Hoary marmot

Hoary marmot
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Rodentia
Family:	Sciuridae
Genus:	Marmota
Subgenus:	Petromarmota
Species:	M. caligata
Binomial name
Marmota caligata (Eschscholtz, 1829)

The hoary marmot (Marmota caligata) is a species of marmot that inhabits the mountains of northwest North America. Hoary marmots live near the tree line on slopes with grasses and forbs to eat and rocky areas for cover.

It is the largest North American ground squirrel and is often nicknamed "the whistler" for its high-pitched warning issued to alert other members of the colony to possible danger. The animals are sometimes called "whistle pigs". Whistler, British Columbia, originally London Mountain because of its heavy fogs and rain, was renamed for these animals to help make it more marketable as a resort.^[2] The closest relatives of the species are the Yellow bellied, Olympic, and Vancouver Island marmots, although the exact relationships are unclear.^[3][4]

Description

Hoary marmot near Helen Lake, Banff National Park, Canada.

The hoary marmot is a large, bulky, ground squirrel, with short, heavy limbs, and a broad head. Adults range from 62 to 82 centimetres (24 to 32 in) in total length, including a 17 to 25 centimetres (6.7 to 9.8 in) tail. The species is sexually dimorphic, with males being significantly larger than females in most subspecies. Because of their long winter hibernation, during which they survive on fat reserves, the weight of the animals varies considerably over the course of the year, from an average of 3.75 kilograms (8.3 lb) in May to around 7 kilograms (15 lb) in September, for a fully grown adult.^[5]

The word hoary refers to the silver-gray fur on their shoulders and upper back; the remainder of the upper parts have drab brown or reddish brown fur. The head is black on the upper surface, with a white patch on the muzzle, white fur on the chin and around the lips, and grizzled black or brown fur elewhere. The feet and lower legs are black, sometimes with white patches on the forefeet. Marmots have long guard hairs that provide most of the visible colour of their pelage, and a dense, soft underfur that provides insulation. The greyish underparts of the body lack this underfur, and are more sparsely haired than the rest of the body.^[6] Hoary marmots moult in the early to mid summer.^[5]

The feet have slightly curved claws, which are somewhat larger on the fore feet than on the hind feet. The feet have hairless pads, enhancing their grip. The tail is long, slightly flattened, and covered with dense fur. Apart from the larger size of the former, males and females have a similar appearance. Females have five pairs of teats, running from the pectoral to the inguinal regions.^[5]

Distribution and habitat

Hoary marmot in Mount Rainier National Park

The hoary marmot inhabits mountainous environments from sea level to 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) elevation, through much of Alaska, western Canada, and the extreme northwest of the contiguous United States.^[1] They live above the tree line, at elevations from sea level to 2,500 metres (8,200 ft), depending on latitude, in rocky terrain or alpine meadows dominated by grasses, sedges, herbs, and Krummholz forest patches.^[5] Fossils are known dating back to the Pleistocene, including some from islands no longer inhabited by the species.^[7]

There are currently three recognised subspecies:

• Marmota caligata caligata - Alaska, Yukon, NW Territories, northern British Columbia
• Marmota caligata cascandensis - Cascade Mountains, from British Columbia to Washington
• Marmota caligata okanagana - Rocky Mountains, from Yukon to Montana and Idaho

Behaviour and diet

Hoary marmots are diurnal and herbivorous, subsisting on leaves, flowers, grasses, and sedges. Predators include golden eagles, grizzly and black bears, wolves, coyotes, red foxes, lynxes, cougars and wolverines. They live in colonies of up to 36 individuals, with a home range averaging about 14 hectares (35 acres). Each colony includes a single, dominant, adult male, up to three adult females, sometimes with a subordinate adult male, and a number of young and sub-adults up to two years of age. ^[5]

Basking behavior, Mount Rainier National Park

The marmots hibernate seven to eight months a year in burrows that they excavate in the soil, often among or under boulders. Each colony typically maintain a single hibernaculum and a number of smaller burrows, used for sleeping and refuge from predators. The refuge burrows are the simplest and most numerous type of burrow, consisting of a single bolt hole 1 to 2 metres (3 ft 3 in to 6 ft 7 in) deep. Each colony of hoary marmots digs an average of five such burrows a year, and a mature colony may have over a hundred. Sleeping burrows and hibernacula are larger and more complex, with multiple entrances, deep chambers lined with plant material, and stretching to a depth of about 3.5 metres (11 ft). A colony may have up to nine regular sleeping burrows, in addition to the larger hibernaculum.^[8]

Many forms of social behaviour have been observed among hoary marmots, including play fighting, wrestling, social grooming, and nose-to-nose touching. Such activity becomes particularly frequent as hibernation approaches. Interactions with individuals from other colonies are less common, and usually hostile, with females chasing away intruders. Hoary marmots are also vocal animals, with at least seven distinct types of call, including chirps, whistles, growls, and whining sounds.^[9]. Many of these calls are used as alarms, alerting other animals to be alert for potential predators. They also communicate using scent, both by defecation, and by marking rocks or plants using scent glands on their cheeks.^[5]

Hoary marmots frequently sun themselves on rocks, spending as much as 44% of their time in the morning doing so, although they will shelter in their burrows or otherwise seek shade in especially warm weather. They forage for the rest of the day, returning to their burrows to sleep during the night.^[5]

In areas frequented by people, hoary marmots are not shy. Rather than running away at first sight, they will often go about their business^{[clarification needed]} while being watched.^{[citation needed]}

Mating occurs after hibernation and two to four young are born in the spring. Males establish "harems," but may also visit females in other territories.

Reproduction

Hoary marmots breed shortly after^[10], or even before^[11], their emergence from hibernation burrows in May. Courtship consists of sniffing the genital region, followed by mounting, although mounting has also been observed between females. Females typically raise litters only in alternate years, although both greater and lesser frequencies have been reported on occasion.^[5][11]

Gestation lasts 25 to 30 days, so that the litter of two to five young is born between late May and mid June.^[10] The young emerge from their birth den at three to fur weeks of age, by which time they have a full coat of fur and are already beginning to be weaned.^[12] The young are initially cautious, but begin to exhibit the full range of non-reproductive adult behaviour within about four weeks of emerging from the burrow. Sub-adults initially remain with their birth colony, but typically leave at two years of age, becoming fully sexually mature the following year.^[5]

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Linzey, A. V. & NatureServe (Hammerson, G.) (2008). Marmota caligata. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 6 January 2009.
2. ^ BritishColumbia.com - Whistler, British Columbia
3. ^ Kruckenhauser, L., et al. (1999). "Marmot phylogeny revisited: molecular evidence for a diphyletic origin of sociality". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 37 (1): 59-56. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0469.1999.95100.x. 
4. ^ Steppan, S.J., et al. (1999). "Molecular phylogeny of the marmots (Rodentia: Sciuridae): tests of evolutionary and biogeographic hypotheses". Systematic Biology 48 (4): 715-634. doi:10.1080/106351599259988. 
5. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Braun, J.K., et al. (2011). "Marmota caligata (Rodentia: Sciuridae)". Mammalian Species 43 (1): 155–171. doi:10.1644/884.1. 
6. ^ Hoffmann, R.S., et al. (1979). "The relationships of the Amphiberingian marmots (Mammalia: Sciuridae)". Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas 83: 1–56. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4138352. 
7. ^ Heaton, T.H., et al. (1996). "An ice age refugium for large mammals in the Alexander Archipelago, southeastern Alaska". Quarternary Research 46 (2): 186–192. doi:10.1006/qres.1996.0058. 
8. ^ Holmes, W.G. (1984). "Predation risk and foraging behavior of the hoary marmot in Alaska". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 15 (4): 293–301. doi:10.1007/BF00292992. 
9. ^ Taulman, J.F. (1977). "Vocalizations of the hoary marmot, Marmota caligata". Journal of Mammalogy 58 (4): 681–683. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1380026. 
10. ^ ^{a b} Barash, D.P. (1981). "Mate guarding and gallivanting by male hoary marmots (Marmota caligata)". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 9 (3): 187–193. doi:10.1007/BF00302936. 
11. ^ ^{a b} Kyle, C.J., et al. (2007). "Social structure and facultative mating systems of hoary marmots (Marmota caligata)". Molecular Ecology 16 (5): 1245–1255. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03211.x. 
12. ^ Barash, D.P. (1980). "The influence of reproductive status on foraging by hoary marmots (Marmota caligata)". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 7 (3): 201–205. doi:10.1007/BF00299365. 

• Carling, M. "Marmota caligata (hoary marmot)." Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan. 1999. [1]
• "Marmota caligata". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=180139. Retrieved 18 March 2006. 
• Thorington, R. W. Jr. and R. S. Hoffman. 2005. Family Sciuridae. Pp. 754-818 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.