teaching

Samuels has served on the faculty of the Harvard Medical School since 1977. He was one of the first at the research-intensive Harvard Medical School to be promoted to full professor based on teacher-clinician criteria, a model now used by most medical schools. In addition to his own courses at Harvard, Samuels is the most widely seen neurologist teaching other postgraduate courses, in which he speaks on all topics in neurology. He is also the founder and ongoing director of Harvard Medical School postgraduate courses titled “Neurology for the Non-Neurologist” and “Intensive Review of Neurology,” each of which has been presented annually for over thirty years. He was the longstanding director of the Harvard Longwood Neurology Residency and is the co-founder of the Harvard Partners Neurology Residency. Samuels was the first recipient of the Harvard Medical School Faculty Prize for Excellence in Teaching, has been asked to serve as faculty speaker at class day during Harvard Medical School graduation ceremonies a record three times, and was awarded the Partners Neurology Teacher of the Year award in 2004.

In addition to his teaching role at Harvard, Samuels is a frequent teacher and speaker in venues around the world, and has served as a visiting professor in a myriad of medical schools and hospitals. He has been honored several times by his alma mater, the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, delivering honorary lectures such as the Charles D. Aring lecture and the Distinguished Alumni Lecture; in 2005, he received the school's highest award, the Daniel Drake Medal. In 2007, he served as the Robert B. Aird Visiting Professor of Neurology at the University of California, San Francisco. He delivered the J. Norman Allen Lectureship at the Ohio State University Department of Neurology in 2008 and the Dewey Ziegler Lectureship at the University of Kansas in 2010. Samuels served as president of the Association of University Professors of Neurology (AUPN), the organization of the department chairs of neurology, from 2004-2007.

Samuels has also delivered a multitude of lectures and continuing medical education courses at medical society meetings and medical conferences. At the national meetings of the American Academy of Neurology, Dr. Samuels created and has repeatedly presented "The Borderlands of Neurology and Internal Medicine," the only one-person, full-day course ever presented; he was asked to convene a similar course at the World Congress of Neurology in 2005 in Sydney, Australia. He delivered a major plenary session lecture on Neurocardiology at the 2009 World Federation of Neurological Surgery. In 2006, he received the A.B. Baker Award for Lifetime Achievement in Neurological Education from the American Academy of Neurology, and in 2011, he was awarded the American Neurological Association Distinguished Teacher Award.

He frequently delivers the update in neurology at the annual meeting of the American College of Physicians, a presentation also generally published in the society journal, The Annals of Internal Medicine,^[23] and annually delivers an acclaimed, one-day ACP course titled "Neurology for the Internist." He has been a major neurological contributor to the national meetings of the emergency physicians (The American College of Emergency Physicians), the family physicians (The American Academy of Family Physicians) and the American College of Rheumatology. He delivered the Keynote Address at the first Pri-Med conference in Houston, Texas cosponsored by Harvard and Baylor Medical Schools, and has participated in nearly all of Pri-Med's national conferences, lecturing on topics including movement disorders, stroke and the neurological examination.

Samuels has also provided education through multimedia outlets, including textbooks, audiotapes and a unique Video Textbook of Neurology for the Practicing Physician, featuring ten 90-minute video presentations spanning the field of clinical neurology. His books, The Manual of Neurological Therapeutics (eight editions),^[20] Office Practice of Neurology (two editions),^[24] Adams and Victor’s Principles of Neurology^[25], Shared Care in Neurology,^[22] and Hospitalist Neurology^[26] are standard reading for students, residents and postgraduate physicians. Samuels recorded a seven-part complete neurological examination, which appears in the electronic version of Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine.

In 2010, Samuels became Director of Medical Education and Curriculum Director, Neurology for Lighthouse Learning, a company that provides continuing medical education in twelve medical specialties for physicians. Lighthouse Learning is unique in that its curricula are produced independently by leading medical experts, uninfluenced by funding from industry, which is not accepted by the company. The curricula are also uniquely designed to educate three audiences – primary care physicians, specialists and patients – together.^[27]

Personal

Samuels lives in Boston with his wife, Susan F. Pioli, a longtime medical publisher. He has two children, Charles L. Samuels, a mathematician specializing in number theory, and Marilyn L. Sommers, who works in human resources for the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston.

References

1. ^ Fox RA, Dudley JF, Samuels MA, Milligan J, Sherlock S. Lymphocyte transformation in response to phytohemagglutinin in primary biliary cirrhosis: The search for a plasma inhibitory factor. Gut. 1973; 14:89-93
2. ^ Samuels MA, Kleinman GA. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. A 51 year old man with neck pain (foramen magnum meningioma). New England Journal of Medicine. 1979; 301:147-54.
3. ^ Samuels MA, Schiller AL, Richardson EP, Jr. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. A 68 year old man with gait disorder (Paget’s disease with extra-medullary hematopoiesis). New England Journal of Medicine. 1981; 304: 1411-21.
4. ^ Samuels MA, Shahani BT. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. A 29 year old woman with myalgia and muscle weakness (porphyria). New England Journal of Medicine. 1984; 311: 839-847.
5. ^ Samuels MA, Hedley-Whyte ET, Shahani BT. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. A 62 year old man with progressive polyneuropathy (amyloidosis). New England Journal of Medicine. 1986; 315: 45-55.
6. ^ Samuels MA, Southern JF. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. A 26 year old woman with dilated cardiomyopathy and a stroke (pheochromocytoma). New England Journal of Medicine. 1988; 318: 970-81.
7. ^ Samuels MA, Sobel RA. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathologic exercises. A 35 year old man with changed mental status and multiple intercerebral lesions (Neurosyphilis). New England Journal of Medicine. 1991; 325: 414-22.
8. ^ Samuels MA, DeLaMonte S. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathologic exercises. A 49 year old man admitted to the hospital because of the finding of an intracranial mass. (Primary CNS Lymphoma). New England Journal of Medicine. 1994; 331: 861-68.
9. ^ Samuels MA, Newell KL. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathologic exercises. A 43 year old woman admitted to the hospital because of a question of adult respiratory distress syndrome (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever). New England Journal of Medicine. 1997;337:1149-57.
10. ^ Samuels MA, King ME, Balis U. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathologic exercises. Case 31-2002. A 61 year old man with headache and multiple infarcts (Trousseau Syndrome). New England Journal of Medicine. 2002; 347(15): 1187-1194.
11. ^ Mushlin SB, Drazen JM, Samuels MA, Mark EJ. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathologic exercises. Case 33-2002. A 28 year old woman with ocular inflammation, fever, and headache (neurosarcoidosis). New England Journal of Medicine. 2002; 347(17); 1350-57.
12. ^ Samuels MA, Gonzalez RG, Stemmer-Rachamimov A. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital weekly clinicopathologic exercises (The Cabot cases). A 77 year old man admitted with ear pain, difficulty speaking, and altered mental status (otitic bacterial leptomeningitis). New England Journal of Medicine, 2007; 357(19): 1957-65.
13. ^ Samuels MA, Pomerantz BJ, Sadow PM. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital weekly clinicopathologic exercises. Case 14-2010. A 54 year old woman with Dizziness and Falls (pheochromocytoma). New England Journal of Medicine, 2010;362(19):1815-1823.
14. ^ Samuels MA. The brain-heart connection. Am Heart Association, Circulation 2007; 116; 77-84
15. ^ Samuels MA. “Voodoo” Death Revisited: The Modern Lessons of Neurocardiology. The Neurologist. 1997;3: 293-304.
16. ^ Stein, Jay H. et al. Internal Medicine. Philadelphia: Mosby; 1998.
17. ^ Samuels, MA and Ropper, Allen. Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology, 9th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional; 2009.
18. ^ Samuels, MA and Feske, Steve. Office Practice of Neurology. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2003.
19. ^ Schapira, Anthony et al. Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience. Philadelphia: Mosby; 2006.
20. ^ ^{a b} Samuels MA. ed. Manual of Neurologic Therapeutics. 7th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2004.
21. ^ Samuels, MA. Hospitalist Neurology. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1999.
22. ^ ^{a b} Shevlin B, Misulis KE, Samuels MA. Shared Care for Neurology. London: Martin Dunitz; 2002.
23. ^ Samuels MA. Update in Neurology. Annals Intern Med 2007; 146:128-132.
24. ^ Samuels MA, Feske SK eds. Office Practice of Neurology. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1996.
25. ^ Samuels, MA and Ropper, Allen. Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology, 9th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional; 2009.
26. ^ Samuels MA. Hospitalist Neurology. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1999.
27. ^ The Boston Globe, “For Physicians, Another Option on Education,” Liz Kowalczyk, September 14, 2010.